British Airships, Past, Present, and Future Part 13

Since the Armistice several notable endurance flights were accomplished by s.h.i.+ps of the North Sea cla.s.s, several voyages being made to the coast of Norway, and quite recently a trip was carried out all round the North Sea.

The weather has ceased to be the deterrent of the early days. Many will no doubt remember seeing the North Sea airs.h.i.+p over London on a day of squalls and snow showers, and R 34 encountered heavy snow storms on the occasion of one of her flight trials, which goes to prove that the airs.h.i.+p is scarcely the fair-weather aircraft as maintained by her opponents.

Throughout the war our airs.h.i.+ps flew for approximately 89,000 hours and covered a distance of upwards of two and a quarter million miles. The Germans attempted to win the war by the wholesale sinking of our merchant s.h.i.+pping, bringing supplies and food to these islands, and by torpedoing our transports and s.h.i.+ps carrying guns and munitions of war.

They were, perhaps, nearer to success than we thought at the time, but we were saved by the defeat of the submarine. In the victory won over the underseas craft the airs.h.i.+p certainly played a prominent part and we, who never suffered the pinch of hunger, should gratefully remember those who never lost heart, but in spite of all difficulties and discouragement, designed, built, maintained and flew our fleet of airs.h.i.+ps.

CHAPTER IX

THE FUTURE OF AIRs.h.i.+PS

With the signing of the Armistice on November 11th, 1918, the airs.h.i.+p's work in the war was practically completed and peace reigned on the stations which for so many months had been centres of feverish activity. The enemy submarines were withdrawn from our s.h.i.+pping routes and merchant s.h.i.+ps could traverse the sea in safety except for the occasional danger of drifting mines. "What is to be the future of the airs.h.i.+p?" is the question which is agitating the minds of innumerable people at the present moment.

During the war we have built the largest fleet of airs.h.i.+ps in the world, in non-rigids we have reached a stage in design which is unsurpa.s.sed by any country, and in rigid airs.h.i.+ps we are second only to the Germans, who have declared that, with the signing of the peace terms, their aircraft industry will be destroyed. Such is our position at the present moment, a position almost incredible if we look back to the closing days of the year 1914. Are we now to allow ourselves to drift gradually back to our old policy of supineness and negligence as existed before the war? Surely such a thought is inconceivable; as we have organized our airs.h.i.+p production for the purposes of war, so shall we have to redouble our efforts for its development in peace, if we intend to maintain our supremacy in the air.

Unless all war is from henceforth to cease, a most improbable supposition when the violence of human nature is considered, aircraft will be in the future almost the most important arm. Owing to its speed, there will not be that period of waiting for the concentration and marching of the armies of the past, but the nation resolved on war will be able to strike its blow, and that a very powerful and terrible one, within a few hours of the rupture of negotiations. Every nation to be prepared to counter such a blow must be possessed of adequate resources, and unless the enormous expense is incurred of maintaining in peace a huge establishment of aircraft and personnel, other methods must be adopted of possessing both of these available for war while employed in peace for other purposes.

From the war two new methods of transportation have emerged--the aeroplane and the airs.h.i.+p. To the business man neither of these is at the present juncture likely to commend itself on the basis of cost per ton mile. When, however, it is considered that the aeroplane is faster than the express train and the airs.h.i.+p's speed is double that of the fastest merchant s.h.i.+p, it will be appreciated that for certain commercial purposes both these mediums for transport have their possibilities. The future may prove that in the time to come both the airs.h.i.+p and the aeroplane will become self-supporting, but for the present, if a.s.sisted by the Government, a fair return may be given for the capital laid out, and a large fleet of aircraft together with the necessary personnel will always be available for military purposes should the emergency arise. The present war has shown that the merchant service provided a valuable addition both of highly-trained personnel and of vessels readily adapted for war purposes, and it appears that a similar organization can be effected to reinforce our aerial navies in future times of danger.

In discussions relative to the commercial possibilities of aircraft, a heated controversy always rages between advocates of the airs.h.i.+p and those of the heavier-than-air machine, but into this it is not proposed to plunge the reader of this volume. The aeroplane is eminently adapted for certain purposes, and the greatest bigot in favour of the airs.h.i.+p can hardly dispute the claims of this machine to remain predominant for short-distance travel, where high speed is essential and the load to be carried is light. For long distance voyages over the oceans or broken or unpopulated country, where large loads are to be carried, the airs.h.i.+p should be found to be the more suitable.

