Notable Voyagers Part 32

CHAPTER TWENTY THREE.

DAMPIER'S VOYAGES, CONTINUED--A.D. 1699.

Dampier in command of the _Roebuck_--Voyage to New Holland--Visits the sh.o.r.e--The first kangaroo seen--Failure of attempt to catch a native-- The s.h.i.+p, refitted at Timor, sails for New Guinea--Coasts along the sh.o.r.e--Beautiful birds seen--Intercourse with the natives-Provisions obtained--A volcano seen--A waterspout nears the s.h.i.+p--Meets a Chinese vessel, and hears of the Dutch settlements--Goes to Batavia--Rotten state of the _Roebuck_--Sails for England--Founders off Ascension--The crew landed--Residence on the island--Taken off by the _Anglesey_--Sails for Barbadoes--Dampier returns to England--His services overlooked-- Sails in command of a squadron for the South Seas--Rounds Cape Horn-- Fight with a French s.h.i.+p--Clipperton runs off with the tender and his commander's commission--Attempts to take the galleon--Defeated--Headed by Funnell, the crew mutiny, and part go off in a prize--Puna plundered--The _Saint George_ destroyed--Her guns and stores put on board a prize--Sails for the East Indian Archipelago--Taken by the Dutch, and imprisoned--Escapes--Reaches England--Loss of credit--Joins Captain Woodes Rogers as pilot on board the _Duke_--She, with the _d.u.c.h.ess_, Captain Courtney, sails for the South Seas--Come off Juan Fernandez--Discover Alexander Selkirk, the original of "Robinson Crusoe"--His residence on the island--The sick landed--The s.h.i.+ps sail-- Prizes captured--Guayaquil attacked and plundered--The Manilla galleon captured--Rich booty--Prisoners well treated--Another galleon attacked-- Privateers beaten off--Sail by way of Guam for Java--Sickness of crew-- The _Marquis_ sold--The s.h.i.+ps return home--Dampier falls into poverty-- Time and place of his death unknown.

The desire to discover new countries having revived among the English in the reign of William the Third, we next hear of Dampier in 1699, in command of the _Roebuck_, a king's s.h.i.+p fitted out for a voyage to examine the coasts of New Holland and New Guinea. She carried twelve guns and a crew of fifty men, with provisions for twenty months, but was old and crazy. She sailed from the Downs on the 14th of January, and after touching at the Cape de Verdes, shaped a course round the Cape of Good Hope. On the morning of the 2nd of August the mainland of New Holland was seen, but no anchorage being found, and bad weather coming on, she was obliged to stand off until the 5th, when she again stood in, and brought up in Shark's Bay. Among the animals Dampier saw on sh.o.r.e was one he describes as a sort of racc.o.o.n, differing from that of the West Indies chiefly as to the legs, for these have very short fore legs, but go jumping on the hind ones as the others do. This probably is the first description given of the small kangaroo of New Holland. He mentions different sorts of blossoming trees of several colours, but mostly blue, and smelling very sweet and fragrant. There were also beautiful and variegated flowers growing on the ground. The great want was for water, and for this a long search was made at different parts of the coast. At length a boat was sent ash.o.r.e with an armed party carrying pickaxes and shovels. Three natives were seen, who retired; but when they observed the men beginning to dig, a large number collected, and with angry gestures ordered the strangers to begone.

At length, Dampier, accompanied by an active fellow, went forward to try and conciliate them; but still they kept aloof. Being anxious to capture one who might show them water, the commander allowed his companion to try and run one of them down. On being overtaken, they faced about, threatening their pursuer and Dampier with their spears.

The former, though armed with a cutla.s.s, was unable to keep them at bay, and Dampier, to save his life, was compelled to fire over their heads.

The savages, seeing no harm was done, only uttered the words, "Pooh, pooh!" On this Dampier again fired, and one native fell, enabling the sailor to escape. Dampier on this turned back with his men, abandoning his attempt to capture a native, and being very sorry for what had happened. One only of the party, who appeared to be the chief, had his face painted with white pigment, to make him look more fierce.

In vain search was made for the huts of the natives. Some animals were seen resembling wolves, lean as skeletons,--probably dingoes. At last some brackish water was found, and the _Roebuck_ proceeded to Timor.

Here the s.h.i.+p, being refitted and the crew refreshed, Dampier sailed on the 20th of December for the coast of New Guinea. It was made on the 1st of January, 1700, and appeared to be high, level land, covered with trees. The party who went on sh.o.r.e in the boats obtained fruits of unknown kinds, and a stately land fowl, about the size of a poultry-yard c.o.c.k, sky-coloured with a white spot, surrounded by others of a reddish hue on the wings, and a huge bunch of feathers on the crown, was shot.

