Ideal Illusions Part 6

89. Department of Defense, "Study on Ideological Strategy," June 9, 1954, DDRS.

90. William Barrett, Truth Is Our Weapon (New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1953), 139.

91. Solarium A, 108, DDRS.

92. Psychological Strategy Board, "Evaluation of the Psychological Impact of U.S. Foreign Economic Policies and Programs in France," February 9, 1953, 34, DDRS.

93. Department of Defense, "Study on Ideological Strategy," June 9, 1954, 4, DDRS.

94. Ibid.

95. Ibid.

96. Robert J. McMahon, The Cold War on the Periphery: The United States, India, and Pakistan (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994), 41.

97. William Barrett quoted in Michael L. Krenn, Fall-Out Shelters for the Human Spirit: American Art and the Cold War (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005), 88.

98. DOS, "Report on the Image of the U.S. in Other Countries and the Development of a Thoughtful Foreign Relations Program," Eisenhower administration, n.d., DDRS.

99. Ibid.

100. Department of Defense, "Study on Ideological Strategy," June 9, 1954, DDRS.

101. Ibid.

102. Ibid.

103. George Allen, "Report on the Image of the U.S. in Other Countries."

104. Amba.s.sador Kenneth Young, Diplomacy and Power in Was.h.i.+ngton-Peking Dealings: 19531967 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967), 28.

105. How modernization came to permeate the development of modern Chinese studies in the United States is a.n.a.lyzed in James Peck, "The Roots of Rhetoric," in America's Asia (New York: Pantheon, 1971) and "Revolution Versus Modernization and Revisionism," in China's Uninterrupted Revolution: From 1940 to the Present, ed. Victor Nee and James Peck (New York: Pantheon, 1975).

106. Arthur Schlesinger Jr., A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1965), 542.

107. W. W. Rostow to Robert Cutler, August 16, 1954, XVIII, no. 2, MarchApril 1992, DDRS.

108. Lyndon B. Johnson, "Briefing by the Vice President to the House Committee on Foreign Affairs," March 1, 1961, 4, DDRS.

109. Walt Rostow, Policy NSC Memo, March 1962, 21, DDRS.

110. Ibid.

111. Ibid., 85.

112. Walt Rostow, quoted by Gerald M. Meier and Dudley Seers, eds., The Pioneers in Development (New York: Oxford University Press, 1984), 240.

113. Department of State, Report of Long-Range Study on Communist China's Military and Political Factors Prepared by a Special State-Defense Study Group, June 1, 1966, V-33, V-35, DDRS.

114. U.S. Information Agency, "USIA procedures to carry out Operation Coordinating Board plan for a 'U.S. Doctrinal Program,'" n.d. (Truman administration), DDRS.

115. Department of State, "Report on a Six-Month Trip around the World to Study U.S. Propaganda Overseas," June 17, 1955, 5, DDRS.

116. Ibid.

117. Ibid.

118. Kintner, CIA, "Ideological Warfare," June 4, 1952, 12, DDRS.

119. Solarium A, NSC Report, July 16, 1953, DDRS.

120. Department of State, "Some Thoughts About American Propaganda," n.d., 7, DDRS.

121. "People's Capitalism," New York Times, February 15, 1956, 30; "Eisenhower Visits Capitalism Show," New York Times, February 14, 1956; and "U.S. Exhibit Ready to Vie with Reds," New York Times, August 19, 1956, 32.

122. "The Indian Image of the United States, A Preliminary View: Part II: The American Way of Life," RG 306, National Archives.

123. Carl Kaysen, Report of the President's Task Force on Foreign Economic Policy, November 25, 1964, A-27, DDRS.

124. Arthur Schlesinger Jr., Report to the President on Latin American Mission, February 12March 3, 1961, White House, April 29, 1961, DDRS.

125. "Conclusions and Recommendations of the President's Committee on Information Activities Abroad," chapter 1, December 1960, DDRS.

126. Department of State, "Memo on the Situation in Underdeveloped Countries Where Communist-Inspired Guerrilla Warfare Exists," November 20, 1961, 20, DDRS.