The demand for airs.h.i.+ps for commercial purposes falls under three main headings, which will be considered in some detail. It will be shown to what extent the present types will fill this demand, and how they can be developed in the future to render the proposed undertakings successful.

1. Pleasure.

2. A quick and safe means of transport for pa.s.sengers.

3. A quick commercial service for delivering goods of reasonable weight from one country to another.

1. Pleasure.--In the past, men have kept mechanically-driven means of transport such as yachts, motor cars, and motor boats for their amus.e.m.e.nt, and to a limited extent have taken recreation in the air by means of balloons. For short cruises about this country and round the coast a small airs.h.i.+p, somewhat similar to the S.S. Zero, would be an ideal craft. In cost it would be considerably less than a small yacht, and as it would only be required in the summer months, it would be inflated and moored out in the open in a park or grounds and the expense of providing a shed need not be incurred. For longer distances, a s.h.i.+p of 150,000 cubic feet capacity, with a covered-in car and driven by two engines, would have an endurance of 25 hours at a cruising speed of 45 miles per hour. With such a s.h.i.+p voyages could easily be made from the south coast to the Riviera or Spain, and mooring out would still be possible under the lee of a small wood or to a buoy on the water.

Possibilities also exist for an enterprising firm to start a series of short pleasure trips at various fas.h.i.+onable seaside resorts, and until the novelty had worn off the demand for such excursions will probably be far in excess of the supply.

2. Pa.s.senger transport.--In the re-organization of the world after this devastating war the business man's time will be of even more value than it was before. This country is largely bound up with the United States of America in business interests which necessitate continual visits between the two countries. The time occupied by steamer in completing this journey is at present about five days. If this time can be cut down to two and a half days, no doubt a large number of pa.s.sengers will be only too anxious to avail themselves of this means of travel, providing that it will be accomplished in reasonable safety and comfort. The requirements for this purpose are an aerial liner capable of carrying a hundred pa.s.sengers with a certain quant.i.ty of luggage and sufficient provisions for a voyage which may be extended over the specified time owing to weather conditions. The transatlantic service if successful could then be extended until regular pa.s.senger routes are established encircling the globe.

3. Quick commercial service for certain types of goods.--Certain mails and parcels are largely enhanced in value by the rapidity of transport, and here, as in the pa.s.senger service outlined above, the airs.h.i.+p offers undoubted facilities. As we have said before, it is mainly over long distances that the airs.h.i.+p will score, and for long distances on the amount carried the success of the enterprise will be secured. For this purpose the rigid airs.h.i.+p will be essential. There are certain instances in which the non-rigid may possibly be profitably utilized, and one such is suggested by a mail service between this country and Scandinavia. A service is feasible between Newcastle and Norway by airs.h.i.+ps of a capacity of the S.S. Twin type. These s.h.i.+ps would carry 700 lb. of mails each trip at about 4d. per ounce, which would reduce the time of delivering letters from about two and a half to three days to twenty-four hours.

A commercial airs.h.i.+p company is regarded in this country as a new and highly hazardous undertaking, and it seems to be somewhat overlooked that it is not quite the novel idea so many people imagine. Before the war, in the years 1910 to 1914, the Deutsche Luftfahrt Actien Gesellschaft successfully ran a commercial Zeppelin service in which four airs.h.i.+ps were used, namely, Schwaben, Victoria Luise, Hansa and Sachsan. During this period over 17,000 pa.s.sengers were carried a total distance of over 100,000 miles without incurring a single fatal accident. Numerous English people made trips in these airs.h.i.+ps, including Viscount Jellicoe, but the success of the company has apparently been forgotten.

We have endeavoured to show that the non-rigid airs.h.i.+p has potentialities even for commercial purposes, but there is no doubt whatever that the future of the airs.h.i.+p in the commercial world rests entirely with the rigid type, and the airs.h.i.+ps of this type moreover must be of infinitely greater capacity than those at present in existence, if a return is to be expected for the capital invested in them. General Sykes stated, in the paper which he read before the London Chamber of Commerce, "that for commercial purposes the airs.h.i.+p is eminently adapted for long-distance journeys involving non-stop flights. It has this inherent advantage over the aeroplane, that while there appears to be a limit to the range of the aeroplane as at present constructed, there is practically no limit whatever to that of the airs.h.i.+p, as this can be overcome by merely increasing the size. It thus appears that for such journeys as crossing the Atlantic, or crossing the Pacific from the west coast of America to Australia or j.a.pan, the airs.h.i.+p will be peculiarly suitable."

