The Tragedies of Euripides Part 7

[16] The story of the daughters of Danaus is well known.

[17] Of this there are two accounts given in the Scholia. The one is, that the women of Lemnos being punished by Venus with an ill savor, and therefore neglected by their husbands, conspired against them and slew them. The other is found in Herodotus, Erato, chap. 138. see also aesch.

Choephorae, line 627, ed. Schutz.

[18] Polymestor was guilty of two crimes, ad???a? and asee?a?, for he had both violated the laws of men, and profaned the deity of Jupiter Hospitalis. Whence Agamemnon, v. 840, hints that he is to suffer on both accounts.

?a? ????a? ?e?? ?' ????e? a??s??? ?e???, ?a? t?? d??a???, t??de s?? d???a? d????.

The Chorus therefore says, _Ubi contingit eundem et Just.i.tiae et Diis esse addictum, exitiale semper malum esse_; or, as the learned Hemsterheuyse has more fully and more elegantly expressed, it, _Ubi_, id est, _in quo_, vel _in quem cadit et concurrit, ut ob crimen commissum simul et humanae just.i.tiae et Deorum vindictae sit obnoxius, ac velut oppignoratus; illi certissimum exitium imminet_. This sense the words give, if for ??, we read ???, i.e. in the sense of ??p??. MUSGRAVE. Correct Dindorf's text to ???.

[19] s?pesee?? _in unum coire, coincidere_. In this sense it is used also, Herod. Euterpe, chap. 49.

[20] The verbal adjective in t?? is almost universally used in a pa.s.sive sense; ??p?pt??, however, in this place is an exception to the rule, as are also, ?a??pt??, Soph. Antig. 1011, ept??, Trachin. 446.

[21] Perhaps the preferable way is to make ?a???s?? agree with a????p???

understood; that the sense may be, _You are a bad man to talk of your advantage as a plea for having acted thus_.

[22] Ta???sa d' ? ??s' e??ad' e?p??s? ???; a similar expression occurs in the Anthologia.

s???? pa?e???? t?? ta?a?p???? ???, a?t?? s??p?? t?? ?????? ???e???, ?a??? de ?a? ??s??. e? de ?, ?a???.

[23] The place of her burial was called Cynosema, a promontory of the Thracian Chersonese. It was here that the Athenians gained a naval victory over the Peloponnesians and Syracusans, in the twenty-first year of the Peloponnesian war. Thucydides, book viii.

ADDITIONAL NOTES.

[A] Vs. 246, e??a?e?? ?e. "Pravam esse scripturam dici Brunckius et Corayus viderunt; quorum ille legere voluit ??st' e?ta???a?, hic vero ??st'

ea?e??. Sed neuter rem acu tetigit. Euripides scripsit: ??st' e? ?e f??a?, uti patet ex Hom. Il. ?. 253, e? t' a?a ??? f? ?e???, Od. ?. 21, pa?ta ??se? pe??f??, Theocrit. Id. xiii. 47, ta? d' e? ?e?? pasa? ef?sa?, et, quod rem conficit, ex Euripidis ipsius Ion. 891, ?e????? d' ef?sa?

?a?p??? ?e????." G. BURGES, apud _Revue de Philologie_, vol. i. No. 5. p.

457.

[B] We must, I think, read t??a??.

[C] Dindorf disposes these lines differently, but I prefer Porson's arrangement, as follows:

??. e???t??, ? pe?. f. d????; T??. e? ?aa??? ?e??a?

p??t?? ???, ?.t.?.

ORESTES.

PERSONS REPRESENTED.

ELECTRA.

HELEN.

HERMIONE.

CHORUS.

ORESTES.

MENELAUS.

TYNDARUS.

PYLADES.

A PHRYGIAN.

APOLLO.

THE ARGUMENT.

Orestes, in revenge for the murder of his father, took off aegisthus and Clyaetmnestra; but having dared to slay his mother, he was instantly punished for it by being afflicted with madness. But on Tyndarus, the father of her who was slain, laying an accusation against him, the Argives were about to give a public decision on this question, "What ought he, who has dared this impious deed, to suffer?" By chance Menelaus, having returned from his wanderings, sent in Helen indeed by night, but himself came by day, and being entreated by Orestes to aid him, he rather feared Tyndarus the accuser: but when the speeches came to be spoken among the populace, the mult.i.tude were stirred up to kill Orestes. * * * * But Pylades, his friend, accompanying him, counseled him first to take revenge on Menelaus by killing Helen. As they were going on this project, they were disappointed of their hope by the G.o.ds s.n.a.t.c.hing away Helen from them. But Electra delivered up Hermione, when she made her appearance, into their hands, and they were about to kill her. When Menelaus came, and saw himself bereft by them at once of his wife and child, he endeavored to storm the palace; but they, antic.i.p.ating his purpose, threatened to set it on fire.

Apollo, however, having appeared, said that he had conducted Helen to the G.o.ds, and commanded Orestes to take Hermione to wife, and Electra to dwell with Pylades, and, after that he was purified of the murder, to reign over Argos.

The scene of the piece is laid at Argos; But the chorus consists of Argive women, intimate a.s.sociates of Electra, who also come on inquiring about the calamity of Orestes. The play has a catastrophe rather suited to comedy.

