An Essay on Man Part 2

No creature owns it in the first degree, But thinks his neighbour farther gone than he; Even those who dwell beneath its very zone, Or never feel the rage, or never own; What happier nations shrink at with affright, The hard inhabitant contends is right.

Virtuous and vicious every man must be, Few in th' extreme, but all in the degree, The rogue and fool by fits is fair and wise; And even the best, by fits, what they despise.

'Tis but by parts we follow good or ill; For, vice or virtue, self directs it still; Each individual seeks a several goal; But Heaven's great view is one, and that the whole.

That counter-works each folly and caprice; That disappoints th' effect of every vice; That, happy frailties to all ranks applied, Shame to the virgin, to the matron pride, Fear to the statesman, rashness to the chief, To kings presumption, and to crowds belief: That, virtue's ends from vanity can raise, Which seeks no interest, no reward but praise; And build on wants, and on defects of mind, The joy, the peace, the glory of mankind.

Heaven forming each on other to depend, A master, or a servant, or a friend, Bids each on other for a.s.sistance call, Till one man's weakness grows the strength of all.

Wants, frailties, pa.s.sions, closer still ally The common interest, or endear the tie.

To these we owe true friends.h.i.+p, love sincere, Each home-felt joy that life inherits here; Yet from the same we learn, in its decline, Those joys, those loves, those interests to resign; Taught half by reason, half by mere decay, To welcome death, and calmly pa.s.s away.

Whate'er the pa.s.sion, knowledge, fame, or pelf, Not one will change his neighbour with himself.

The learned is happy nature to explore, The fool is happy that he knows no more; The rich is happy in the plenty given, The poor contents him with the care of Heaven.

See the blind beggar dance, the cripple sing, The sot a hero, lunatic a king; The starving chemist in his golden views Supremely blest, the poet in his muse.

See some strange comfort every state attend, And pride bestowed on all, a common friend; See some fit pa.s.sion every age supply, Hope travels through, nor quits us when we die.

Behold the child, by Nature's kindly law, Pleased with a rattle, tickled with a straw: Some livelier plaything gives his youth delight, A little louder, but as empty quite: Scarves, garters, gold, amuse his riper stage, And beads and prayer-books are the toys of age: Pleased with this bauble still, as that before; Till tired he sleeps, and life's poor play is o'er.

Meanwhile opinion gilds with varying rays Those painted clouds that beautify our days; Each want of happiness by hope supplied, And each vacuity of sense by pride: These build as fast as knowledge can destroy; In folly's cup still laughs the bubble, joy; One prospect lost, another still we gain; And not a vanity is given in vain; Even mean self-love becomes, by force divine, The scale to measure others' wants by thine.

See! and confess, one comfort still must rise, 'Tis this, though man's a fool, yet G.o.d is wise.

ARGUMENT OF EPISTLE III.

Of the Nature and State of Man with respect to Society.

I. The whole Universe one system of Society, v.7, etc. Nothing made wholly for itself, nor yet wholly for another, v.27. The happiness of Animals mutual, v.49. II. Reason or Instinct operate alike to the good of each Individual, v.79. Reason or Instinct operate also to Society, in all Animals, v.109. III. How far Society carried by Instinct, v.115. How much farther by Reason, v.128. IV. Of that which is called the State of Nature, v.144. Reason instructed by Instinct in the invention of Arts, v.166, and in the Forms of Society, v.176. V. Origin of Political Societies, v.196. Origin of Monarchy, v.207. Patriarchal Government, v.212. VI. Origin of true Religion and Government, from the same principle, of Love, v.231, etc. Origin of Superst.i.tion and Tyranny, from the same principle, of Fear, v.237, etc. The Influence of Self-love operating to the social and public Good, v.266. Restoration of true Religion and Government on their first principle, v.285. Mixed Government, v.288. Various forms of each, and the true end of all, v.300, etc.

EPISTLE III.

Here, then, we rest: "The Universal Cause Acts to one end, but acts by various laws."

In all the madness of superfluous health, The trim of pride, the impudence of wealth, Let this great truth be present night and day; But most be present, if we preach or pray.

Look round our world; behold the chain of love Combining all below and all above.

See plastic Nature working to this end, The single atoms each to other tend, Attract, attracted to, the next in place Formed and impelled its neighbour to embrace.

See matter next, with various life endued, Press to one centre still, the general good.

