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[443] J. Grimm, _Deutsche Mythologie_,*[4] i. 519.
[444] H. von Wlislocki, _Volksglaube und religioser Brauch der Magyar_ (Munster i. W., 1893), pp. 40-44.
[445] A. von Ipolyi, "Beitrage zur deutschen Mythologie aus Ungarn,"
_Zeitschrift fur deutsche Mythologie und Sittenkunde_, i. (1853) pp. 270 _sq._
[446] J.G. Kohl, _Die deutsch-russischen Ostseeprovinzen_, ii. 268 _sq._; F.J. Wiedemann, _Aus dem inneren und ausseren Leben der Ehsten_ (St. Petersburg, 1876), p. 362. The word which I have translated "weeds"
is in Esthonian _kaste-heinad_, in German _Thaugras_. Apparently it is the name of a special kind of weed.
[447] Fr. Kreutzwald und H. Neus, _Mythische und Magische Lieder der Ehsten_ (St. Petersburg, 1854), p. 62.
[448] J.B. Holzmayer, "Osiliana," _Verhandlungen der gelehrten Estnischen Gesellschaft zu Dorpat_, vii. (1872) pp. 62 _sq._ Wiedemann also observes that the sports in which young couples engage in the woods on this evening are not always decorous (_Aus dem inneren und ausseren Leben der Ehsten_, p. 362).
[449] J.G. Kohl, _Die deutsch-russischen Ostseeprovinzen_, ii. 447 _sq._
[450] J.G. Georgi, _Beschreibung aller Nationen des russischen Reichs_ (St. Petersburg, 1776), p. 36; August Freiherr von Haxthausen, _Studien uber die innere Zustande das Volksleben und insbesondere die landlichen Einrichtungen Russlands_ (Hanover, 1847), i. 446 _sqq._
[451] Alfred de Nore, _Coutumes, Mythes et Traditions des Provinces de France_ (Paris and Lyons, 1846), p. 19.
[452] It is notable that St. John is the only saint whose birthday the Church celebrates with honours like those which she accords to the nativity of Christ. Compare Edmond Doutte, _Magie et Religion dans l'Afrique du Nord_ (Algiers, 1908), p. 571 note I.
[453] Bossuet, _Oeuvres_ (Versailles, 1815-1819), vi. 276 ("Catechisme du diocese de Meaux"). His description of the superst.i.tions is, in his own words, as follows: "_Danser a l'entour du feu, jouer, faire des festins, chanter des chansons deshonnetes, jeter des herbes par-dessus le feu, en cueillir avant midi ou a jeun, en porter sur soi, les conserver le long de l'annee, garder des tisons ou des charbons du feu, et autres semblables._" This and other evidence of the custom of kindling Midsummer bonfires in France is cited by Ch. Cuissard in his tract _Les Feux de la Saint-Jean_ (Orleans, 1884).
[454] Ch. Cuissard, _Les Feux de la Saint-Jean_ (Orleans, 1884), pp. 40 _sq._
[455] A. Le Braz, _La Legende de la Mort en Ba.s.se-Bretagne_ (Paris, 1893), p. 279. For an explanation of the custom of throwing a pebble into the fire, see below, p. 240.
[456] M. Quellien, quoted by Alexandre Bertrand, _La Religion des Gaulois_ (Paris, 1897), pp. 116 _sq._
[457] Collin de Plancy, _Dictionnaire Infernal_ (Paris, 1825-1826), iii.
40; J.W. Wolf, _Beitrage zur deutschen Mythologie_ (Gottingen, 1852-1857), i. p. 217, -- 185; A. Breuil, "Du Culte de St. Jean Baptiste," _Memoires de la Societe des Antiquaires de Picardie_, viii.
(Amiens, 1845) pp. 189 _sq._
[458] Eugene Cortet, _Essai sur les Fetes Religieuses_ (Paris, 1867), p.
216; Ch. Cuissard, _Les Feux de la Saint-Jean_ (Orleans, 1884), p. 24.
[459] Paul Sebillot, _Coutumes populaires de la Haute-Bretagne_ (Paris, 1886), pp. 192-195. In Upper Brittany these bonfires are called _rieux_ or _raviers_.
[460] A. de Nore, _Coutumes, Mythes et Traditions des Provinces de France_ (Paris and Lyons, 1846), p. 219; E. Cortet, _Essai sur les Fetes Religieuses_, p. 216.
[461] A. de Nore, _Coutumes, Mythes et Traditions des Provinces de France_, pp. 219, 228, 231; E. Cortet, _op. cit._ pp. 215 _sq._
[462] J. Lecoeur, _Esquisses du Bocage Normand_ (Conde-sur-Noireau, 1883-1887), ii. 219-224.
