A General History and Collection of Voyages and Travels Volume Ix Part 6

[Footnote 62: Perhaps the date of this letter, according to modern computation, ought to have been 1618, as in those days the year did not begin till Lady-day, the 25th March.--E.]

My last letter to you was dated 5th January, 1616, and sent by way of Bantam in the s.h.i.+p Thomas, which went from hence that year along with another small s.h.i.+p called the Advice. In that letter I wrote you at large of all things that had then occurred, and mentioned having received two of your letters from London; one dated 4th November, 1614, and the other 15th August, 1615. The Advice has since returned to j.a.pan, and arrived at Firando on the 2d of August last, and by her I had a letter from the honourable company, dated 30th January, 1616.

You will perhaps have heard that Captain Barkeley, while on his death-bed, narrowly escaped losing 6000 dollars, paid out for custom on pepper; for, if he had died before it was found out, perhaps some other man might have taken credit for paying that sum. It is a common saying, that it is easy for those who live at Bantam to grow rich, as _no man dies _without an heir_. We have been again this year before the emperor of j.a.pan, but could not procure our privileges to be enlarged, having still only leave to carry on trade at Firando and Nangasaki, and our s.h.i.+ps to come only to Firando.

Mr Edmond Sayer went last year to Cochin-China with a cargo amounting to about 1800 tayes, in goods and money; and when ready to cone away, was defrauded of 650 tayes, by a Chinese and others, of whom he had bought silk for the wors.h.i.+pful company. He had weighed out the money, waiting to receive the silk, and the money lay in the room where he sat; but some of the thievish people made a hole through the cane-wall of the room, and stole away the money unperceived. I am sorry for this mischance; but Mr Sayer is in hopes to recover it this year, as he left a person to follow out the suit, and goes back himself in a Chinese junk, with 2000 tayes in silver to purchase silk. He is to be accompanied by one Robert Hawley, as his a.s.sistant and successor, in case be should die, and Mr William Adams goes pilot, in place of the Chinese. G.o.d send them a prosperous voyage, and that they may recover the lost money. Our own junk, the Sea Adventure, made another voyage last year to Siam, Mr William Eaton being merchant; and has gone back again this year. G.o.d send them a prosperous voyage.

Last year, the Hollanders sent a fleet of s.h.i.+ps from the Moluccas to Manilla, to fight the Spanish fleet: But the Spaniards kept safe in port for five or six months, so that the Hollanders concluded they durst not come out at all, and therefore separated to look out for Chinese junks, of which some say they took and plundered twenty-five, while others say thirty-five. It is certain that they took great riches, and all under the a.s.sumed name of Englishmen. At length the Spanish fleet put to sea, and set upon five or six of the Dutch s.h.i.+ps, the admiral of which was burnt and sank, together with two other s.h.i.+ps, the rest escaping. The Spaniards then separated their fleet, to seek out the remaining Dutch s.h.i.+ps. The Spanish vice-admiral fell in with two Dutch s.h.i.+ps one morning and fought them both all day; but was at length constrained to run his s.h.i.+p ash.o.r.e and set her on fire, that she might not be taken by the Hollanders. These two Dutch s.h.i.+ps, and one that was in the former fight, came afterwards to Firando, together with two other large Dutch s.h.i.+ps from Bantam, as big as the Clove, intending to have intercepted the Macao s.h.i.+p, which they narrowly missed. Thus five great Holland s.h.i.+ps came this year to Firando, the smallest of them being as large as the Clove. One of these, called the Red Lion, which was she that rode beside us at the Moluccas, was cast away in a storm at Firando, together with a Chinese junk they brought in as a prize. All the goods were recovered, but were all wet. The emperor allows them to make good prize of all they take.

The Black Lion, one of their s.h.i.+ps, of 900 tons burden, was sent away for Bantam, fully laden with raw silk and other rich Chinese commodities. Another, called the Flus.h.i.+ng, of 700 or 800 tons, is gone for the Moluccas, fully laden with provisions and money. The Sun, a s.h.i.+p of 600 or 700 tons, with a gallia.s.s of above 400 tons, are left to scour the coast of China, to make what booty they can, and to return next monsoon. The gallia.s.s has sailed already, but the Sun waits for the Macao s.h.i.+p departing from Nangasaki, that she may endeavour to take her.

