The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft Part 73

[844] _Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon._, p. 17. 'Their hair hung loose upon their shoulders, and both men and women had their hands painted with white clay, in such a way as to resemble open-work gloves. The women ...

were bare-footed, with the exception of a little piece tied about the heel.... They all wore their hair combed over their faces, in a manner that rendered it utterly impossible to recognize any of them.... They keep their elbows close to their sides, and their heels pressed firmly together, and do not raise the feet, but shuffle along with a kind of rolling motion, moving their arms, from the elbows down, with time to the step. At times, each man dances around his squaw; while she turns herself about, as if her heels formed a pivot on which she moved.' _Ten Broeck_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 74. The dresses of the men were similar to those worn on other festivities, 'except that they wear on their heads large pasteboard towers painted typically, and curiously decorated with feathers; and each man has his face entirely covered by a vizor made of small willows with the bark peeled off, and dyed a deep brown.' _Id._, p. 83. 'Such horrible masks I never saw before--noses six inches long, mouths from ear to ear, and great goggle eyes, as big as half a hen's egg, hanging by a string partly out of the socket.' _Id._, p. 85. 'Each Pueblo generally had its particular uniform dress and its particular dance. The men of one village would sometimes disguise themselves as elks, with horns on their heads, moving on all-fours, and mimicking the animal they were attempting to personate.

Others would appear in the garb of a turkey, with large heavy wings.'

_Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. i., pp. 271, 275. 'Festejo todo (Pimas) el dia nuestra llegada con un esquisito baile en forma circular, en cuyo centro figaraba una prolongada asta donde pendian trece cabelleras, arcos, flechas y demas despojos de otros tantos enemigos apaches que habian muerto.' _Mange_, _Itinerario_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. i., p. 277. 'Este lo forma una junta de truhanes vestidos de ridiculo y autorizados por los viejos del pueblo para cometer los mayores desordenes, y gustan tanto de estos hechos, que ni los maridos reparan las infamias que cometen con sus mugeres, ni las que resultan en perjuicio de las hijas.' _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. i., pp.

333-5. For further particulars see _Kendall's Nar._, vol. i., p. 378; _Marcy's Army Life_, pp. 104-8; _Mollhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 244; _Davis' El Gringo_, pp. 154-5; _Espejo_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., p. 394; _Sitgreaves' Zuni Ex._, plates 1, 2, 3; _Whipple_, in _Pac. R.

R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 67; _Pike's Explor. Trav._, p. 343.

[845] _Ten Broeck_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., pp. 73-4; _Johnson's Hist. Arizona_, p. 11. 'Their instruments consisted, each of half a gourd, placed before them, with the convex side up; upon this they placed, with the left hand, a smooth stick, and with their right drew forward and backwards upon it, in a sawing manner, a notched one.'

_Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon._, p. 17. 'I noticed, among other things, a reed musical instrument with a bell-shaped end like a clarionet, and a pair of painted drumsticks tipped with gaudy feathers.' _Ives' Colorado Riv._, p. 121. 'Les Indiens (Pueblos) accompagnent leurs danses et leur chants avec des flutes, ou sont marques les endroits ou il faut placer les doigts.... Ils disent que ces gens se reunissent cinq ou six pour jouer de la flute; que ces instruments sont d'inegales grandeurs.'

_Diaz_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, serie i., tom. ix., p. 295; _Castaneda_, in _Id._, pp. 72, 172; _Froebel_, _Aus Amerika_, tom. ii., p. 455; _Garces_, _Diario_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie ii., tom. i., p.

331. 'While they are at work, a man, seated at the door, plays on a bagpipe, so that they work keeping time: they sing in three voices.'

_Davis' El Gringo_, p. 119.

[846] The Cocomaricopas, 'componen unas bolas redondas del tamano de una pelota de materia negra como pez, y embutidas en ellas varias conchitas pequenas del mar con que hacen labores y con que juegan y apuestan, tirandola con la punta del pie corren tres o cuatro leguas y la particularidad es que el que da vuelta y llega al puesto donde comenzaron y salieron a la par ese gana.' _Sedelmair_, _Relacion_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 851. 'It is a favorite amus.e.m.e.nt with both men [Maricopas] and boys to try their skill at hitting the pitahaya, which presents a fine object on the plain. Numbers often collect for this purpose; and in crossing the great plateau, where these plants abound, it is common to see them pierced with arrows.'

_Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. ii., p. 237; _Mowry_, in _Ind. Aff.

Rept._, 1857, p. 301. 'Amus.e.m.e.nts of all kinds are universally resorted to [among the Pueblos]; such as foot-racing, horse-racing, c.o.c.k-fighting, gambling, dancing, eating, and drinking.' _Ward_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1864, p. 192; _Mange_, _Itinerario_, in _Doc. Hist.

Mex._, serie iv., tom. i., pp. 299, 365.

[847] _Walker's Pimas, MS._ 'The Papago of to-day will on no account kill a coyote.' _Davidson_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1865, p. 132. 'Eben so aberglaubischen Gebrauch hatten sie bey drohenden Kieselwetter, da sie den Hagel abzuwenden ein Stuck von einem Palmteppiche an einem Stecken anhefteten und gegen die Wolken richteten.' _Murr_, _Nachrichten_, pp.

203, 207; _Arny_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1871, pp. 385, 389. 'A sentinel ascends every morning at sunrise to the roof of the highest house, and, with eyes directed towards the east, looks out for the arrival of the divine chieftain, who is to give the sign of deliverance.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. i., p. 165, 197, 390, 210, and vol. ii., p. 54. 'On a dit que la coutume singuliere de conserver perpetuellement un feu sacre pres duquel les anciens Mexicains attendaient le retour du dieu Quetzacoatl, existe aussi chez les Pueblos.' _Ruxton_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1850, tom. cxxvi., p. 58; _Sedelmair_, _Relacion_, in _Doc. Hist.

Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv.. p. 851; _Gallatin_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1851, tom. cx.x.xi., p. 278; _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 92; _Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon._, p. 93. 'I, however, one night, at San Felipe, clandestinely witnessed a portion of their secret wors.h.i.+p. One of their secret night dances is called Tocina, which is too horrible to write about.' _Arny_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1871, p. 385; _Ward_, in _Id._, 1864, p. 192; _Ives' Colorado Riv._, p. 121; _Ten Broeck_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., pp. 73, 77; _Mollhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 278. 'Ils ont des pretres ... ils montent sur la terra.s.se la plus elevee du village et font un sermon au moment ou le soleil se leve.'

_Castaneda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, serie i., tom. ix., pp. 133, 164, 239.

[848] _Walker's Pimas, MS._; _Mowry_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1857, p.

361; _Ruggles_, in _Id._, 1869, p. 209; _Andrews_, in _Id._, 1870, p.

117; _Ward_, in _Id._, 1864, p. 188; _Davis' El Gringo_, pp. 119, 311.

The cause of the decrease of the Pecos Indians is 'owing to the fact that they seldom if ever marry outside of their respective pueblos.'

_Parker_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1869, p. 251; _Murr_, _Nachrichten_, p.

273. 'Au milieu [of the estufa] est un foyer allume, sur lequel on jette de temps en temps une poignee de thym, ce qui suffit pour entretenir la chaleur, de sorte qu'on y est comme dans un bain.' _Castaneda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, serie i., tom. ix., p. 170.

[849] _Walker's Pimas, MS._ The Pimas, 'usan enterrar sus varones con su arco y flechas, y algun bastimento y calabazo de agua, senal que alcanzan vislumbre de la immortalidad, aunque no con la distincion de premio o castigo.' _Mange_, _Itinerario_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. i., p. 369. 'The Maricopas invariably bury their dead, and mock the ceremony of cremation.' ... 'sacrifice at the grave of a warrior all the property of which he died possessed, together with all in possession of his various relatives.' _Cremony's Apaches_, pp. 103, 105. 'The Pimos bury their dead, while the Coco-Maricopas burn theirs.'

_Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. ii., p. 262. 'The females of the family [Pueblo] approached in a mournful procession (while the males stood around in solemn silence), each one bearing on her head a tinaja, or water-jar, filled with water, which she emptied into the grave, and whilst doing so commenced the death-cry. They came singly and emptied their jars, and each one joined successively in the death-cry; ... They believe that on a certain day (in August, I think) the dead rise from their graves and flit about the neighboring hills, and on that day, all who have lost friends, carry out quant.i.ties of corn, bread, meat, and such other good things of this life as they can obtain, and place them in the haunts frequented by the dead, in order that the departed spirits may once more enjoy the comforts of this nether world.' _Ten Broeck_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., pp. 75-8. If the dead Pima was a chief, 'the villagers are summoned to his burial. Over his grave they hold a grand festival. The women weep and the men howl, and they go into a profound mourning of tar. Soon the cattle are driven up and slaughtered, and every body heavily-laden with sorrow, loads his squaw with beef, and feasts for many days.' _Browne's Apache Country_, pp. 112-13; _Murr_, _Nachrichten_, pp. 204, 210, 281; _Ferry_, _Scenes de la vie Sauvage_, p. 115; _Froebel's Cent. Amer._, p. 500; _Id._, _Aus Amerika_, tom. ii., p. 437; _Castaneda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, serie i., tom. ix., p. 165.

[850] 'Though naturally disposed to peaceful pursuits, the Papagoes are not deficient in courage.' _Browne's Apache Country_, pp. 142, 107, 110-11, 140, 277; _Johnson's Hist. Arizona_, p. 10; _Stone_, in _Hist.

Mag._, vol. v., p. 166; _Soc. Geog._, _Bulletin_, serie v., No. 96, p.

188; _Escudero_, _Noticias de Sonora y Sinaloa_, p. 142; _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, pp. 116, 160; _Froebel's Cent. Amer._, pp. 500, 506, 512; _Id._, _Aus Amerika_, tom. ii., pp. 437, 447, 454; _Garces_, _Diario_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie ii., tom. i., p. 238; _Sedelmair_, _Relacion_, in _Id._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 850; _Gallardo_, in _Id._, p. 892. 'The peaceful disposition of the Maricopas is not the result of incapacity for war, for they are at all times enabled to meet, and vanquish the Apaches in battle.' _Emory_, in _Fremont and Emory's Notes of Trav._, p. 49; _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. iii., pp.

62, 103; _Murr_, _Nachrichten_, p. 282; _Hardy's Trav._, pp. 440, 443; _Mange_, _Itinerario_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. i., pp.

365-6; _Mowry's Arizona_, p. 30; _Arricivita_, _Cronica Serafica_, pp.

397, 412; _Sonora_, _Descrip. Geog._, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., pp. 553-5, 838. 'The Pueblos were industrious and unwarlike in their habits.' _Marcy's Army Life_, pp. 98, 110. The Moquis 'are a mild and peaceful race of people, almost unacquainted with the use of arms, and not given to war. They are strictly honest.... They are kind and hospitable to strangers.' _Davis' El Gringo_, pp. 421, 145. 'C'est une race (Pueblos) remarquablement sobre et industrieuse, qui se distingue par sa moralite.' _Gallatin_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1851, tom. cx.x.xi., pp. 277, 288, 290; _Ruxton_, in _Id._, 1850, tom. cxxvi., pp. 45, 47, 60; _Ruxton's Adven. Mex._, p. 191; _Ives' Colorado Riv._, pp. 31, 36, 45, 122, 124-7; _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. i., p. 120, 268, 274; _Pike's Explor. Trav._, p. 342; _Ribas_, _Hist. de los Triumphos_, p. 241; _Malte-Brun_, _Precis de la Geog._, tom. iv., p.

453; _Champagnac_, _Voyageur_, p. 84; _Hughes' Doniphan's Ex._, pp. 196, 221; _Espejo_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., p. 392; _Wislizenus'

Tour_, p. 26; _Pattie's Pers. Nar._, p. 91; _Ten Broeck_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., pp. 72, 87; _Eaton_, in _Id._, p. 220; _Bent_, in _Id._, vol. i., p. 244; _Kendall's Nar._, vol. i., p. 378; _Castaneda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, serie i., tom. ix., pp. 126, 163; _Muhlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 528; _Mollhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 144; _Mollhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. ii., p. 240. The Pueblos 'are pa.s.sionately fond of dancing, and give themselves up to this diversion with a kind of frenzy.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. i., pp. 198, 185, 203, 206, and vol. ii., pp. 19, 51-2; _Cutts' Conq. of Cal._, pp. 188-9, 222; _Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon._, pp. 81, 91, 113, 115; _Scenes in the Rocky Mts._, p. 177; _Torquemada_, _Monarq. Ind._, tom. i., pp. 679-80; _Mayer's Mex. as it Was_, p. 239; _Id._, _Mex., Aztec etc._, vol. ii., p. 358. See further: _Ind. Aff.

