Christianity - The First Three Thousand Years Part 34

90 On what follows, see A. J. Finch, 'A Persecuted Church: Roman Catholicism in Early Nineteenth-century Korea', On what follows, see A. J. Finch, 'A Persecuted Church: Roman Catholicism in Early Nineteenth-century Korea', JEH JEH, 51 (2000), 556 - 80, and see also A. J. Finch, 'The Pursuit of Martyrdom in the Catholic Church in Korea before 1866', JEH JEH, 60 (2009), 95-118.

91 J.-K. Choi, J.-K. Choi, The Origin of the Roman Catholic Church in Korea: An Examination of Popular and Governmental Responses to Catholic Missions in the Late Choson Dynasty The Origin of the Roman Catholic Church in Korea: An Examination of Popular and Governmental Responses to Catholic Missions in the Late Choson Dynasty (Cheltenham, 2006), esp. 25 - 6, 62 - 89, and see the genealogies at 364 - 70. (Cheltenham, 2006), esp. 25 - 6, 62 - 89, and see the genealogies at 364 - 70.

92 Ibid., 107 (directive of 1785). Ibid., 107 (directive of 1785).

93 Finch, 'A Persecuted Church', 568. Finch, 'A Persecuted Church', 568.

94 Handy, 145. Handy, 145.

95 Statistics in M. A. Noll, ' "Christian America" and "Christian Canada" ', in Gilley and Stanley (eds.), 359-80, at 359. A lively discussion of the spirit of commerce in modern American religion is J. Micklethwait and A. Wooldridge, Statistics in M. A. Noll, ' "Christian America" and "Christian Canada" ', in Gilley and Stanley (eds.), 359-80, at 359. A lively discussion of the spirit of commerce in modern American religion is J. Micklethwait and A. Wooldridge, G.o.d is Back: How the Global Revival of Faith is Changing the World G.o.d is Back: How the Global Revival of Faith is Changing the World (London, 2009), 170 - 91. (London, 2009), 170 - 91.

96 C. Colton, C. Colton, A Lecture on the Railroad to the Pacific A Lecture on the Railroad to the Pacific (New York, 1850), 5, qu. James D. Bratt, 'From Revivalism to Anti-revivalism to Whig Politics: The Strange Career of Calvin Colton', (New York, 1850), 5, qu. James D. Bratt, 'From Revivalism to Anti-revivalism to Whig Politics: The Strange Career of Calvin Colton', JEH JEH, 52 (2001), 63 - 82, at 82.

97 The Rogerenes, a Seventh-Day Baptist sect, provide a minor exception. Founded in Connecticut in 1674 by John Rogers, they lasted less than a century: Handy, 48. On Catholicism, ibid., 197. The Rogerenes, a Seventh-Day Baptist sect, provide a minor exception. Founded in Connecticut in 1674 by John Rogers, they lasted less than a century: Handy, 48. On Catholicism, ibid., 197.

98 On Evangelical squirming about the miracle of Cana, see P. J. Gomes, On Evangelical squirming about the miracle of Cana, see P. J. Gomes, The Good Book: Reading the Bible with Mind and Heart The Good Book: Reading the Bible with Mind and Heart (New York, 1996), 78-83. On Prohibition, see pp. 962 - 3. (New York, 1996), 78-83. On Prohibition, see pp. 962 - 3.

99 Handy, 166. Handy, 166.

100 Ahlstrom, 479-81. On the origins of modern vegetarianism in radical Lancas.h.i.+re Dissent, see S. J. Calvert, 'A Taste of Eden: Modern Christianity and Vegetarianism', Ahlstrom, 479-81. On the origins of modern vegetarianism in radical Lancas.h.i.+re Dissent, see S. J. Calvert, 'A Taste of Eden: Modern Christianity and Vegetarianism', JEH JEH, 58 (2007), 462-81.

101 Adventists naturally enough are infuriated to be reminded of this theological ancestry for Koresh's group, but the intellectual genealogy and the descent of inst.i.tutional connections are undeniable. See K. G. C. Newport, Adventists naturally enough are infuriated to be reminded of this theological ancestry for Koresh's group, but the intellectual genealogy and the descent of inst.i.tutional connections are undeniable. See K. G. C. Newport, The Branch Davidians of Waco The Branch Davidians of Waco (Oxford, 2006), esp. 11 - 12, 25 - 46, 204, 216-21, 325 - 6. (Oxford, 2006), esp. 11 - 12, 25 - 46, 204, 216-21, 325 - 6.