The Macao s.h.i.+p had actually sailed, but seeing the gallia.s.s, she returned to Nangasaki, and will, as I think, hardly venture to sail this year. As I said before, the Dutch have always robbed the Chinese under the name of Englishmen, which has greatly injured our endeavours to procure trade in that country; so that we have been obliged to send people to give notice to the Chinese governors, that they were Hollanders who have taken and plundered their junks, and not Englishmen.

In fine, I have advised the wors.h.i.+pful company at large of every thing of moment, which I doubt not will be communicated to you. I send you here inclosed a copy of my last year's letter; and so, committing you to G.o.d, I rest your loving friend at command,

RICHARD c.o.c.kS.

No. 6. _Extract of a Letter from Richard c.o.c.ks, without Date or Address_.

There came two friars in that s.h.i.+p as amba.s.sadors from the viceroy of New Spain, with a present for the emperor; but he would neither receive the present, nor speak with them that brought it, even sending Mr Adams to order them to quit his dominions, as he had formerly banished all men of their cloth, and continued still in the same mind. It is said that _Fidaia Same_ had promised to receive the jesuits again into j.a.pan, if he had got the victory and been settled in the empire. Had this taken effect, we and the Hollanders had doubtless been turned out of j.a.pan, so that it is better as it is.

Last year, when we fitted out our junk, we employed a Spaniard, called Damian Marina, the same person who thought to have gone with you in company with George Peterson. This Damian was a good helmsman, and was therefore employed by us, and another Spaniard, named Juan de Lievana, went with them as pa.s.senger. The junk however lost her voyage, and they returned to Nangasaki, where the carrak of Macao soon afterwards arrived. Understanding that these two Spaniards had gone in our vessel, the Portuguese arrested them and put them in irons in their s.h.i.+p, condemning them to death as traitors to their king and country, for serving their English enemies. I took their defence in hand, and procured an order from the emperor to set them at liberty, to the great displeasure of the Spaniards and Portuguese; and these two men are going pa.s.sengers to Bantam in the Hosiander.

We have had great troubles in j.a.pan, in consequence of the wars, by transporting our goods from place to place, to save them. Mr Adams is gone again in the junk for Siam, accompanied only by Mr Edmond Sayer. Mr Nealson is very sick; but Mr Wickham and Mr Eaton are both well. I long to hear from you, and I pray you to deliver the inclosed to my brother.

Yours, most a.s.sured at command,

RICHARD c.o.c.kS.

No. 7. _Letter from Richard c.o.c.ks, without Address, dated Firando, 10th March, 1620_.[63]

[Footnote 63: In the Pilgrims, the date of this letter is made 1610, evidently by error of the press; and, as observed of No. 5, the real date, according to modern computation, ought to be 1621. The introductory paragraph is a note by Purchas, distinguished by inverted commas, retained as a curious specimen of his mode of writing.--E.]

"Hollanders abuses of the English in those parts, are here published for knowledge of these eastern affairs and occurrents, as it is meet in a history. But neither were these national, but personal crimes, and done in time and place of pretended hostility; and now, I hope, satisfaction is or shall be made. Neighbourhood of region, religion, and customs, are easily violated by drink, covetousness, and pride, the three furies that raised these combustions. This history hath related the worth of many worthy Hollanders: If it yields a close-stool for Westarwood, as excrements rather than true Dutch, or a grain-tub or swill-tub for some brave brewers and bores, that embrued with n.o.bler blood than themselves, prefer their brutish pa.s.sions to G.o.d's glory, religion, and public peace let it be no imputation to the nation, which I love and honour, but to such baser spirits as have [like s...o...b..tical humours in these long voyages, and their longer peace and want of wonted employments,] been bred as diseases to their, and infections to our bodies. My intent is to present others with their acts, and myself with prayers, that all may be amended."--_Purchas_.