The opening scene of the play is thus arranged. Orestes is discovered before the palace of Agamemnon, fatigued, and, on account of his madness, lying on a couch on which Electra is sitting by him at his feet. A difficulty has been started, why does not she sit at his head? for thus would she seem to watch more tenderly over her brother, if she sat nearer him. The poet, it is answered, seems to have made this arrangement on account of the Chorus; for Orestes, who had but just then and with difficulty gotten to sleep, would have been awakened, if the women that const.i.tuted the Chorus had stood nearer to him. But this we may infer from what Electra says to the Chorus, "S??a, s??a, ?ept?? ????? a??????." It is probable then that the above is the reason of this arrangement.

The play is among the most celebrated on the stage, but infamous in its morals; for, with the exception of Pylades, all the characters are bad persons.

ORESTES.

ELECTRA.

There is no word so dreadful to relate, nor suffering, nor heaven-inflicted calamity, the burden of which human nature may not be compelled to bear.

For Tantalus, the blest, (and I am not reproaching his fortune, _when I say this_,) the son of Jupiter, as they report, trembling at the rock which impends over his head, hangs in the air, and suffers this punishment, as they say indeed, because, although being a man, yet having the honor of a table in common with the G.o.ds upon equal terms, he possessed an ungovernable tongue, a most disgraceful malady. He begat Pelops, and from him sprung Atreus, for whom the G.o.ddess having carded the wool[1] spun the thread of contention, _and doomed him_ to make war on Thyestes his relation; (why must I commemorate things unspeakable?) But Atreus then[2]

killed his children--and feasted him. But from Atreus, for I pa.s.s over in silence the misfortunes which intervened, sprung Agamemnon, the ill.u.s.trious, (if he was indeed ill.u.s.trious,) and Menelaus; their mother Aerope of Crete. But Menelaus indeed marries Helen, the hated of the G.o.ds, but King Agamemnon _obtained_ Clytaemnestra's bed, memorable throughout the Grecians: from whom we virgins were born, three from one mother; Chrysothemis, and Iphigenia, and myself Electra; and Orestes the male part of the family, from a most unholy mother, who slew her husband, having covered him around with an inextricable robe; the reason however it is not decorous in a virgin to tell; I leave this undeclared for men to consider as they will. But why indeed must I accuse the injustice of Phbus? Yet persuaded he Orestes to kill that mother that brought him forth, a deed which gained not a good report from all men. But nevertheless he did slay her, as he would not be disobedient to the G.o.d. I also took a share in the murder, but such as a woman ought to take. As did Pylades also who perpetrated this deed with us. From that time wasting away, the wretched Orestes is afflicted with a grievous malady, but falling on his couch there lies, but his mother's blood whirls him to frenzy (for I dread to mention those G.o.ddesses, the Eumenides, who persecute him with terror). Moreover this is the sixth day since his slaughtered mother was purified by fire as to her body. During which he has neither taken any food down his throat, he has not bathed his limbs, but covered beneath his cloak, when indeed his body is lightened of its disease, on coming to his right mind he weeps, but at another time starts suddenly from his couch, as a colt from his yoke.

But it has been decreed by this city of Argos, that no one shall receive us who have slain a mother under their roof, nor at their fire, and that none shall speak to us; but this is the appointed day, in the which the city of the Argives will p.r.o.nounce their vote, whether it is fitting that we should die being stoned with stones, or having whet the sword, should plunge it into our necks. But I yet have some hope that we may not die, for Menelaus has arrived at this country from Troy, and filling the Nauplian harbor with his oars is mooring his fleet off the sh.o.r.e, having been lost in wanderings from Troy a long time: but the much-afflicted Helen has he sent before to our palace, having taken advantage of the night, lest any of those, whose children died under Ilium, when they saw her coming, by day, might go so far as to stone her; but she is within bewailing her sister, and the calamity of her family. She has however some consolation in her woes, for the virgin Hermione, whom Menelaus bringing from Sparta, left at our palace, when he sailed to Troy, and gave as a charge to my mother to bring up, in her she rejoices, and forgets her miseries. But I am looking at each avenue when I shall see Menelaus present, since, for the rest, we ride on slender power,[3] if we receive not some succor from him; the house of the unfortunate is an embarra.s.sed state of affairs.

ELECTRA. HELEN.

HEL. O daughter of Clytaemnestra and Agamemnon, O Electra, thou that hast remained a virgin a long time. How are ye, O wretched woman, both you, and your brother, the wretched Orestes (he was the murderer of his mother)? For by thy converse I am not polluted, transferring, as I do, the blame to Phbus. And yet I groan the death of Clytaemnestra, whom, after that I sailed to Troy, (how did I sail, urged by the maddening fate of the G.o.ds!) I saw not, but of her bereft I lament my fortune.

ELEC. Helen, why should I inform thee of things thou seest thyself here present, the race of Agamemnon in calamities. I indeed sleepless sit companion to the wretched corse, (for he is a corse, in that he breathes so little,) but at his fortune I murmur not. But thou a happy woman, and thy husband a happy man, have come to us, who fare most wretchedly.

HEL. But what length of time has he been lying on his couch?

ELEC. Ever since he shed his parent's blood.

HEL. Oh wretched, and his mother too, that thus she perished!