102 A balanced and sympathetic summary account of Mormon origins and development is provided by Ahlstrom, 501-9. A balanced and sympathetic summary account of Mormon origins and development is provided by Ahlstrom, 501-9.

103 On Smith and Freemasonry, see D. Davies, 'Mormon History, Text, Colour, and Rites', On Smith and Freemasonry, see D. Davies, 'Mormon History, Text, Colour, and Rites', JRH JRH, 31 (2007), 305-15, at 312 - 14. On his possible eye problems, see F. M. Brodie, No Man Knows My History: The Life of Joseph Smith No Man Knows My History: The Life of Joseph Smith (New York, 1945), 405-6. For a scholarly biography from within the Mormon community, see R. L. Bushman, (New York, 1945), 405-6. For a scholarly biography from within the Mormon community, see R. L. Bushman, Joseph Smith and the Beginnings of Mormonism Joseph Smith and the Beginnings of Mormonism (Urbana and Chicago, 1984). (Urbana and Chicago, 1984).

104 For a sympathetic account of the Book of Mormon, ibid., Ch. 4. For a sympathetic account of the Book of Mormon, ibid., Ch. 4.

105 Brodie, Brodie, No Man Knows My History No Man Knows My History, 67.

106 M. R. Werner, M. R. Werner, Brigham Young Brigham Young (New York, 1925), 136, 350, 195; Brodie, (New York, 1925), 136, 350, 195; Brodie, No Man Knows My History No Man Knows My History, 399.

107 For a highly coloured but circ.u.mstantial account of modern polygamous Mormon sectarianism, see J. Krakauer, For a highly coloured but circ.u.mstantial account of modern polygamous Mormon sectarianism, see J. Krakauer, Under the Banner of Heaven: A Story of Violent Faith Under the Banner of Heaven: A Story of Violent Faith (London, 2003), esp. 10 - 40, 259-76, 334 - 9. (London, 2003), esp. 10 - 40, 259-76, 334 - 9.

108 Davies, 'Mormon History, Text, Colour, and Rites', 309-11; Krakauer, Davies, 'Mormon History, Text, Colour, and Rites', 309-11; Krakauer, Under the Banner of Heaven Under the Banner of Heaven, 330 - 31.

109 This figure is derived from E. W. Lindner (ed.), This figure is derived from E. W. Lindner (ed.), Yearbook of American and Canadian Churches 2008 Yearbook of American and Canadian Churches 2008, compiled by the National Council of Churches.

110 E. Fox-Genovese and E. D. Genovese, E. Fox-Genovese and E. D. Genovese, The Mind of the Master Cla.s.s: History and Faith in the Southern Slaveholders' Worldview The Mind of the Master Cla.s.s: History and Faith in the Southern Slaveholders' Worldview (Cambridge, 2005), esp. on white supremacy, 215-24. See also M. A. Noll, (Cambridge, 2005), esp. on white supremacy, 215-24. See also M. A. Noll, The Civil War as a Theological Crisis The Civil War as a Theological Crisis (Chapel Hill, 2006), Ch. 4. (Chapel Hill, 2006), Ch. 4.

111 Handy, 189-90. Handy, 189-90.

112 On Lincoln's religion, R. J. Carwardine, On Lincoln's religion, R. J. Carwardine, Lincoln: A Life of Purpose and Power Lincoln: A Life of Purpose and Power (New York, 2006), 7 - 8, 32 - 44, 226 - 7, 276 - 7. (New York, 2006), 7 - 8, 32 - 44, 226 - 7, 276 - 7.

113 On the Kansas ma.s.sacre at Pottawatomie, D. S. Reynolds, On the Kansas ma.s.sacre at Pottawatomie, D. S. Reynolds, John Brown, Abolitionist: The Man Who Killed Slavery, Sparked the Civil War and Seeded Civil Rights John Brown, Abolitionist: The Man Who Killed Slavery, Sparked the Civil War and Seeded Civil Rights (New York, 2005), Ch. 7, esp. 164-5. Quotation: ibid., 171, and cf. John 11.50. On Brown's mental state, see K. Carroll, 'A Psychological Examination of John Brown', in P. A. Russo (ed.), (New York, 2005), Ch. 7, esp. 164-5. Quotation: ibid., 171, and cf. John 11.50. On Brown's mental state, see K. Carroll, 'A Psychological Examination of John Brown', in P. A. Russo (ed.), Terrible Swift Sword: The Legacy of John Brown Terrible Swift Sword: The Legacy of John Brown (Athens, OH, 2005), 118 - 37. (Athens, OH, 2005), 118 - 37.