It is now almost three years since I wrote your wors.h.i.+p any letter. The purpose of this is to inform you of the unlooked for and unruly proceedings of the Hollanders against our English nation, in all these parts of the world, not sparing us even in this empire of j.a.pan, contrary to the large privileges granted to us by the emperor, that the j.a.panese should not meddle with or molest us. But these Hollanders, having this year seven s.h.i.+ps great and small in this port of Firando, have, with sound of trumpet, proclaimed open war against our English nation, both by sea and land, threatening to take our s.h.i.+ps and goods, and to kill our persons, as their mortal enemies. This was done by one Adam Westarwood, their admiral or lord-commander, as they call him, and was openly proclaimed aboard all their s.h.i.+ps. They have even come to brave us before our own doors, picking quarrels with us, and forcibly entering our house, thinking to have cut all our throats, yet only wounded two persons; and, had it not been for the a.s.sistance of the j.a.panese our neighbours, who took our parts, they had a.s.suredly slain us all, as there were an hundred Hollanders to one Englishman. Not contented with this, they took our boat when going about our business, in which was one Englishman, whom they carried prisoner to their house, threatening to put him to death; and indeed he was in imminent danger, among a crowd of drunken fellows, who threatened to stab him with their knives. This young man was Richard King, son to Captain King of Plymouth. Besides this, as two of our barks were pa.s.sing their s.h.i.+ps, within the town and harbour of Firando, they pointed a cannon at them, which missed fire, yet shot at them with muskets, which missed the Englishmen and killed a j.a.panese. For all this there is no justice executed against them by the king of Firando, though he has received the commands of the emperor to that effect.

Yon will also please to understand, that two of these s.h.i.+ps which they have brought to Firando are English s.h.i.+ps, taken by them from Englishmen in the Indies. They also took two other s.h.i.+ps from us, which were riding at anchor in the road of Patania, where we have a factory, and had not the least suspicion of any such event. In this unwarrantable affair, they killed Captain John Jordaine,[64] our chief president for the right wors.h.i.+pful company in the Indies. Several others were then slain, and the Hollanders carried the s.h.i.+ps and goods away; but six of the mariners, which were in these captured English s.h.i.+ps, escaped from them here at Firando, and came to our house. The Hollanders sent to me, demanding to have these men given up to them. But I answered, that I must first see their commission, that I might know by what authority they presumed to take our s.h.i.+ps and goods, and to slay our men, the faithful subjects of his majesty. Upon this, they went to the _Tono_, or king of Firando, desiring to have their _English slaves_,[65] as they were pleased to call our men, delivered up to them. But they were told, that they must first demand of the emperor, and whatever he ordained should be obeyed; but that, in the meantime, he did not consider the English to be their slaves. This was the grand occasion on which they grounded their quarrel against us, and meant to have killed us all. But I trust in G.o.d and his majesty, by the solicitations of our right honourable and right wors.h.i.+pful employers, that his majesty will not suffer his true and loyal subjects to lose their lives, s.h.i.+ps, and goods by this thievish and unthankful rabble, who are a.s.sembled in these parts of the world, and who make a daily practice to rob and steal from all, whether friends or foes: And I trust that you will become a solicitor in this so just cause, against so inveterate an enemy.

[Footnote 64: This Captain Jordaine is said to have been treacherously slain in the time of a treaty--_Purch._]

[Footnote 65: And who was the happy instrument of their own delivery, from what they accounted slavery, but the English nation?--_Purch._]

This Adam Westarwood, their lord-commander, set my life to sale; offering fifty dollars to any one that would kill me, and thirty dollars for every other Englishman that they could slay: But hitherto G.o.d hath preserved me and the rest in this place; for though they have wounded two or three of our men, none have died. This villainous proceeding[66]

of their lord-commander was secretly told me by some of their own people, who advised me and the rest of us to take heed to our safety.

They also informed me of the n.o.ble parentage of this their lord-commander Westarwood, telling me that his father is a close-stool maker at Amsterdam, or thereabouts; and that the best of their captains are the sons of shoemakers, carpenters, or brewers. G.o.d bless their honourable and wors.h.i.+pful generation! I would say, G.o.d bless me from them. To make an end of this matter, I went up this year to the emperor's court at Meaco, to complain of the abuses offered to us in his dominions, contrary to the privileges his majesty had granted us. I had very good words, and fair promises made me that we should have justice, and that the _tono_ or king of Firando should be ordered to see it performed: But as yet nothing has been done, though I have many times made earnest suit on the subject.

[Footnote 66: Unchristian, uncivil, inhumane, immane, devilish impiety.--_Purch._]

While I was at the court, and in the emperor's palace at Meaco, there were several Spaniards and Portuguese there to pay their obeisance to the emperor, as is their custom every year on the arrival of their s.h.i.+ps. There was also a Hollander at the court, who had lived almost twenty years in j.a.pan, and speaks the j.a.panese language very fluently.