[463] This description is quoted by Madame Clement (_Histoire des fetes civites et religieuses_, etc., _de la Belgique Meridionale_, Avesnes, 1846, pp. 394-396); F. Liebrecht (_Des Gervasius von Tilbury Otia Imperialia_, Hanover, 1856, pp. 209 _sq._); and W. Mannhardt (_Antike Wald und Feldkulte_, Berlin, 1877, pp. 323 _sqq._) from the _Magazin pittoresque_, Paris, viii. (1840) pp. 287 _sqq._ A slightly condensed account is given, from the same source, by E. Cortet (_Essai sur les Fetes Religieuses_, pp. 221 _sq._).
[464] Bazin, quoted by Breuil, in _Memoires de la Societe d' Antiquaires de Picardie_, viii. (1845) p. 191 note.
[465] Correspondents quoted by A. Bertrand, _La Religion des Gaulois_ (Paris, 1897), pp. 118, 406.
[466] Correspondent quoted by A. Bertrand, _op. cit._ p. 407.
[467] Felix Chapiseau, _Le folk-lore de la Beauce et du Perche_ (Paris, 1902), i. 318-320. In Perche the midsummer bonfires were called _marolles_. As to the custom formerly observed at Bullou, near Chateaudun, see a correspondent quoted by A. Bertrand, _La Religion des Gaulois_ (Paris, 1897), p. 117.
[468] Albert Meyrac, _Traditions, Coutumes, Legendes, et Contes des Ardennes_ (Charleville, 1890), pp. 88 _sq._
[469] L.F. Sauve, _Le Folk-lore des Hautes-Vosges_ (Paris, 1889), p.
186.
[470] Desire Monnier, _Traditions populaires comparees_ (Paris, 1854), pp. 207 _sqq._; E. Cortet, _Essai sur les Fetes Religieuses_, pp. 217 _sq._
[471] Berenger-Feraud, _Reminiscences populaires de la Provence_ (Paris, 1885), p. 142.
[472] Charles Beauquier, _Les Mois en Franche-Comte_ (Paris, 1900), p.
89. The names of the bonfires vary with the place; among them are _failles, bourdifailles, bas_ or _baux, feuleres_ or _folieres_, and _chavannes_.
[473] _La Bresse Louhannaise_, Juin, 1906, p. 207.
[474] Laisnel de la Salle, _Croyances et Legendes du Centre de la France_ (Paris, 1875), i. 78 _sqq._ The writer adopts the absurd derivation of _jonee_ from Ja.n.u.s. Needless to say that our old friend Baal, Bel, or Belus figures prominently in this and many other accounts of the European fire-festivals.
[475] A. de Nore, _Coutumes, Mythes et Traditions des Provinces de France_ (Paris and Lyons, 1846), p. 150.
[476] Correspondent, quoted by A. Bertrand, _La Religion des Gaulois_ (Paris, 1897), p. 408.
[477] Guerry, "Sur les usages et traditions du Poitou," _Memoires et dissertations publies par la Societe Royale des Antiquaires de France_, viii. (1829) pp. 451 _sq._
[478] Breuil, in _Memoires de la Societe des Antiquaires de Picardie_, viii. (1845) p. 206; E. Cortet, _Essai sur les Fetes Religieuses_, p.
216; Laisnel de la Salle, _Croyances et Legendes du Centre de la France_, i. 83; J. Lecoeur, _Esquisses du Bocage Normand_, ii. 225.
[479] H. Gaidoz, "Le dieu gaulois du soleil et le symbolisme de la roue," _Revue Archeologique_, iii. Serie, iv. (1884) p. 26, note 3.
[480] L. Pineau, _Le Folk-lore du Poitou_ (Paris, 1892), pp. 499 _sq._ In Perigord the ashes of the midsummer bonfire are searched for the hair of the Virgin (E. Cortet, _Essai sur les Fetes Religieuses_, p. 219).
[481] A. de Nore, _Coutumes Mythes et Traditions des Provinces de France_, pp. 149 _sq._; E. Cortet, _op. cit._ pp. 218 _sq._
[482] Dupin, "Notice sur quelques fetes et divertiss.e.m.e.ns populaires du departement des Deux-Sevres," _Memoires et Dissertations publies par la Societe Royale des Antiquaires de France_, iv. (1823) p. 110.
[483] J.L.M. Nogues, _Les moeurs d'autrefois en Saintonge et en Aunis_ (Saintes, 1891), pp. 72, 178 _sq._
[484] H. Gaidoz, "Le dieu soleil et le symbolisme de la roue," _Revue Archeologique_, iii. Serie, iv. (1884) p. 30.
[485] Ch. Cuissard, _Les Feux de la Saint-Jean_ (Orleans, 1884), pp. 22 _sq._
[486] A. de Nore, _Coutumes, Mythes et Traditions des Provinces de France_ p. 127.
[487] Aubin-Louis Millin, _Voyage dans les Departemens du Midi de la France_ (Paris, 1807-1811), iii. 341 _sq._
[488] Aubin-Louis Millin, _op. cit._ iii. 28.