Beating up to the northward against currents and adverse winds, occasionally anchoring, an island named Sabuda was reached. Here they found a tribe closely resembling the natives of Mindanao, of a tawny skin. The voyagers also saw negroes having curly hair, like those who had at first obtained for the country the name of New Guinea. Still farther north, sh.e.l.l-fish of an enormous size were found. On the pa.s.sage the s.h.i.+p touched upon a shoal, but got off without damage, and came to an anchor. Here c.o.c.kles were procured weighing ten pounds, much smaller than some previously seen, the sh.e.l.l of which alone weighed seventy-eight pounds! Pigeons were obtained, and bats of enormous size were seen here. Rounding the northern end of the island, Dampier endeavoured to get to the eastward, but made slow progress. On the way the s.h.i.+p nearly ran on an island not laid down in the charts. To commemorate his escape, he named the place Providence Island.

Crossing the Line and pa.s.sing Admiralty Islands, a mountainous land was approached, well wooded with large plantations, and cleared patches on the hill-sides. Numerous boats and proas came off, and as Dampier was anxious to establish an intercourse with the natives, he endeavoured to induce them to come alongside. They would not, however, venture near, but eagerly received some beads, knives, and other toys, floated to them in a bottle. They endeavoured to induce the _Roebuck_ to come to an anchor, but this she was prevented doing by the current. When they saw her standing off, they approached, launching showers of stones after her from their slings. The crew had got ready their small arms, and a gun was fired, which either killed or wounded one of the savages. In consequence of this event, Dampier named the place Slinger's Bay.

On the 3rd of March an island, marked in the Dutch charts as Gerret Denijs, was reached, covered by lofty thickly-wooded mountains. On the sea-sh.o.r.e were numerous large cocoa-nut trees, and small huts were seen.

The inhabitants were black,--a strongly-limbed people with round heads,--their hair curled, short, and dyed of different colours, red, white, and yellow. Although they had round faces, with broad bottle noses, yet their countenances would have been pleasant, had they not disfigured them by painting and wearing great rings through their noses as big as a man's thumb. They had also holes in their ears, in which they wore similar ornaments. Their canoes were ingeniously formed with outriggers on one side, the head and stern especially being adorned with carved work, of fowls, fish, or a human hand. They managed their paddles with great dexterity. Their weapons were lances, swords, and slings, and some had bows and arrows. As she proceeded northward the s.h.i.+p was followed by a canoe. To each of the natives in it Dampier gave a knife, a looking-gla.s.s, and a string of beads. He showed them pumpkins and cocoa-nuts, intimating that he wished to have some more of the same description. On this they produced three out of their boat.

When shown nutmegs they intimated that they had such growing on their island. They also recognised gold-dust.

Another canoe afterwards came off, the natives appearing tractable and well disposed. Seeing a deep bay where the s.h.i.+p might ride at anchor safely, Dampier steered into it. When the s.h.i.+p was about five miles from the sh.o.r.e, six canoes came off, with about forty men in them. He made signs to them to go ash.o.r.e, but they would not attend to him. He therefore sent a shot over their heads, when they pulled away as fast as they could. They had, however, no sooner got ash.o.r.e, than others came off. One, a large, well-built boat, had forty men in her. Soon after another of smaller size made her appearance, with several others. As the s.h.i.+p lay becalmed, and it appeared probable that the savages intended to make an attack, the gunner was ordered to fire one of the guns loaded with round and small shot. The last dropped into the water short of them, but the round shot flew a hundred yards beyond them, between two of their canoes. This so frightened the natives, that they rowed away with all speed. A light breeze having sprung up, the s.h.i.+p neared the sh.o.r.e, when a vast number of people were seen peeping from behind the rocks on sh.o.r.e. Another gun was fired to scare them, as it was important to keep them at a distance while the boats were obtaining wood and water. The s.h.i.+p brought up at the mouth of a small river, up which it was hoped water might be procured. A boat was sent on sh.o.r.e, and on seeing her approach the natives came off and threw cocoa-nuts into her. While the pinnace remained here, the yawl was sent up to search for water, and soon returned with the casks full. Dampier afterwards sent ash.o.r.e various articles, to purchase hogs, yams, and other roots; but the natives, although they admired axes and hatchets, would give only cocoa-nuts, and always made signs to their visitors to begone.