114 Springfield Republican Springfield Republican, qu. A. Nevins, The Emergence of Lincoln The Emergence of Lincoln (2 vols., New York, 1950), II, 100. (2 vols., New York, 1950), II, 100.

115 Reynolds, Reynolds, John Brown, Abolitionist John Brown, Abolitionist, 465 - 70.

116 See esp. P. Harvey, ' "Yankee Faith" and Southern Redemption: White Southern Baptist Ministers, 1850-1890', and H. Stout and C. Gra.s.so, 'Civil War, Religion, and Communications: The Case of Richmond', in R. M. Miller et al. (eds.), See esp. P. Harvey, ' "Yankee Faith" and Southern Redemption: White Southern Baptist Ministers, 1850-1890', and H. Stout and C. Gra.s.so, 'Civil War, Religion, and Communications: The Case of Richmond', in R. M. Miller et al. (eds.), Religion and the American Civil War Religion and the American Civil War (New York and Oxford, 1998), 167 - 86 (quotation at 180) and 313 - 59, at 346 - 9. (New York and Oxford, 1998), 167 - 86 (quotation at 180) and 313 - 59, at 346 - 9.

117 Acts 2.1-21. Acts 2.1-21.

118 Anderson, 26. E. W. Gritsch, Anderson, 26. E. W. Gritsch, Born Againism: Perspectives on a Movement Born Againism: Perspectives on a Movement (Philadelphia, 1982), 22-3; J. Kent, (Philadelphia, 1982), 22-3; J. Kent, Holding the Fort: Studies in Victorian Revivalism Holding the Fort: Studies in Victorian Revivalism (London, 1978), Ch. 8. (London, 1978), Ch. 8.

119 Cf. vv. 40 - 41: 'Two men will be in the field; one is taken, and one is left. Two women will be grinding at the mill; one is taken and one is left.' Cf. vv. 40 - 41: 'Two men will be in the field; one is taken, and one is left. Two women will be grinding at the mill; one is taken and one is left.'

120 Gritsch, Gritsch, Born Againism Born Againism, 17 - 19.

121 C. G. Flegg, C. G. Flegg, 'Gathered under Apostles': A Study of the Catholic Apostolic Church 'Gathered under Apostles': A Study of the Catholic Apostolic Church (Oxford, 1992), 86, 102, 178, 235, 362, 434 - 5, 438. (Oxford, 1992), 86, 102, 178, 235, 362, 434 - 5, 438.

122 As a graduate student in 1973, I was an occasional visitor to its small congregation in Liverpool, bravely struggling with its evening liturgy in their beautiful but half-finished Victorian building (designed according to a revelation made to one of the early clergy). Equally heroic was the heading of the notices on the porch board, 'The Church in Liverpool'. As a graduate student in 1973, I was an occasional visitor to its small congregation in Liverpool, bravely struggling with its evening liturgy in their beautiful but half-finished Victorian building (designed according to a revelation made to one of the early clergy). Equally heroic was the heading of the notices on the porch board, 'The Church in Liverpool'.

123 Anderson, 24. Anderson, 24.

124 G. Wacker, 'Travail of a Broken Family: Evangelical Responses to Pentecostalism in America, 1906 - 1916', G. Wacker, 'Travail of a Broken Family: Evangelical Responses to Pentecostalism in America, 1906 - 1916', JEH JEH, 47 (1996), 505 - 28, at 509.

125 For a balanced a.s.sessment of Azusa Street, see J. Creech, 'Visions of Glory: The Place of the Azusa Street Revival in Pentecostal History', For a balanced a.s.sessment of Azusa Street, see J. Creech, 'Visions of Glory: The Place of the Azusa Street Revival in Pentecostal History', CH CH, 65 (1996), 405-24. On Parham's last years, Anderson, 35 and Wacker, 'Travail of a Broken Family', 516.

126 Fitchburg Sentinel Fitchburg Sentinel, Reno Evening Gazette Reno Evening Gazette, New York Times New York Times; all 28 August 1883; accessed via the website of the University of Ma.s.sachusetts at Boston Newspaper Archive, http://thema.s.smedia.newspaperarchive.com/DailyPerspectiveFullView.aspx?viewdate=08/26/2008, accessed 17 September 2008.