See dying vegetables life sustain, See life dissolving vegetate again: All forms that perish other forms supply (By turns we catch the vital breath, and die), Like bubbles on the sea of matter borne, They rise, they break, and to that sea return.

Nothing is foreign: parts relate to whole; One all-extending, all-preserving soul Connects each being, greatest with the least; Made beast in aid of man, and man of beast; All served, all serving: nothing stands alone; The chain holds on, and where it ends, unknown.

Has G.o.d, thou fool! worked solely for thy Thy good, Thy joy, thy pastime, thy attire, thy food?

Who for thy table feeds the wanton fawn, For him as kindly spread the flowery lawn: Is it for thee the lark ascends and sings?

Joy tunes his voice, joy elevates his wings.

Is it for thee the linnet pours his throat?

Loves of his own and raptures swell the note.

The bounding steed you pompously bestride, Shares with his lord the pleasure and the pride.

Is thine alone the seed that strews the plain?

The birds of heaven shall vindicate their grain.

Thine the full harvest of the golden year?

Part pays, and justly, the deserving steer: The hog, that ploughs not nor obeys thy call, Lives on the labours of this lord of all.

Know, Nature's children all divide her care; The fur that warms a monarch, warmed a bear.

While man exclaims, "See all things for my use!"

"See man for mine!" replies a pampered goose: And just as short of reason he must fall, Who thinks all made for one, not one for all.

Grant that the powerful still the weak control; Be man the wit and tyrant of the whole: Nature that tyrant checks; he only knows, And helps, another creature's wants and woes.

Say, will the falcon, stooping from above, Smit with her varying plumage, spare the dove?

Admires the jay the insect's gilded wings?

Or hears the hawk when Philomela sings?

Man cares for all: to birds he gives his woods, To beasts his pastures, and to fish his floods; For some his interest prompts him to provide, For more his pleasure, yet for more his pride: All feed on one vain patron, and enjoy The extensive blessing of his luxury.

That very life his learned hunger craves, He saves from famine, from the savage saves; Nay, feasts the animal he dooms his feast, And, till he ends the being, makes it blest; Which sees no more the stroke, or feels the pain, Than favoured man by touch ethereal slain.

The creature had his feast of life before; Thou too must perish when thy feast is o'er!

To each unthinking being, Heaven, a friend, Gives not the useless knowledge of its end: To man imparts it; but with such a view As, while he dreads it, makes him hope it too; The hour concealed, and so remote the fear, Death still draws nearer, never seeming near.

Great standing miracle! that Heaven a.s.signed Its only thinking thing this turn of mind.

II. Whether with reason, or with instinct blest, Know, all enjoy that power which suits them best; To bliss alike by that direction tend, And find the means proportioned to their end.

Say, where full instinct is the unerring guide, What pope or council can they need beside?

Reason, however able, cool at best, Cares not for service, or but serves when pressed, Stays till we call, and then not often near; But honest instinct comes a volunteer, Sure never to o'er-shoot, but just to hit; While still too wide or short is human wit; Sure by quick nature happiness to gain, Which heavier reason labours at in vain, This too serves always, reason never long; One must go right, the other may go wrong.

See then the acting and comparing powers One in their nature, which are two in ours; And reason raise o'er instinct as you can, In this 'tis G.o.d directs, in that 'tis man.

Who taught the nations of the field and wood To shun their poison, and to choose their food?

Prescient, the tides or tempests to withstand, Build on the wave, or arch beneath the sand?

Who made the spider parallels design, Sure as Demoivre, without rule or line?

Who did the stork, Columbus-like, explore Heavens not his own, and worlds unknown before?

Who calls the council, states the certain day, Who forms the phalanx, and who points the way?

III. G.o.d in the nature of each being founds Its proper bliss, and sets its proper bounds: But as He framed a whole, the whole to bless, On mutual wants built mutual happiness: So from the first, eternal order ran, And creature linked to creature, man to man.

Whate'er of life all-quickening ether keeps, Or breathes through air, or shoots beneath the deeps, Or pours profuse on earth, one nature feeds The vital flame, and swells the genial seeds.

Not man alone, but all that roam the wood, Or wing the sky, or roll along the flood, Each loves itself, but not itself alone, Each s.e.x desires alike, till two are one.

Nor ends the pleasure with the fierce embrace; They love themselves, a third time, in their race.