During another visit the natives showed more confidence. The men wore feathers in their heads, and had lances in their hands. The women had no ornaments, but wore bunches of green branches before and behind, on a string round their waists. They carried on their heads large baskets full of yams. During the next visit the people were more shy than at first. They had also carried off all the cocoa-nuts from the trees, and driven away the hogs. The sailors made signs to them, to know what had become of their hogs, when the natives, pointing to some houses at the bottom of the bay, intimated by the noises they made that there were hogs and goats up there, expressing by signs, such as holding out their hands at different distances from the ground, the animals they meant.

Wood was abundant; but though the natives fully understood the word cocoas, they did not bring any more. Dampier himself went on sh.o.r.e and visited some of their huts, which were poor buildings. The doors were made fast, as the inhabitants had fled. While he was thus employed, the men in the yawl filled two hogsheads and the barricoes, or breakers, with water. On his return on board, the officers and men requested leave to go and obtain the hogs; but he was unwilling to yield to their wishes, fearing that they would deal roughly with the natives. At last he consented, ordering them to act cautiously for their own safety, and to return at once should rain come on, to be exposed to which in that climate was considered dangerous. The great guns were got ready to cover them, should the natives appear hostile. As soon as the boat approached, the savages crowded to the sh.o.r.e, shaking their lances, some wading into the sea, holding up a s.h.i.+eld in one hand and a lance in the other.

The sailors held up such commodities as were likely to attract them, but to no purpose, the natives still waved them off. The seamen at length, resolved to have some provisions, fired their muskets to scare them away. This had the desired effect, and all disappeared, with the exception of two or three, who still stood in a menacing posture. One, however, being shot in the arm, he dropped his target and ran off. None were seriously hurt, the object of the seamen being to frighten rather than injure the savages. They then landed, and found a number of tame hogs running about the house. Nine were shot, and with these, as it had begun to rain, they returned on board. In the evening, the rain having ceased, another party went on sh.o.r.e, when eight more hogs and a little live pig were captured. The natives by this time showed a disposition to be friendly, and brought down a number of cocoa-nuts, which they left on the sh.o.r.e.

These, with some nets and images, were brought off in a canoe. Next day the canoe was sent back with a couple of axes, two hatchets, some knives, looking-gla.s.ses, and other articles in her, thus amply repaying the natives for the provisions of which they had been deprived.

Sailing from the bay two days afterwards, a volcano was seen to the north-west sending forth a large pillar of fire, which shot up for two or three minutes, and then sank down until scarcely visible, then again rising and blazing as before. It was on an island, between which and the mainland, on the following day, the s.h.i.+p pa.s.sed, there being a good channel between them.

All night the volcano vomited forth flame and smoke, and at every explosion a dreadful sound was heard like that of thunder. The intervals between these explosions were about half a minute. Some were faint in comparison to others, yet even the weakest vented a good deal of fire, and the largest made a roaring noise, and sent up a large flame thirty yards high, at the same time a stream of fire was seen running down the side of the mountain, reaching to the bottom.

The following day, as the s.h.i.+p had got to the other side, the stream of lava could no longer be perceived. Several other islands were seen and named. One was called Sir George Rooke's Island, another Crown Island, and a third Sir Robert Riche's Island.

On the 12th the sky looked very red, but soon after the sun was up there was a squall to windward, when on a sudden one of the men called out that he saw something astern. It was a waterspout beginning to work within a quarter of a mile of the s.h.i.+p in the wind's eye. She was at once put before the breeze. It came very swiftly, whirling the water up in a pillar about six or seven yards high. As yet no pendulous cloud from whence it might come could be seen. In about four or five minutes it came within a cable's length of the s.h.i.+p, when a long pale stream was observed descending from the clouds to the whirling water. Almost immediately afterwards the threatening column pa.s.sed off to leeward.

After pa.s.sing the island of Ceram about eight at night, a large vessel was seen on the weather side. As it was possible she might prove an enemy, the men went to their guns with matches lighted. The small arms were got upon the quarter-deck, and every preparation made for a fight; but as they were on opposite tacks, she was soon at a distance. The following morning, both vessels being becalmed, Dampier sent his yawl aboard the stranger, which proved to be a Chinese vessel, laden with rice, arrack, tea, porcelain, and other commodities, bound for Amboyna.

The master gave the English a good deal of important information, and told them that the Dutch had settled at several places in the Eastern Archipelago.

The _Roebuck_ was now steered for Batavia, as she required considerable repairs, having become foul and crazy, though it was not suspected in how rotten and ruinous a condition she was.

While here, Dampier heard that the Dutch had sent two vessels to capture him, supposing that he was a pirate.