He also remarked that, "it having been conceded that the scope of the airs.h.i.+p is long-distance travel, the only type which need be considered for this purpose is the rigid. The rigid airs.h.i.+p is still in an embryonic state, but sufficient has already been accomplished in this country, and more particularly in Germany, to show that with increased capacity there is no reason why, within a few years' time, airs.h.i.+ps should not be built capable of completing the circuit of the globe and of conveying sufficient pa.s.sengers and merchandise to render such an undertaking a paying proposition."

The report of the Civil Aerial Transport Committee also states that, "airs.h.i.+ps are the most suitable aircraft for the carrying of pa.s.sengers where safety, comfort and reliability are essential."

When we consider the rapid development of the rigid airs.h.i.+p since 1914, it should not be insuperable to construct an airs.h.i.+p with the capabilities suggested by General Sykes. In 1914, the average endurance of the Zeppelin at cruising speed was under one day and the maximum full speed about 50 miles per hour. In 1918, the German L 70, which is of 2,195,000 cubic feet capacity, the endurance at 45 miles per hour has risen to 7.4 days and the maximum full speed to 77 miles per hour. The "ceiling" has correspondingly increased from 6,000 feet to 23,000 feet.

The British R 38 cla.s.s, at present building, with a capacity of approximately 2 3/4 million cubic feet has an estimated endurance at 45 miles per hour of 211 hours or 8.8 days, which is 34 hours greater than the German L 70 cla.s.s. It is evident that for a s.h.i.+p of this calibre the crossing of the Atlantic will possess no difficulty, and as an instance of what has already been accomplished in the way of a long-distance flight the exploit of a Zeppelin airs.h.i.+p based in Bulgaria during the war is sufficiently remarkable. This airs.h.i.+p in the autumn of 1917 left the station at Jamboli to carry twelve tons of ammunition for the relief of a force operating in German East Africa.

Having crossed the Mediterranean, she proceeded up the course of the Nile until she had reached the upper waters of this river. Information was then received by wireless of the surrender of the force, and that its commander, Von Lettow, was a fugitive in the bush. She thereupon set out for home and reached her station in safety, having been in the air 96 hours, or four days, without landing.

It is therefore patent that in R 33 and R 34 we possess two airs.h.i.+ps which can cross to America to-morrow as far as actual distance is concerned, but various other conditions are necessary before such voyages can be undertaken with any prospects of commercial success.

The distance between England and America must be roughly taken as 3,000 miles. It is not reasonable for airs.h.i.+p stations to be situated either in the inaccessible extreme west of Ireland or among the prevailing fogs of Newfoundland.

Weather conditions must also be taken into account; head winds may prevail, rendering the forward speed of the s.h.i.+p to be small even with the engines running full out. In calculations it is considered that the following a.s.sumptions should be made:

1. At least 75 per cent additional petrol to be carried as would be necessary for the pa.s.sage in calm air, should unfavourable weather conditions be met. This amount could be reduced to 50 per cent in future airs.h.i.+ps with a speed of upwards of 80 miles per hour.

2. About a quarter of the total discharge able lift of the s.h.i.+p should be in the form of merchandise or pa.s.sengers to render the project a reasonable commercial proposition.

We will consider the commercial loads that can be carried by the German airs.h.i.+p L 70 and our airs.h.i.+ps R 33 and R 38 under the conditions given above. Two speeds will be taken for the purposes of this comparison: normal full speed, or about 60 miles per hour, and cruising speed of 45 miles per hour.

L 70.--At 60 miles per hour a distance of 3,000 miles will be accomplished in 50 hours.

Fuel consumption about 13 tons + 9.75 tons (additional for safety) = 22.75 tons.

Available lift for fuel and freight = 27.8 tons.

Fuel carried = 22.75 "

------------ Balance for freight = 5 " about.

At 45 miles per hour, distance will be accomplished in 66.6 hours.

Fuel consumption about 10 tons + 7.5 tons additional = 17.5 tons.

Available lift = 27.8 tons Fuel carried = 17.5 "

------------ Balance for freight = 10 " about.

R. 33.--At 60 miles per hour.

Fuel consumption 14.25 tons + 10.68 tons additional = 24.93 tons.

Lift available for fuel and freight = 21.5 tons.

Fuel carried = 24.93 "

------------ Minus balance = 3. 43 "

At 45 miles per hour.

Fuel consumption 9.66 tons + 7.23 tons (17 tons approx.)

Lift available for fuel and freight = 21.5 tons.

Fuel carried = 17 "

------------ Balance for freight = 4.5 "

R. 38.-Estimated only. At 60 miles per hour.