Rept._, from 1854 to 1872.

[851] _Baegert_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1863, p. 359; _Forbes' Cal._, pp. 20-2; _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. i., p. 239; _Malte-Brun_, _Precis de la Geog._, tom. vi., p. 451; _Gleeson's Hist. Cath. Church_, vol. i., pp. 95-6; _Prichard's Researches_, vol. v., p. 446. 'Esse sono tre nella California Cristiana, cioe quelle de' Pericui, de' Guaicuri, e de'

Cochim.' _Clavigero_, _Storia della Cal._, tom. i., p. 109. Venegas, in giving the opinion of Father Taraval, says: 'Tres son (dice este habil Missionero) las Lenguas: la Cochimi, la Pericu, y la de Loreto. De esta ultima salen dos ramos, y son: la Guaycura, y la Uchiti; verdad es, que es la variacion tanta, que el que no tuviere connocimiento de las tres Lenguas, juzgara, no solo que hay quatro Lenguas, sino que hay cinco....

Esta poblada la primera azia el Medioda, desde el Cabo de San Lucas, hasta mas aca del Puerto de la Paz de la Nacion Pericu, o siguiendo la terminacion Castellana de los Pericues: la segunda desde la Paz, hasta mas arriba del Presidio Real de Loreto, es de los Monquis; la tercera desde el territorio de Loreto, por todo lo descubierto al Norte de la nacion Cochimi, o de los Cochimies.' _Venegas_, _Noticia de la Cal._, tom. i., pp. 63-6. 'Auf der Halbinsel Alt-Californien wohnen: an der Sudspitze die Pericues, dann die Monquis oder Menguis, zu welchen die Familien der Guaycuras und Coras geh.o.r.en, die Cochimas oder Colimies, die Laimones, die Utschitas oder Vehitis, und die Icas.' _Muhlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. i., p. 212. 'All the Indian tribes of the Peninsula seem to be affiliated with the Yumas of the Colorado and with the Coras below La Paz ... in no case do they differ in intellect, habits, customs, dress, implements of war, or hunting, traditions, or appearances from the well-known Digger Indians of Alta-California, and undoubtedly belong to the same race or family.' _Browne's Lower Cal._, pp. 53-4.

[852] 'Di buona statura, ben fatti, sani, e robusti.' _Clavigero_, _Storia della Cal._, tom. i., pp. 112-13. 'El color en todos es muy moreno ... no tienen barba ni nada de vello en el cuerpo.' _Californias, Noticias_, carta i., pp. 47, 61, carta ii., p. 12. Compare: _Kino_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. i., p. 407; _Crespi_, in _Id._, serie iv., tom. vii., p. 135; _Ulloa_, in _Ramusio_, _Navigationi_, tom. iii., fol. 345, 351; _Venegas_, _Noticia de la Cal._, tom. i., p. 68; _Baegert_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1863, p. 357; _Muhlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii., pp. 443-4; _Gleeson's Hist. Cath. Church_, p. 99.

[853] 'Siendo de gran deshonra en los varones el vestido.'

_Salvatierra_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. v., p. 42. 'Ap.r.o.ns are about a span wide, and of different length.' _Baegert_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1863, pp. 361-2. Consult further: _Venegas_, _Noticia de la Cal._, tom. i., pp. 81-8, 113; _Gleeson's Hist. Cath.

Church_, pp. 96-9, 107-10; _Forbes' Cal._, pp. 9, 18; _Clavigero_, _Storia della Cal._, tom. i., pp. 120-3, 133, 144; _Gemelli Careri_, in _Churchill's Col. Voyages_, vol. iv., p. 469, and in _Berenger_, _Col.

de Voy._, tom. ii., p. 371.

[854] 'Unos se cortan un pedazo de oreja, otros las dos; otros agugerean el labio inferior, otros las narizes, y es cosa de risa, pues alli llevan colgando ratoncillos, lagartijitas, conchitas. &c.' _Californias, Noticias_, carta i., pp. 48, 22. 'It has been a.s.serted that they also pierce the nose. I can only say that I saw no one disfigured in that particular manner.' _Baegert_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1863, p. 362.