24: Not Peace but a Sword (1914-60) 1 A. Borg, A. Borg, War Memorials from Antiquity to the Present War Memorials from Antiquity to the Present (London, 1991), ix. (London, 1991), ix.

2 For contrasting political fortunes of memorials, see C. Moriarty, 'Private Grief and Public Remembrance: British First World War Memorials', and W. Kidd, 'Memory, Memorials and Commemoration of War in Lorraine, 1908-88', in M. Evans and K. Lunn (eds.), For contrasting political fortunes of memorials, see C. Moriarty, 'Private Grief and Public Remembrance: British First World War Memorials', and W. Kidd, 'Memory, Memorials and Commemoration of War in Lorraine, 1908-88', in M. Evans and K. Lunn (eds.), War and Memory in the Twentieth Century War and Memory in the Twentieth Century (Oxford and New York, 1997), 125 - 62. (Oxford and New York, 1997), 125 - 62.

3 Queen Victoria had been proclaimed Empress of India in 1876; her successors formally remained emperors until 1948, the year after Indian independence. Queen Victoria had been proclaimed Empress of India in 1876; her successors formally remained emperors until 1948, the year after Indian independence.

4 G. Besier (ed.), G. Besier (ed.), Die protestantischen Kirchen Europas im Ersten Weltkrieg: ein Quellenund Arbeitsbuch Die protestantischen Kirchen Europas im Ersten Weltkrieg: ein Quellenund Arbeitsbuch (Gottingen, 1984), 11 (my translation); on authors.h.i.+p, P. Porter, 'Beyond Comfort: German and English Military Chaplains and the Memory of the Great War', (Gottingen, 1984), 11 (my translation); on authors.h.i.+p, P. Porter, 'Beyond Comfort: German and English Military Chaplains and the Memory of the Great War', JRH JRH, 29 (2005), 258-89, at 267. See also W. H. C. Frend, 'Church Historians of the Early Twentieth Century: Adolf von Harnack', JEH JEH, 52 (2001), 83-102, at 97-8. On Harnack and the ninety-three professors, Hope, 591; the text of their Proclamation is Besier (ed.), Die protestantischen Kirchen Europas im Ersten Weltkrieg Die protestantischen Kirchen Europas im Ersten Weltkrieg, 78-83.

5 On Winnington-Ingram and Asquith, A. Hastings, On Winnington-Ingram and Asquith, A. Hastings, A History of English Christianity 1920-1985 A History of English Christianity 1920-1985 (London, 1986), 45. (London, 1986), 45.

6 N. Atkin and F. Tallett, N. Atkin and F. Tallett, Priests, Prelates and People: A History of European Catholicism since 1750 Priests, Prelates and People: A History of European Catholicism since 1750 (London, 2003), 197 - 9. (London, 2003), 197 - 9.

7 Hope, 601. Hope, 601.

8 J. Joyce, J. Joyce, Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (New York, 1916), 227. (New York, 1916), 227.

9 Binns, 141; A. Ivanov, Binns, 141; A. Ivanov, Holy Fools in Byzantium and Beyond Holy Fools in Byzantium and Beyond (Oxford, 2006), 358. (Oxford, 2006), 358.

10 M. von Hagen, 'The First World War, 1914-1918', in R. G. Suny (ed.), M. von Hagen, 'The First World War, 1914-1918', in R. G. Suny (ed.), The Cambridge History of Russia III: The Twentieth Century The Cambridge History of Russia III: The Twentieth Century (Cambridge, 2006), 94 - 113, at 104-7. (Cambridge, 2006), 94 - 113, at 104-7.

11 B. Geffert, 'Anglican Orders and Orthodox Politics', B. Geffert, 'Anglican Orders and Orthodox Politics', JEH JEH, 57 (2006), 270 - 300, at 271; C. Chulos, 'Russian Piety and Culture from Peter the Great to 1917', in Angold (ed.), 348-70, at 367; M. Bourdeaux and A. Popescu, 'The Orthodox Church and Communism', ibid., 558 - 79, at 558.

12 B. Pilnyak, qu. D. Nicholl, B. Pilnyak, qu. D. Nicholl, Triumphs of the Spirit in Russia Triumphs of the Spirit in Russia (London, 1997), 213-14. (London, 1997), 213-14.