The _Roebuck_ sailed from Batavia on the 17th of October, and had a quick run across the Indian Ocean. On the 30th of December she reached the Cape of Good Hope, and from thence stood directly for Saint Helena, where she remained for some days. Just as she had made the island of Ascension, it was discovered that a dangerous leak had been sprung. The chain pumps were set going, but the water still gained on the crew. On the morning of the 23rd February, in the hopes of being able to stop the leak, the s.h.i.+p was steered in for the bay, and came to an anchor.

Dampier devised a plan for stopping the leak; but either through the carelessness or ignorance of the carpenter, it was only made worse.

Notwithstanding all his endeavours to check it, the water rushed in with such force that it was very evident the s.h.i.+p could not be kept afloat.

The boats were accordingly hoisted out, and the anchor being weighed, the vessel was warped in nearer the sh.o.r.e until she had only three fathoms and a half under her keel. A raft was now constructed to carry the men's chests and bedding ash.o.r.e.

Before eight o'clock at night most of them had landed. In the morning the sails were unbent to make tents, and the next day a spring of fine water was found, and goats, land crabs, man-of-war birds, and b.o.o.bies were seen; turtles in abundance could also be obtained, so that the s.h.i.+p's company had no fear of starving. Some lived in the tents, and others sheltered themselves in the holes of the rocks.

About a week after the crew landed two s.h.i.+ps were seen, and Dampier ordered his men to turn a dozen turtles, should they send on sh.o.r.e; but they stood off the land.

He and his people resided on this island until the second of April, when eleven sail appeared to windward, but pa.s.sed by. The day following three s.h.i.+ps of war and an East Indiaman came into the bay and anch.o.r.ed.

Dampier, with about thirty-five of his men, went on board the _Anglesey_, while the rest were disposed of between the other two men-of-war. The _Anglesey_ was bound for Barbadoes, where she arrived on the 8th of May, 1701. Dampier was extremely anxious, however, to get home to vindicate his character for the loss of his s.h.i.+p. In a short time he succeeded in obtaining a pa.s.sage on board the _Canterbury_, East Indiaman, in which he at length reached England.

Although during his voyage he had made many important additions to geographical knowledge, he was much distressed at the loss of his s.h.i.+p and his papers; and, as the Earl of Pembroke no longer presided at the Admiralty, he obtained no reward for his services, nor promise of further employment. No one in authority seemed to consider that he had been sent to sea in a rotten old s.h.i.+p, unfit for the service, and that she had foundered not from any fault of his, but through sheer old age and decrepitude.

After the death of William the Third, followed by the War of the Spanish Succession, privateering was actively carried on. A company of merchants had fitted out two vessels, the _Saint George_ and the _Cinque Ports_, to cruise against the Spaniards in the South Seas. The command of these vessels was given to Dampier,--a proof of the estimation in which he was held. He hoisted his flag in the former, which earned twenty-six guns and one hundred and twenty men. The other was commanded by Captain Stradling, who acted throughout very independently of his superior. They sailed from the Downs in April, 1703, but were kept some time at Kinsale, into which port they had put. It was not until September that they finally got to sea. Their first object was to capture the flotilla which sailed from Buenos Ayres, or, should they fail in so doing, to go round Cape Horn and wait for the treasure-s.h.i.+ps from Baldivia, and to seize the famed Manilla galleon.

The ill-disciplined crew soon quarrelled among themselves, but Dampier managed to keep them in subjection, until, rounding Cape Horn, they reached Juan Fernandez. Here they encountered a French cruiser, which they attacked; but after a seven hours' fight she got away, both parties having suffered considerable loss. They afterwards failed to reach the lat.i.tude intended before the treasure-s.h.i.+ps had sailed from Baldivia.

Their next enterprise, which was to surprise the fleet in the Bay of Santa Maria, also failed, although Dampier captured a few small vessels sailing thence. At Nocoya John Clipperton, Dampier's chief mate, ran off with the tender, carrying away his captain's commission, as well as most of the ammunition and stores.

The _Saint George_ now sailed for the northward, and, to the great joy of the crew, espied the Manilla galleon. She was attacked, but the guns of the _Saint George_, carrying only five-pound shot, could do nothing against the twenty-four-pounders of the galleon, and, much shattered, she was compelled to haul off. The crew, now more than ever discontented at this misfortune, rose in mutiny; and Funnell, who was Dampier's steward, putting himself at their head, was allowed to take one of the prizes,--a brigantine of seventy guns and thirty-four men,-- with a portion of the stores, guns, and ammunition, to sail for India.

Dampier had now but twenty-five men left, but, notwithstanding this, after refitting his vessel, he attacked and plundered the town of Puna.