'Nudi agunt, genas quadratis quibusdam notis signati.' _De Laet_, _Novus...o...b..s_, p. 306. Further reference: _Villa-Senor y Sanchez_, _Theatro_, tom. ii., pp. 279, 282; _Ulloa_, in _Ramusio_, _Navigationi_, tom. iii., fol. 347-8, and in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., p. 412; _Delaporte_, _Reisen_, tom. x., p. 428.

[855] _Venegas_, _Noticia de la Cal._, tom. i., p. 88; _Campbell's Hist.

Span. Amer._, p. 86; _Ulloa_, in _Ramusio_, _Navigationi_, tom. iii., fol. 347, 350; _Californias, Noticias_, carta i., p. 45; _Lockman's Trav.

Jesuits_, vol. i., p. 403. 'Le abitazioncelle piu comuni sono certe chiuse circolari di sa.s.si sciolti, ed ammucchiati, le quali hanno cinque piedi di diametro, e meno di due d'altezza.' _Clavigero_, _Storia della Cal._, tom. i., p. 119. 'I am certainly not much mistaken in saying that many of them change their night-quarters more than a hundred times in a year.' _Baegert_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1863, p. 361.

[856] 'Twenty-four pounds of meat in twenty-four hours is not deemed an extraordinary ration for a single person.' _Baegert_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1863, pp. 364-7. 'No tienen horas senaladas para saciar su apet.i.to: comen cuanto hallan por delante; hasta las cosas mas sucias sirven a su gula.' _Californias, Noticias_, carta i., pp. 46-7, 21; see also: _Salmeron_, _Relaciones_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom.

iv., p. 13; _Salvatierra_, in _Id._, serie iv., tom. v., p. 116; _Crespi_, in _Id._, serie iv., tom. vii., pp. 106, 135, 143; _Delaporte_, _Reisen_, tom. x., pp. 423-4; _Castaneda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, serie i., tom. ix., p. 153; _Alegre_, _Hist.

Comp. de Jesus_, tom. iii., p. 106; _Ulloa_, in _Ramusio_, _Navigationi_, tom. iii., fol. 350; _Malte-Brun_, _Precis de la Geog._, tom. vi., p. 451; _Alcedo_, _Diccionario_, tom. i., p. 318.

[857] 'La pesca si fa da loro in due maniere, o con reti nella spiaggia, o ne' gorghi rimasi della marea, o con forconi in alto mare.'

_Clavigero_, _Storia della Cal._, tom. i., pp. 111, 125-6; 'Use neither nets nor hooks, but a kind of lance.' _Baegert_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1863, p. 364. 'Forman los Indios redes para pescar, y para otros usos.'

_Venegas_, _Noticia de la Cal._, tom. i., p. 52.

[858] 'Poiche le stesse donne si lavavano, e si lavano anche oggid con essa (orina) la faccia.' _Clavigero_, _Storia della Cal._, tom. i., p.

133.

[859] _Gemelli Careri_, in _Churchill's Col. Voyages_, vol. iv., p. 469; _Ramusio_, _Navigationi_, tom. iii., fol. 346, 351; _Baegert_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1863, p. 362; _Kino_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. i., p. 407; _Crespi_, in _Id._, serie iv., tom. vii., p. 143.

'Si trovarono altre spezie d'armi per ferir da vicino, ma tutte di legno. La prima e un mazzapicchio, simile nella forma a una girella col suo manico tutta d'un pezzo. La seconda e a foggia d'un ascia di legnajuolo tutta anch'essa d'un sol pezzo. La terza ha la forma d'una piccola scimitara.' _Clavigero_, _Storia della Cal._, tom. i., pp. 124, 127.

[860] 'El modo de publicar la guerra era, hacer con mucho estruendo gran provision de canas, y pedernales para sus flechas, y procurar, que por varios caminos llega.s.sen las a.s.sonadas a oidos de sus contrarios.'

_Venegas_, _Noticia de la Cal._, tom. i., pp. 97-8. Referring to Venegas' work, Baegert, _Smithsonian Rept._, 1864, p. 385, says: 'All that is said in reference to the warfare of the Californians is wrong.

In their former wars they merely attacked the enemy unexpectedly during the night, or from an ambush, and killed as many as they could, without order, previous declaration of war, or any ceremonies whatever.' See also: _Apostolicos Afanes_, pp. 424-5, and _Clavigero_, _Storia della Cal._, tom. i., p. 127.