In my hearing, and that of others, this fellow began highly to extol their king of Holland, pretending that he was the greatest king in Christendom, and held all the others under his command. He little thought that we understood what he said; but I was not slack in telling him, that he need not be so loud, for they had no king in Holland, being only governed by a count, or rather that they governed him. Nay, if they had any king at all in whom they could boast, it certainly was the king of England, who had hitherto been their protector, and without whose aid they had never been able to brag of their States. This retort made the Spaniards and Portuguese laugh heartily at the poor Hollander, and made him shut his mouth.

And now for the news of this country. The emperor is great enemy to the name of Christians, especially to the j.a.panese who have embraced the faith; so that all such as are found are put to death. While at Meaco, I saw fifty-five martyred at one time, because they would not forsake the faith, and among them were some children of five or six years old, who were burnt in the arms of their mothers, calling on Jesus to receive their souls. Also, in the town of Nangasaki, sixteen others were martyred for the same cause, of whom five were burnt, and the rest beheaded and cut in pieces, and their remains put into sacks and cast into the sea in thirty fathoms deep: Yet the priests got them up again, and kept their remains secretly as relics. There are many others in prison, both here and in other places, who look hourly to be ordered for execution, as very few of them revert to paganism. Last year, about Christmas, the emperor deposed one of the greatest princes in all j.a.pan, called _Frushma-tay_, lord of sixty or seventy _mangocas_, and banished him to a corner in the north of j.a.pan, where he has a very small portion in comparison with what was taken from him, and he had the choice of this or of cutting open his own belly. It was thought that this would have occasioned great troubles in j.a.pan, for all the subjects of _Frushma-tay_ were up in arms, and meant to hold out to the utmost extremity, having fortified the city of _Frushma_, and laid in provisions for a long time. But the _tay_ and his son, being then at the emperor's court, were commanded to write to their va.s.sals, ordering them to lay down their arms and submit to the emperor, or otherwise to cut open their own bellies. Life being sweet, they all submitted, and those were pardoned who had taken up arms for their _tay_. The emperor has given their dominions, which were two kingdoms, to two of his own kinsmen; and this year the emperor has ordered the castle belonging to Frushma to be pulled down, being a very beautiful and gallant fortress, in which I saw him this year, and far larger than the city of Rochester.

All the stones are ordered to be conveyed to Osaka, where the ruined castle, formerly built by _Fico-Same_, and pulled down by _Ogosha-Same_, is ordered to be rebuilt three times larger than before; for which purpose all the _tonos_ or kings have each their several tasks appointed them; to be executed at their several charges, not without much grumbling: For they had got leave, after so many years attendance at court, to return to their own residences, and were now sent for again all of a sadden to court, which angreth them not a little: "But go they must, will they nill they, on pain of belly-cutting."

At this time there runs a secret rumour, that _Fidaia Same_ is alive, and in the house of the _Dairo_[67] at Meaco; but I think it has been reported several times before this that he was living in other places, but proved untrue. There are some rich merchants here that belong to Meaco, who are much alarmed by this report, lest, if true, the emperor may burn Meaco; and who are therefore in haste to get home. Were Fidaia actually alive it might tend to overthrow the emperor's power, for, though a great politician, he is not a martial man: But be this as it may, things can hardly be worse for us. I advised you in my last of the destruction of all the Christian churches in j.a.pan; yet there were some remnants left at Nangasaki till this year, and in particular the monastery of Misericiordia was untouched, as were all the church-yards and burying-places; but now, by order of the emperor, all is destroyed, all the graves and sepulchres of the Christians opened, and the bones of the dead taken out by their parents and kindred, to be buried elsewhere in the fields. Streets have been built on the scites of these churches, monasteries, and burying-grounds, except in some places, where paG.o.das have been erected by command of the emperor, who has sent heathen priests to occupy them, thinking utterly to root out Christianity from j.a.pan. There were certain places near Nangasaki where several jesuit fathers and other Christians were martyred, in the reign of _Ogosha Same_, and where their parents and friends had planted evergreen-trees, and erected altars near each tree, where many hundreds went daily to say their prayers; but now, by command of the emperor, all these trees are cut down, the altars destroyed, and the ground all levelled, it being his firm resolution utterly to root out the remembrance of all matters connected with Christianity.