Thus beast and bird their common charge attend, The mothers nurse it, and the sires defend; The young dismissed to wander earth or air, There stops the instinct, and there ends the care; The link dissolves, each seeks a fresh embrace, Another love succeeds, another race.

A longer care man's helpless kind demands; That longer care contracts more lasting bands: Reflection, reason, still the ties improve, At once extend the interest and the love; With choice we fix, with sympathy we burn; Each virtue in each pa.s.sion takes its turn; And still new needs, new helps, new habits rise.

That graft benevolence on charities.

Still as one brood, and as another rose, These natural love maintained, habitual those.

The last, scarce ripened into perfect man, Saw helpless him from whom their life began: Memory and forecast just returns engage, That pointed back to youth, this on to age; While pleasure, grat.i.tude, and hope combined, Still spread the interest, and preserved the kind.

IV. Nor think, in Nature's state they blindly trod; The state of nature was the reign of G.o.d: Self-love and social at her birth began, Union the bond of all things, and of man.

Pride then was not; nor arts, that pride to aid; Man walked with beast, joint tenant of the shade; The same his table, and the same his bed; No murder clothed him, and no murder fed.

In the same temple, the resounding wood, All vocal beings hymned their equal G.o.d: The shrine with gore unstained, with gold undressed, Unbribed, unb.l.o.o.d.y, stood the blameless priest: Heaven's attribute was universal care, And man's prerogative to rule, but spare.

Ah! how unlike the man of times to come!

Of half that live the butcher and the tomb; Who, foe to nature, hears the general groan, Murders their species, and betrays his own.

But just disease to luxury succeeds, And every death its own avenger breeds; The fury-pa.s.sions from that blood began, And turned on man a fiercer savage, man.

See him from Nature rising slow to art!

To copy instinct then was reason's part; Thus then to man the voice of Nature spake- "Go, from the creatures thy instructions take: Learn from the birds what food the thickets yield; Learn from the beasts the physic of the field; Thy arts of building from the bee receive; Learn of the mole to plough, the worm to weave; Learn of the little nautilus to sail, Spread the thin oar, and catch the driving gale.

Here too all forms of social union find, And hence let reason, late, instruct mankind: Here subterranean works and cities see; There towns aerial on the waving tree.

Learn each small people's genius, policies, The ant's republic, and the realm of bees; How those in common all their wealth bestow, And anarchy without confusion know; And these for ever, though a monarch reign, Their separate cells and properties maintain.

Mark what unvaried laws preserve each state, Laws wise as nature, and as fixed as fate.

In vain thy reason finer webs shall draw, Entangle justice in her net of law, And right, too rigid, harden into wrong; Still for the strong too weak, the weak too strong.

Yet go! and thus o'er all the creatures sway, Thus let the wiser make the rest obey; And, for those arts mere instinct could afford, Be crowned as monarchs, or as G.o.ds adored."

V. Great Nature spoke; observant men obeyed; Cities were built, societies were made: Here rose one little state: another near Grew by like means, and joined, through love or fear.

Did here the trees with ruddier burdens bend, And there the streams in purer rills descend?

What war could ravish, commerce could bestow, And he returned a friend, who came a foe.

Converse and love mankind might strongly draw, When love was liberty, and Nature law.

Thus States were formed; the name of king unknown, 'Till common interest placed the sway in one.

'Twas virtue only (or in arts or arms, Diffusing blessings, or averting harms) The same which in a sire the sons obeyed, A prince the father of a people made.

VI. Till then, by Nature crowned, each patriarch sate, King, priest, and parent of his growing state; On him, their second providence, they hung, Their law his eye, their oracle his tongue.

He from the wondering furrow called the food, Taught to command the fire, control the flood, Draw forth the monsters of the abyss profound, Or fetch the aerial eagle to the ground.

Till drooping, sickening, dying they began Whom they revered as G.o.d to mourn as man: Then, looking up, from sire to sire, explored One great first Father, and that first adored.

Or plain tradition that this all begun, Conveyed unbroken faith from sire to son; The worker from the work distinct was known, And simple reason never sought but one: Ere wit oblique had broke that steady light, Man, like his Maker, saw that all was right; To virtue, in the paths of pleasure, trod, And owned a Father when he owned a G.o.d.

Love all the faith, and all the allegiance then; For Nature knew no right divine in men, No ill could fear in G.o.d; and understood A sovereign being but a sovereign good.

True faith, true policy, united ran, This was but love of G.o.d, and this of man.