[861] 'In lieu of knives and scissors they use sharp flints for cutting almost everything--cane, wood, aloe, and even their hair.' _Baegert_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1863, p. 363. 'Le loro reti, tanto quelle da pescare, quanto quelle, che servono a portare checchessia, le fanno col filo, che tirano dalle foglie del Mezcal.' _Clavigero_, _Storia della Cal._, tom. i., p. 124. Further notice in _Ulloa_, in _Ramusio_, _Navigationi_, tom. iii., fol. 350; _Venegas_, _Noticia de la Cal._, tom. i., p. 90; _Muhlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 447.

[862] Vancouver, _Voy._, vol. ii., p. 482, speaking of Lower California says: 'We were visited by one of the natives in a straw canoe.' 'Vedemmo che vsci vna canoua in mare con tre Indiani dalle lor capanne.' _Ulloa_, in _Ramusio_, _Navigationi_, tom. iii., fol. 350-1, 343, 347, and in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., p. 418. See further: _Clavigero_, _Storia della Cal._, tom. i., p. 126; _Gemelli Careri_, in _Churchill's Col.

Voyages_, vol. iv., p. 469, and in _Berenger_, _Col. de Voy._, tom. ii., p. 371.

[863] 'Tienen trato de pescado con los indios de tierra adentro.'

_Salmeron_, _Relaciones_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p.

17; also, _Ulloa_, in _Ramusio_, _Navigationi_, tom. iii., fol. 347-8.

[864] 'Su modo de contar es muy diminuto y corto, pues apenas llegan a cinco, y otros a diez, y van multiplicando segun pueden.' _Californias, Noticias_, carta i., p. 103. 'Non dividevano l'Anno in Mesi, ma solamente in sei stagioni.' _Clavigero_, _Storia della Cal._, tom. i., pp. 110-11.

[865] _Clavigero_, _Storia della, Cal._, tom. i., pp. 129-30. _Venegas_, _Noticia de la Cal._, tom. i., p. 79. 'Entre ellos siempre hay alguno mas desahogado y atrevido, que se reviste con el caracter de Capitan: pero ni este tiene jurisdiccion alguna, ni le obedecen, y en estando algo viejo lo suelen quitar del mando: solo en los lances que les tiene cuenta siguen sus dictamenes.' _Californias, Noticias_, carta i., pp.

40, 45.

[866] _Clavigero_, _Storia della Cal._, tom. i., pp. 130-4; _Ulloa_, in _Ramusio_, _Navigationi_ tom. iii., fol. 348; _Villa-Senor y Sanchez_, _Theatro_, tom. ii., p. 284; _Baegert_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1863, pp. 367-9. 'Sus casamientos son muy ridiculos: unos para casa.r.s.e ensenan sus cuerpos a las mugeres, y estas a ellos; y adoptandose a su gusto, se casan: otros en fin, que es lo mas comun, se casan sin ceremonia.'

_Californias, Noticias_, carta i., pp. 50, 40-1. 'El adulterio era mirado como delito, que por lo menos daba justo motivo a la venganza, a excepcion de dos ocasiones: una la de sus fiestas, y bayles: y otra la de las luchas.' _Venegas_, _Noticia de la Cal._, tom. i., p. 93. 'Les hommes s'approchaient des femmes comme des animaux, et les femmes se mettaient publiquement a quatre pattes pour les recevoir.' _Castaneda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, serie i., tom. ix., p. 153. This method of copulation is by no means peculiar to the Lower Californians, but is practiced almost universally by the wild tribes of the Pacific States.

Writers naturally do not mention this custom, but travellers are unanimous in their verbal accounts respecting it.

[867] 'Fiesta entre los Indios Gentiles no es mas que una concurrencia de hombres y mugeres de todas partes para desahogar los apet.i.tos de luxuria y gula.' _Californias, Noticias_, carta i., pp. 60-75. 'Una de las fiestas mas celebres de los Cochimies era la del dia, en que repartian las pieles a las mugeres una vez al ano.' _Venegas_, _Noticia de la Cal._, tom. i., pp. 85-6, 96; _Baegert_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1864, p. 389; _Salvatierra_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. v., pp. 103, 116.

[868] _Californias, Noticias_, carta i., pp. 59-65; _Clavigero_, _Storia della Cal._, tom. i., pp. 126, 146. 'There existed always among the Californians individuals of both s.e.xes who played the part of sorcerers or conjurers, pretending to possess the power of exorcising the devil.'