[Footnote 67: The Dairo was formerly the sovereign of j.a.pan, uniting the supreme civil and spiritual power, committing the military affairs to a kind of generalissimo, who usurped supreme authority, and reduced the Dairo to be a kind of sovereign pontiff or chief-priest.--E.]

In the months of November and December, 1618, there were two comets seen all over j.a.pan. The first, rising in the east, was like a great fiery beam, rent to the southwards, and vanished away in about the s.p.a.ce of a month. The other rose also in the east, like a great blazing star, and went northwards, vanis.h.i.+ng quite away within a month near the constellation of Ursa-Major or Charles-waine. The wizards of j.a.pan have prognosticated great events to arise from these comets, but hitherto nothing material has occurred, excepting the deposition of _Frushma-tay_, already related.

I am almost ashamed to write you the news which the Spaniards and Portuguese report, though some of them have shewn me letters affirming it to be true, of a b.l.o.o.d.y cross having been seen in the air in England; and that an English preacher, speaking irreverently of it from the pulpit, was struck dumb: On which miracle, as they term it the king of England sent to the pope, to have some cardinals and learned men brought to England, as intending that all the people of England should become Roman catholics. I pray you pardon me for writing of such nonsense, which I do that you may laugh; yet I a.s.sure you there are many Spaniards and Portuguese here who firmly believe it. I know not what more to write you at this time: But I hope to come to England in the next s.h.i.+pping that comes here; and I trust in G.o.d that I may find your wors.h.i.+p in good health.

RICHARD c.o.c.kS.

SECTION XVI.

_Ninth Voyage of the East India Company, in 1612, by Captain Edmund Marlow_.[68]

We sailed from the Downs on the 10th February, 1612, in the good s.h.i.+p James, and crossed the equator on the 11th April.[69] The 27th of that month, at noon, we were in lat.i.tude, by observation, 19 40' S. and in longitude, from the Lizard, 11 24' W. We this day saw an island fourteen leagues from us in the S.E. which I formerly saw when I sailed with Sir Edward Michelburne. It is round like Corvo, and rises rugged, having a small peaked hill at its east end. Its lat. is 23 30' S. and long. 10 30' W. from the Lizard; and there is another island or two in sight, seven or eight leagues E.N.E. from this.[70]

[Footnote 68: Purch. Pilg. I. 440.--The relation of this voyage in the Pilgrims is said to have been written by Mr John _Davy_, the master of the s.h.i.+p: Probably the same John _Davis_, or _Davies_, formerly mentioned as having frequently sailed as master to India in these early voyages, and from whose pen Purchas published a _Rutter_, or brief book of instructions for sailing to India. On the present occasion, this voyage has been considerably abbreviated, especially in the nautical remarks, which are now in a great degree obsolete and useless, and have been already sufficiently enlarged upon in the former voyages to India.--E.]

[Footnote 69: From some indistinct notices, in the commencement of this voyage, the Dragon and Hosiander appear to have belonged to the _tenth_ voyage of the East India Company, and the Solomon to the _eleventh_ voyage; and that these three s.h.i.+ps sailed from England at the same time with the James, which belonged to the _ninth_ voyage.--E.]

[Footnote 70: This seemeth the island of Martin Vaz.--_Purch._ The island of Trinidad, or Martin Vaz, is only in lat. 20 15' S. and long.

29 32' W. from Greenwich.--E.]

We saw the island of St Lawrence on the 29th June, and anch.o.r.ed in five fathoms water in the bay of St Augustine on the 28th at night. Next day we weighed, and brought the s.h.i.+p to anchor in the river, one anchor being in thirty-five and the other in ten fathoms. A s.h.i.+p may ride here in shallower water at either side, the deep channel being narrow. In this anchorage no sea can distress a s.h.i.+p, being protected by the land and shoals, so that it may well be called a harbour, from its safety. We remained here twenty days, and sailed for Bantam on the 18th of July.