13 Bourdeaux and Popescu, 'The Orthodox Church and Communism', 559. On Stalin's early ecclesiastical a.s.sociations, see S. Sebag Montefiore, Bourdeaux and Popescu, 'The Orthodox Church and Communism', 559. On Stalin's early ecclesiastical a.s.sociations, see S. Sebag Montefiore, Young Stalin Young Stalin (London, 2007), esp. 20 - 22, 26, 57 - 63. He called himself Stalin from 1912 and made it his surname from 1917: ibid., xxvii. (London, 2007), esp. 20 - 22, 26, 57 - 63. He called himself Stalin from 1912 and made it his surname from 1917: ibid., xxvii.

14 J. B. Toews, J. B. Toews, Lost Fatherland: The Story of the Mennonite Emigration from Soviet Russia, 1921-1927 Lost Fatherland: The Story of the Mennonite Emigration from Soviet Russia, 1921-1927 (Scottdale, 1967), esp. 26-42, 46-7, 53-5, 68-71. I am indebted to Mark Schaan, himself a Canadian Mennonite, for our conversations about the Church of his youth. (Scottdale, 1967), esp. 26-42, 46-7, 53-5, 68-71. I am indebted to Mark Schaan, himself a Canadian Mennonite, for our conversations about the Church of his youth.

15 I except from this list the very recently minted Bulgarian Tsar Boris III, whose realm was hardly comparable to the others. I except from this list the very recently minted Bulgarian Tsar Boris III, whose realm was hardly comparable to the others.

16 D. Bloxham, 'The Armenian Genocide of 1915-1916: c.u.mulative Radicalization and the Development of a Destruction Policy', D. Bloxham, 'The Armenian Genocide of 1915-1916: c.u.mulative Radicalization and the Development of a Destruction Policy', PP PP, 181 (November 2003), 141-92. Among the vast literature on this subject, good recent contributions are P. Balakian, The Burning Tigris: The Armenian Genocide The Burning Tigris: The Armenian Genocide (London, 2004), Chs. 14-22, and a brave Turkish study by T. Akcam, (London, 2004), Chs. 14-22, and a brave Turkish study by T. Akcam, A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility (London, 2007; first published in Turkish 1999). (London, 2007; first published in Turkish 1999).

17 M. Mazower, 'The Strange Triumph of Human Rights, 1933-1950', M. Mazower, 'The Strange Triumph of Human Rights, 1933-1950', HJ HJ, 47 (2004), 379 - 98, at 381.

18 Baumer, 260-63. Baumer, 260-63.

19 B. Clark, B. Clark, Twice a Stranger: How Ma.s.s Expulsion Forged Modern Greece and Turkey Twice a Stranger: How Ma.s.s Expulsion Forged Modern Greece and Turkey (London, 2006), esp. 203. (London, 2006), esp. 203.

20 On the 1930 agreement, ibid., 201 - 2, 213 - 15; S. Vryonis Jr, On the 1930 agreement, ibid., 201 - 2, 213 - 15; S. Vryonis Jr, The Mechanism of Catastrophe: The Turkish Pogrom of September 6-7, 1955, and the Destruction of the Greek Community of Istanbul The Mechanism of Catastrophe: The Turkish Pogrom of September 6-7, 1955, and the Destruction of the Greek Community of Istanbul (New York, 2005), esp. 16, 220-25, 555-6, 565. Menderes, as Turkish prime minister at the time of the ma.s.sacre, was executed in 1960 for his connivance in the affair. (New York, 2005), esp. 16, 220-25, 555-6, 565. Menderes, as Turkish prime minister at the time of the ma.s.sacre, was executed in 1960 for his connivance in the affair.

21 For the example of Madagascar, see pp. 886-7. For the example of Madagascar, see pp. 886-7.

22 Jenkins, 164. Jenkins, 164.

23 D. Harkness, D. Harkness, Northern Ireland since 1920 Northern Ireland since 1920 (Dublin, 1983), 33-5. (Dublin, 1983), 33-5.

24 ODNB ODNB, s.v. Nicholson, William Patteson. We still lack a scholarly biography of this important figure.

25 T. Owain Hughes, 'Anti-Catholicism in Wales, 1900-60', T. Owain Hughes, 'Anti-Catholicism in Wales, 1900-60', JEH JEH, 53 (2002), 312-25, at 322. On the Pentecostal links of the 'Evan Roberts' revival, see R. Pope, 'Demythologising the Evan Roberts Revival, 1904-1905', JEH JEH, 57 (2006), 515-34, at 526, 530, and Anderson, 36.