127. Walt Rostow, "Redraft of Cross's Draft Paper on Communist Guerrilla Type Violence," August 15, 1961, 2, DDRS.

128. George F. Kennan, Measures Short of War, 106107.

129. Seymour Hersh, The Price of Power: Kissinger in the Nixon White House (New York: Summit Books, 1983), 265.

130. Audrey R. Kahin and George Kahin quoting Amba.s.sador c.u.mming in Subversion as Foreign Policy: The Secret Eisenhower and Dulles Debacles in Indonesia (New York: New Press, 1995), 75.

131. Ibid., 10.

132. President's Committee on Information Activities Abroad, "Conclusions and Recommendations," White House, December 1, 1960, 2, DDRS.

133. USIA, "United States Doctrinal Program," January 15, 1954, 15, DDRS.

134. Department of State, "The Concept of Neutralism, Neutralism in Asia and Africa Detailed," n.d. (Eisenhower administration).

135. Robert McMahon, The Cold War on the Periphery: The United States, India, and Pakistan (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994), 224.

136. Arthur Schlesinger Jr., quoting the Colombian historian German Arciniegas, in his Report to the President on Latin American Mission, February 12March 3, 1961, White House, April 29, 1961, DDRS.

137. Mao Zedong, On Diplomacy (Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1998), 173.

138. Frederick Dougla.s.s, My Bondage and My Freedom (New York: Miller, Orton, 1857), 281.

139. William Edward Hartpole Lecky, History of European Morals from Augustus to Charlemagne (New York: George Braziller, 1955), 338.

140. J. M. Coetzee, Waiting for the Barbarians (New York: Penguin, 1982), 133.

141. A Study of USIA Operating a.s.sumptions, vol. 3, December 1954, Box 7, TC19-20, RG 306, Office of Research, Special Reports.

142. Department of State, "Suggestions for Improving the Position of the United States in the Face of the Communist Challenge," n.d. (Eisenhower administration), 1, DDRS.

CHAPTER 2: THE CARTER YEARS: AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY FINDS A SOUL.

1. Jimmy Carter, Universal Declaration of Human Rights Remarks at a White House Meeting Commemorating the 30th Anniversary of the Declaration's Signing, Dec. 6, 1978, American Presidency Project (hereafter APP), http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/index_docs.php.

2. Jimmy Carter, Inaugural address, January 20, 1977, APP. John Quincy Adams and John F. Kennedy each mentioned the term once in their inaugural addresses.

3. Billy Graham to President Carter, April 9, 1977, April 1, 1977-April 30, 1977 folder, Box HU-1, WHFC, Jimmy Carter Library, as quoted in Edward Bailey Hodgman, "Detente and the Dissidents: Human Rights in U.S.Soviet Relations, 19681980" (Ph.D. diss., University of Rochester, 2003), 270.

4. Jimmy Carter, Interview with a group of news directors, July 15, 1977, APP.

5. Jimmy Carter, Presidential News Conference, March 24, 1977, APP, and Commencement address, Notre Dame University, May 22, 1977, APP.

6. Anthony Lake to the Secretary of State (Vance), "The Human Rights Policy: An Interim a.s.sessment," January 20, 1978, 11, 5, DDRS.

7. Henry Kissinger, "Continuity and Change in American Foreign Policy, Society 15, no. 1 (NovemberDecember 1977): 97103.

8. Quoted in Joshua Muravchik, The Uncertain Crusade: Jimmy Carter and the Dilemmas of Human Rights Policies (New York: Hamilton Press, 1986), 3.

9. Jimmy Carter, Don Richardson Conversations with Carter (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1998), 252253.

10. CIA, "World Trends and Contingencies Affecting US Interests," June 6, 1968, 1, http://www.foia.cia.gov/browse_docs.asp (hereafter FOIA).

11. Memorandum from Robert Osgood to NSC, "An Overview of the World Situation," May 21, 1969, DDRS.

12. Zbigniew Brzezinski, NSC Weekly Report no. 37, November 18, 1977, DDRS.

13. See Zbigniew Brzezinski, Between Two Ages: America's Role in the Technetronic Era (New York: Viking Press, 1971), for an early statement of this view and Out of Control: Global Turmoil on the Eve of the Twenty-First Century (New York: Scribner's, 1993), 92, for his later summing up of America as the center of such a globalizing process.