After this it was found that the _Saint George_ was so unsound and rotten as to be unfit to keep at sea. He accordingly s.h.i.+pped her guns, ammunition, and stores into a brigantine which he had taken, and abandoned her. In his new vessel he sailed for the Indian Archipelago, where, not having his commission to show, he was seized by the Dutch and thrown into prison. At last, however, he obtained his freedom, and returned home poorer than when he set out; while the owners of the _Saint George_, who had gained nothing by the adventure, bitterly complained of her loss.

Dampier had now no longer sufficient interest to obtain the command of a s.h.i.+p; but another privateering expedition being set on foot by some Bristol merchants, who equipped two s.h.i.+ps, the _Duke_ and _d.u.c.h.ess_, he agreed to go as pilot.

The command was given to Captain Woodes Rogers, with whom Dampier sailed on board the _Duke_, of three hundred tons, thirty guns, and one hundred and seventy men. Captain Dover was her second captain, and she had three lieutenants. The _d.u.c.h.ess_ was commanded by Captain Courtney, a gentleman of fortune, who had provided a large portion of the funds for the expedition. Mr Edward Cook went as her second captain, with three lieutenants. She was two hundred and seventy tons burden, and carried twenty-six guns, and one hundred and fifty-one men. Both s.h.i.+ps had legal commissions from H.R.H. Prince George of Denmark, Lord High Admiral, to cruise on the coast of Peru and Mexico, in the South Seas, against Her Majesty's enemies, the French and Spaniards. The crews were of a mixed character and very undisciplined. One-third were foreigners of most nations, while of her Majesty's subjects there were tinkers, tailors, haymakers, pedlars, fiddlers, one negro, and about ten boys.

It was hoped, notwithstanding, that as soon as they had learned the use of their arms and got their sea legs, they would be brought under discipline.

Showing a mutinous disposition, before long many of the crew had to be put in irons, and the rest taking warning, without any misadventure, both s.h.i.+ps got round Cape Horn, and steered for the island of Juan Fernandez. Here it was their intention to obtain water. On coming off it at night they observed a fire on sh.o.r.e, which caused them much anxiety, as it was supposed that these were French s.h.i.+ps there, which they must either engage or go without the water they so much needed.

Some supposed that the fire was lighted by a Spanish garrison, others by a body of Frenchmen, or a crew of pirates. Both the s.h.i.+ps were got ready to engage should it become necessary.

On beating up to the island in the morning, no strange s.h.i.+ps were seen in either of the bays into which they could look. The voyagers accordingly came to the conclusion that if any s.h.i.+ps had been there, they had made their escape during the night on seeing the approach of the English. Boats were sent on sh.o.r.e, and after some time the pinnace returned, bringing an abundance of crayfish, and a wild-looking man dressed in goat-skins.

Who this stranger was it soon became known. It will be remembered in the previous voyage made by Dampier, about four years before, that the _Cinque Ports_, commanded by Captain Stradling, separated from him. The master of this vessel was Alexander Selkirk, a Scotchman, born at Largs, in the county of Fife, who had been bred a sailor from his youth. He was considered by Dampier as the most experienced and best man on board.

Having had a dispute with Captain Stradling, and considering from the leaky state of the _Cinque Ports_ that she might never reach England, he had desired to be put on sh.o.r.e at this island of Juan Fernandez, with which he was well acquainted, having been there before to obtain wood and water.

After some reflection he changed his mind, and requested to be taken off again; but to this Captain Stradling would not consent, and the _Cinque Ports_ sailing away, he was left to his fate.

No sooner did he come up the side than he was recognised by Captain Dampier, who was heartily glad to see him, and strongly recommended him to Captain Rogers, who at once gave him the rank of mate on board. He it was who had made the fire on sh.o.r.e the previous night on seeing the approach of the s.h.i.+ps which he guessed were English.

During the four years he had been on the island he had not conversed with a single human being. On his first coming on board the _Duke_, he had so greatly forgotten his language that it was difficult to understand him, for he seemed to speak his words by halves. He was offered a dram, but would not touch it, having drunk nothing but water since his being left there. It was some time, indeed, before he could even relish the s.h.i.+p's provisions.

He had, during his stay, seen several vessels pa.s.s by, but only two came to an anchor. As he cautiously approached to discover their nationality, he found them to be Spaniards, and immediately retired; but having been seen, he was pursued, and had great difficulty in escaping from them. They followed him into the woods, where he climbed to the top of a tree close to the foot of which they pa.s.sed in chase of some goats, which they shot, but failed to discover him.

When landed, he had with him his clothes and bedding, with a gun, some powder, bullets, and a hatchet, a knife, a kettle, and his Bible, besides some mathematical instruments and books. For the first eight months he had great difficulty in bearing up against the melancholy feelings which oppressed him at being left alone in so desert a place.