26 S. Brown, 'Presbyterians and Catholics in Twentieth-century Scotland', in S. J. Brown and G. Newlands (eds.), S. Brown, 'Presbyterians and Catholics in Twentieth-century Scotland', in S. J. Brown and G. Newlands (eds.), Scottish Christianity in the Modern World Scottish Christianity in the Modern World (Edinburgh, 2000), 255 - 81, at 256 (quotation), 265 - 7, 270. (Edinburgh, 2000), 255 - 81, at 256 (quotation), 265 - 7, 270.

27 G. I. T. Machin, 'Parliament, the Church of England, and the Prayer Book Crisis, 1927 - 8', G. I. T. Machin, 'Parliament, the Church of England, and the Prayer Book Crisis, 1927 - 8', Parliamentary History Parliamentary History, 19 (2000), 131 - 47, esp. 139, 141-2.

28 When my mother was a girl in the 1920s, living in an enclave of working-cla.s.s Anglicanism in Stoke-on-Trent in the Staffords.h.i.+re Potteries, my devout grandfather, pillar and princ.i.p.al worker of his local Anglican church, and by no means an Evangelical, made it clear that he would be highly displeased if she even entered a Roman Catholic place of wors.h.i.+p to look round. When my mother was a girl in the 1920s, living in an enclave of working-cla.s.s Anglicanism in Stoke-on-Trent in the Staffords.h.i.+re Potteries, my devout grandfather, pillar and princ.i.p.al worker of his local Anglican church, and by no means an Evangelical, made it clear that he would be highly displeased if she even entered a Roman Catholic place of wors.h.i.+p to look round.

29 M. F. Snape, M. F. Snape, The Royal Army Chaplains' Department 1796-1953: Clergy under Fire The Royal Army Chaplains' Department 1796-1953: Clergy under Fire (Woodbridge, 2008), 15. (Woodbridge, 2008), 15.

30 D. Kirby, 'Christianity and Freemasonry: The Incompatibility Debate within the Church of England', D. Kirby, 'Christianity and Freemasonry: The Incompatibility Debate within the Church of England', JRH JRH, 29 (2005), 43-66. Fisher's early Victorian predecessor Archbishop Howley was also an enthusiastic Freemason.

31 J. F. Pollard, J. F. Pollard, Money and the Rise of the Modern Papacy: Financing the Vatican, 1850- 1950 Money and the Rise of the Modern Papacy: Financing the Vatican, 1850- 1950 (Cambridge, 2005), 31 - 5. (Cambridge, 2005), 31 - 5.

32 Duffy, 322 - 3. Duffy, 322 - 3.

33 Sundkler and Steed, 107-8; Hastings, 419, 552, 559. Sundkler and Steed, 107-8; Hastings, 419, 552, 559.

34 R. G. Tiedemann, 'China and Its Neighbours', in Hastings (ed.), 369-415, at 396; Koschorke et al. (eds.), 99-100. R. G. Tiedemann, 'China and Its Neighbours', in Hastings (ed.), 369-415, at 396; Koschorke et al. (eds.), 99-100.

35 Burleigh, 314-15. Burleigh, 314-15.

36 E. Wright-Rios, 'Envisioning Mexico's Catholic Resurgence: The Virgin of Solitude and the Talking Christ of Tlac.o.xcalco 1908-1924', E. Wright-Rios, 'Envisioning Mexico's Catholic Resurgence: The Virgin of Solitude and the Talking Christ of Tlac.o.xcalco 1908-1924', PP PP, 195 (May 2007), 197-240, at 201, 204 - 5.

37 For an early complaint (1771) by Creoles of Spanish discrimination against them, Koschorke et al. (eds.), 340 - 41. For an early complaint (1771) by Creoles of Spanish discrimination against them, Koschorke et al. (eds.), 340 - 41.

38 Wright-Rios, 'Envisioning Mexico's Catholic Resurgence', 216n, 221. Wright-Rios, 'Envisioning Mexico's Catholic Resurgence', 216n, 221.

39 M. Butler, 'The Church in "Red Mexico": Michoacan Catholics and the Mexican Revolution, 1920-1929', M. Butler, 'The Church in "Red Mexico": Michoacan Catholics and the Mexican Revolution, 1920-1929', JEH JEH, 55 (2004), 520 - 41, at 527, 523-4.