14. Anne E. Geyer and Robert Y. Shapiro, "A Report: Human Rights," Public Opinion Quarterly 52, no. 3 (Autumn 1988).

15. Daniel Patrick Moynihan, "The Politics of Human Rights," Commentary 64 (August 1977): 22.

16. J. William Fulbright, The Arrogance of Power (New York: Random House, 1967).

17. Interview with J. William Fulbright. Also see J. William Fulbright, The Price of Empire (New York: Pantheon, 1989), 87, 148, and J. William Fulbright, "The War and Its Effects: The Military-Industrial-Academic Complex," in Herbert Schiller, Super-State: Readings in the Military Industrial Complex (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1970).

18. J. William Fulbright, The Price of Empire, 137.

19. Ibid., 13.

20. Martin Luther King Jr., Where Do We Go from Here: Chaos or Community? (Boston: Beacon Press, 1968), 186.

21. Martin Luther King Jr., quoted by Jacquelyn Down Hall, "The Long Civil Rights Movement and the Political Uses of the Past," Journal of American History (March 2005): 1233.

22. Counterintelligence Research Project, CI Special Report, Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee, October 10, 1967, 2, DDRS.

23. Susan Sontag, Trip to Hanoi (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1968), 87.

24. Samuel P. Huntington, "Transnational Organizations in World Politics," World Politics 25, no. 3 (April 1973): 344.

25. Calvin Colton, History and Character of American Revivals of Religion (London: Frederick Westley and A. H. Davis, 1832), 58.

26. Zbigniew Brzezinski, Between Two Ages, 305306.

27. Ibid.

28. Ibid., 305, 306.

29. Ibid., 278.

30. Alfred Jenkins, "Mainland Developments Demand a Clearer U.S. Policy," August 3, 1966, DDRS.

31. Zbigniew Brzezinski, Between Two Ages, 33. The trilateral Commission reports from the 1970s provide particularly detailed explorations of this emerging "global perspective." In particular, see Richard N. Cooper, Trilateral Commission Task Force Report, Toward a Renovated International System, January 1977.

32. Address by the Secretary of State (Muskie) at the University of Wisconsin, October 21, 1980, in American Foreign Policy Basic Doc.u.ments, 19771980 (Was.h.i.+ngton, D.C.: Department of State, 1983), 445.

33. Richard J. Barnet, "Global Reach," New Yorker, December 9, 1974, 58.

34. CIA, "Implications of Economic Nationalism in the Poor Countries," June 29, 1971, http://www.faqs.org/cia/docs/58/0000251186/IMPLICATIONS-OF-ECONOMIC-NATIONALISM-IN-THE-POOR-COUNTRIES*.html.

35. Ludmilla Alekseeva quoted in Hodgman, "Detente and the Dissidents," 96.

36. Andrei Sakharov, My Country and the World (New York: Random House, 1975), 39.

37. Edward Bailey Hodgman, "Detente and the Dissidents," 128.

38. "Jews Are Forbidden to Leave the Country," New York Times, April 2, 1969, 26.

39. Jackson quoted in Edward Bailey Hodgman, "Detente and the Dissidents," 170.

40. Sam Gibbons quoted in ibid., 178179.

41. Nixon conversation with Arthur Burns, quoted in ibid., 158.

42. J. William Fulbright to author; also see Fulbright's The Price of Empire, 31.

43. House of Representatives, Human Rights in the World Community: A Call for U.S. Leaders.h.i.+p, report by the Subcommittee on International Organizations and Movements, March 27, 1974, 10.

44. "US Urged to Act on Human Rights," New York Times, March 28, 1974, 17.

45. Foreign a.s.sistance Act of 1973, Public Law 87195, sec. 32. Quoted in David P. Forsythe, Human Rights and U.S. Foreign Policy: Congress Reconsidered (Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1988), 8.