In the morning of the 24th September we saw the islands of Nintam, in lat. 1 30' S.[71] The sound between the two great islands is eighteen leagues from Priaman, and eleven leagues from the shoals before _Ticoo_, which must be carefully avoided during the night, by laying two or three or four leagues off till day-light. When you see three hummocks that resemble three islands, take care always to have a person stationed on the outer end of the boltsprit to give warning of any spots in your way, as there are coral beds, which may be easily seen and avoided. The course from this sound for Ticoo or Priaman is E.N.E. to these shoals.

In pa.s.sing this sound, keep your lead always going, and come no nearer the large southern island than the depth of sixteen fathoms, as there are shoals towards the east side, and a breach or ledge also off the northern island, on the larboard going in for Priaman. When nearing the shoals of Ticoo, set the three hummocks on the main, which look like islands, as all the land near them is very low; and when you have these hummocks N.E. by E. then are you near the shoals, and when the hummocks are N.N.E. you are past the shoals. But great care is necessary everywhere, as it is all bad ground hereabout, till past the high land of _Manancabo_, which is in lat 4 30' S. or thereby.

[Footnote 71: Pulo Mintao is probably here meant, which is to the south of the line, but touches it at its northern extremity. The sound in the text, is probably that between Pulo Botoa and Pulo Mintao.--E.]

We came to anchor in the road of Priaman on the 26th September, where we found the Thomas, and remained fourteen days to refresh our sick men, when the Hector and our s.h.i.+p sailed for Bantam, where we arrived in company with the Ja.n.u.s and Hector on the 23d October. The 4th November we weighed from the road of Bantam, intending to proceed by the straits of Sunda for Coromandel; but the winds and currents were so strong against us, that we were forced back into the straits of Sunda to refit our s.h.i.+p, which was much weather-beaten. The 11th December, we anch.o.r.ed again at Pulo Panian, and went to work to trim our s.h.i.+p and take in ballast. Being ballasted, watered, and refitted, we sailed again on the 10th January, 1613, for the straits of Malacca. But, being too late in the monsoon, and both wind and current against us, we got no farther than seventy leagues from Bantam by the first of March, with much toil to the men. Wherefore we concluded to take in wood and water, and to return for Bantam by the outside of Sumatra.

Having again sailed for Coromandel, we were at noon of the 5th June, 1613, in lat. 12 N. and long. 23 W. from the salt hills, having been carried by the currents 4 30', or ninety leagues out of our reckoning.

Whoever sails from Bantam, either up or down, will find such uncertain reckoning that he may well miss his destined port, unless he looks well to the variation of the needle, which will help materially in ten or fifteen leagues, and indeed there is no other way of dealing with these currents. We now got sight of the land, which is so very low that the paG.o.das or pagan churches are first descried. With the aid of the lead, you may sail boldly on this coast of Coromandel in fifteen fathoms by night, and ten by day; but a steady man must always be kept at the lead on such occasions, as the sea shoals suddenly; for after thirteen fathoms, it will suddenly fall off to shoal water, being like a well or steep bank, and the ground ooze. The course along the coast is N. by E.

to Pullicate, and so to Masulipatam.

The 6th June we anch.o.r.ed at noon in the road of Pullicate, in eight fathoms on sand. There is a middle ground, having only five fathoms, and within that another, having six, seven, and eight. The marks for the road where we anch.o.r.ed, are the round hill by the other hill, W. by N.

and the Dutch fort S.W. by W. The lat.i.tude is 13 30' N. and the variation 18 10'. Departing from Pullicate roads on the night of the 7th, we were on the 8th in lat. 14 40' at noon, having sailed twenty-three leagues since last night, our depth of water being twenty-three to twenty-fire fathoms, and our course N. by E. but the lead is our sure guide on this coast, under G.o.d. The 9th at noon we were in lat. 15 30', having the land in sight, but not the high land of _Petapoli_ [Putapilly]. During the last twenty-four hours, we sailed seventeen leagues north, in fifteen and sixteen fathoms. The high land now in sight is known by a paG.o.da or pagan temple, and is five leagues from the high land of Putapilly, in the road of which place we anch.o.r.ed on the 10th in five fathoms on sand, this new high land bearing from us N.N.W. the platform of palm trees upon the island E.N.E. by E. and the bar N.W. by N. The whole sea coast is low land. The lat.i.tude here is 15 52'. Having established a factory, in which we left Mr George Chansey and our purser as merchants, with other seven men to a.s.sist in taking care of our goods, we sailed from Putapilly on the forenoon of the 19th.