40 Koschorke et al. (eds.), 379. Koschorke et al. (eds.), 379.

41 Butler, 'The Church in "Red Mexico" ', 532-3, 541. This is not to minimize the heroism of martyred priests: for one insouciant Jesuit reminiscence, see Koschorke et al. (eds.), 378 - 9. Butler, 'The Church in "Red Mexico" ', 532-3, 541. This is not to minimize the heroism of martyred priests: for one insouciant Jesuit reminiscence, see Koschorke et al. (eds.), 378 - 9.

42 G. Barry, 'Rehabilitating a Radical Catholic: Pope Benedict XV and Marc Sangnier, 1914-22', G. Barry, 'Rehabilitating a Radical Catholic: Pope Benedict XV and Marc Sangnier, 1914-22', JEH JEH, 60 (2009), 514 - 33; on Action Francaise Action Francaise, Duffy, 336-7.

43 Pollard, Pollard, Money and the Rise of the Modern Papacy Money and the Rise of the Modern Papacy, esp. 143 - 9, 162 - 7, 205 (quotation).

44 Atkin and Tallett, Atkin and Tallett, Priests, Prelates and People Priests, Prelates and People, 217-22.

45 P. C. Kent, 'A Tale of Two Popes: Pius XI, Pius XII and the Rome-Berlin Axis', P. C. Kent, 'A Tale of Two Popes: Pius XI, Pius XII and the Rome-Berlin Axis', Journal of Contemporary History Journal of Contemporary History, 23 (1988), 589 - 608, at 598 - 9.

46 See a fine study of the process, M. Vincent, See a fine study of the process, M. Vincent, Catholicism in the Second Spanish Republic: Religion and Politics in Salamanca, 1930 - 1936 Catholicism in the Second Spanish Republic: Religion and Politics in Salamanca, 1930 - 1936 (Oxford, 1996), Ch. 7. (Oxford, 1996), Ch. 7.

47 Ibid., 231. Ibid., 231.

48 G. D. Macklin, 'Major Hugh Pollard, MI, and the Spanish Civil War', G. D. Macklin, 'Major Hugh Pollard, MI, and the Spanish Civil War', HJ HJ, 49 (2006), 277 - 80 (quotation at 279).

49 M. Vincent, ' "The keys of the kingdom": Religious Violence in the Spanish Civil War, July-August 1936', in C. Ealham and M. Richards (eds.), M. Vincent, ' "The keys of the kingdom": Religious Violence in the Spanish Civil War, July-August 1936', in C. Ealham and M. Richards (eds.), The Splintering of Spain: Cultural History and the Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939 The Splintering of Spain: Cultural History and the Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939 (Cambridge, 2005), 68-89, at 68 (quotation), 86-8; M. Richards, ' "Presenting arms to the Blessed Sacrament": Civil War and Semana Santa in the City of Malaga, 1936 - 1939', ibid., 196 - 222, at 202, 211. (Cambridge, 2005), 68-89, at 68 (quotation), 86-8; M. Richards, ' "Presenting arms to the Blessed Sacrament": Civil War and Semana Santa in the City of Malaga, 1936 - 1939', ibid., 196 - 222, at 202, 211.

50 Kent, 'A Tale of Two Popes', 604. Kent, 'A Tale of Two Popes', 604.

51 Porter, 'Beyond Comfort', 258 - 89, at 272, 281. Porter, 'Beyond Comfort', 258 - 89, at 272, 281.

52 Frend, 'Church Historians of the Early Twentieth Century', 101. For Marcion, see pp. 125-7. Frend, 'Church Historians of the Early Twentieth Century', 101. For Marcion, see pp. 125-7.

53 R. P. Ericksen, R. P. Ericksen, Theologians under Hitler: Gerhard Kittel, Paul Althaus and Emanuel Hirsch Theologians under Hitler: Gerhard Kittel, Paul Althaus and Emanuel Hirsch (New Haven and London, 1985), esp. 50-53, 81-3, 178-84, and see M. Casey, 'Some Anti-Semitic a.s.sumptions in the "Theological Dictionary of the New Testament" ', (New Haven and London, 1985), esp. 50-53, 81-3, 178-84, and see M. Casey, 'Some Anti-Semitic a.s.sumptions in the "Theological Dictionary of the New Testament" ', Novum Testamentum Novum Testamentum, 41 (1999), 280-91. For an interesting undergraduate personal reminiscence by a great Methodist biblical scholar of a tense moment in a visit in the late 1930s to Cambridge University by Karl Fezer, a n.a.z.i-sympathizing German theologian, see C. K. Barrett in Epworth Review Epworth Review 13/3 (September 1986), 82. 13/3 (September 1986), 82.

54 Ericksen, Ericksen, Theologians under Hitler Theologians under Hitler, 164-5. On the background to Christian uses of 'Aryanism', see C. Kidd, The Forging of Races: Race and Scripture in the Protestant Atlantic World, 1600 - 2000 The Forging of Races: Race and Scripture in the Protestant Atlantic World, 1600 - 2000 (Cambridge, 2006), Ch. 6. (Cambridge, 2006), Ch. 6.

55 It should be pointed out that Barth took delight in rescuing an undamaged bust of Schleiermacher from the bombed-out ruins of the Kurfursten Schloss in Bonn when lecturing there for the first time after the war: K. Barth, It should be pointed out that Barth took delight in rescuing an undamaged bust of Schleiermacher from the bombed-out ruins of the Kurfursten Schloss in Bonn when lecturing there for the first time after the war: K. Barth, Dogmatics in Outline Dogmatics in Outline (London, 1949), 7. (London, 1949), 7.

56 Frend, 'Church Historians of the Early Twentieth Century', 99-100; J. A. Moses, 'Dietrich Bonhoeffer's Repudiation of Protestant German War Theology', Frend, 'Church Historians of the Early Twentieth Century', 99-100; J. A. Moses, 'Dietrich Bonhoeffer's Repudiation of Protestant German War Theology', JRH JRH, 30 (2006), 354 - 70.

57 For the text of the Barmen Declaration, and related doc.u.ments, A. C. Cochrane, For the text of the Barmen Declaration, and related doc.u.ments, A. C. Cochrane, The Church's Confession under Hitler The Church's Confession under Hitler (Philadelphia, 1962), esp. 238-42; and see also ibid., Ch. 7. (Philadelphia, 1962), esp. 238-42; and see also ibid., Ch. 7.

58 K. H. Holtschneider, 'Christians, Jews and the Holocaust', in Wolffe (ed.), 217-48, at 234, 236-7. For Barth's regret at being inhibited by his political realism in the 1934 discussions on drafting the declaration, see M. D. Hockenos, K. H. Holtschneider, 'Christians, Jews and the Holocaust', in Wolffe (ed.), 217-48, at 234, 236-7. For Barth's regret at being inhibited by his political realism in the 1934 discussions on drafting the declaration, see M. D. Hockenos, A Church Divided: German Protestants Confront the n.a.z.i Past A Church Divided: German Protestants Confront the n.a.z.i Past (Bloomington, 2004), 172 - 3. (Bloomington, 2004), 172 - 3.

59 Moses, 'Dietrich Bonhoeffer's Repudiation of Protestant German War Theology', 365n. On the Niemollers, N. Railton, 'German Free Churches and the n.a.z.i Regime', Moses, 'Dietrich Bonhoeffer's Repudiation of Protestant German War Theology', 365n. On the Niemollers, N. Railton, 'German Free Churches and the n.a.z.i Regime', JEH JEH, 49 (1998), 117.

60 Ibid., 85 - 139, esp. 104 - 5, 129. Ibid., 85 - 139, esp. 104 - 5, 129.

61 R. Steigmann-Gall, R. Steigmann-Gall, The Holy Reich: n.a.z.i Conceptions of Christianity The Holy Reich: n.a.z.i Conceptions of Christianity (Cambridge, 2003), 1 - 2, 72-3, 136, 180. By 1943 Koch had opted for the non-Church-affiliated status of (Cambridge, 2003), 1 - 2, 72-3, 136, 180. By 1943 Koch had opted for the non-Church-affiliated status of Gottglaubig Gottglaubig ('a believer in G.o.d'): ibid., 220. ('a believer in G.o.d'): ibid., 220.

62 On Tiso and Pavelic, Atkin and Tallett, On Tiso and Pavelic, Atkin and Tallett, Priests, Prelates and People Priests, Prelates and People, 247-9; on Tiso, P. Ramet, Religion and Nationalism in Soviet and East European Politics Religion and Nationalism in Soviet and East European Politics (Durham, NC, and London, 1989), 29, 274-5. On Croatia, E. Paris, (Durham, NC, and London, 1989), 29, 274-5. On Croatia, E. Paris, Genocide in Satellite Croatia 1941 - 45 Genocide in Satellite Croatia 1941 - 45 (Chicago, 1962), esp. 154-7 (quotation at 157), 162-4, 190-91. (Chicago, 1962), esp. 154-7 (quotation at 157), 162-4, 190-91.