Great Soul_ Mahatma Gandhi And His Struggle With India Part 15

28A Zulu aristocrat: Shula Marks, "Ambiguities of Dependence: John L. Dube of Natal," Journal of South African Studies Journal of South African Studies 1, no. 2 (1975), p. 163. 1, no. 2 (1975), p. 163.

29"my patron saint": Fredrickson, Black Liberation Black Liberation, p. 119.

30president-general he was called: Dube himself did not attend the founding session of the new Congress in Bloemfontein. He was elected president in absentia.

31"This Mr. Dubey": CWMG CWMG, vol. 5, p. 55.

32"They worked hard": Fredrickson, Black Liberation Black Liberation, p. 119.

33We know that Gopal: Ilanga lase Natal Ilanga lase Natal, Nov. 15, 1912. The entry in Kallenbach's diary for that date, at the archive of the Sabarmati Ashram, doesn't mention the visit to Inanda at all.

34"To us at the Phoenix Settlement": "A Great Zulu Dead," Indian Opinion Indian Opinion, Feb. 15, 1946.

35"the solidarity between": Jacob Zuma, in speech available online at www.info.gov.za/speeches/2000/000/0010161010a1002.htm.>.

36The immediate provocation: The term "poll tax" as it was used in South Africa at that time had nothing to do with elections. See Surendra Bhana, "Gandhi, Indians, and Africans in South Africa," paper presented at the Kansas African Studies Center, Sept. 12, 2002.

37"For the Indian community": CWMG CWMG, vol. 5, p. 366.

38Gandhi had the rank: Ibid., p. 368. Another biographer, D. G. Tendulkar, following the Autobiography Autobiography, makes it twenty-four, including nineteen ex-indentured. Tendulkar, Mahatma Mahatma, vol. 1, p. 76.

39In the next few weeks: This is the surmise of the leading South African scholar on this conflict, Jeff Guy, in his book Maphumulo Uprising Maphumulo Uprising, p. 101.

40"I do not remember": Prabhudas Gandhi, My Childhood with Gandhiji My Childhood with Gandhiji, p. 42.

41But it did say: See Bhana, "Gandhi, Indians, and Africans in South Africa."

42In London, an exile: Green, Gandhi Gandhi, p. 160.

43"Mr. Gandhi speaks with": Doke, M. K. Gandhi: An Indian Patriot M. K. Gandhi: An Indian Patriot, p. 111.

44"It was no trifle": Ibid., p. 112.

45"My heart was with the Zulus": Gandhi, Autobiography Autobiography, p. 279.

46As late as 1943: Nayar, Mahatma Gandhi's Last Imprisonment Mahatma Gandhi's Last Imprisonment, p. 264.

47"These themes": Erikson, Gandhi's Truth Gandhi's Truth, p. 194.

48In part, this may have: Marks, "Ambiguities of Dependence," p. 54.

49"No, I purposely did not": CWMG CWMG, vol. 62, p. 199.

50"Yours is a far bigger issue": Ibid., vol. 68, p. 273.

51"I venture to trust": Pietermaritzburg Archives Repository, Government House 1457, Military Affairs, Bhambatha Rebellion Correspondence, Feb. 9, to Dec. 28, 1907. See also M. K. Gandhi to Gov. H. McCallum, Aug. 13, 1907. Thanks to Jeff Guy, at the University of KwaZulu-Natal, who called this pa.s.sage to my attention.

52He had spoken of the need: Marks, "Ambiguities of Dependence," p. 54.

53"decency of wearing clothes": Speech at the Natal Missionary Conference, at Durban Town Hall, July 4, 1911. Text in archive of Killie Campbell Library in Durban. Speech at the Natal Missionary Conference, at Durban Town Hall, July 4, 1911. Text in archive of Killie Campbell Library in Durban.

54close to the Zulu royal house: In 1936-twenty-four years after he was elected president of the South African Native National Congress-John Dube was named "Prime Minister" of what was termed the Zulu nation by the reigning Prince Regent. In 1936-twenty-four years after he was elected president of the South African Native National Congress-John Dube was named "Prime Minister" of what was termed the Zulu nation by the reigning Prince Regent.

55"Every other question": "Sons of the Soil," Indian Opinion Indian Opinion, Aug. 30, 1913, quoted in Nauriya, African Element in Gandhi African Element in Gandhi, p. 48.

56"You must know that every one": Reprinted in "Sons of the Soil," cited by Nauriya, African Element in Gandhi African Element in Gandhi, p. 48.

57"About five hundred Indians": Doc.u.ment in the Gandhi-Luthuli Doc.u.mentation Center at the University of KwaZulu-Natal, File 1262/203, 3984, HIST/1893/14.

58"people like Indians": See Carl Faye, Zulu References for Interpreters and Students in Doc.u.ments Zulu References for Interpreters and Students in Doc.u.ments (Pietermaritzburg, 1923), which includes "Notes of Proceedings at Meeting with Zulus Held by John L. Dube at Eshowe, Zululand, 30 November 1912." (Pietermaritzburg, 1923), which includes "Notes of Proceedings at Meeting with Zulus Held by John L. Dube at Eshowe, Zululand, 30 November 1912."

59"anti-Indianism": Heather Hughes, "Doubly Elite: Exploring the Life of John Langalibalele Dube," Heather Hughes, "Doubly Elite: Exploring the Life of John Langalibalele Dube," Journal of Southern African Studies Journal of Southern African Studies vol. 27, no. 3 (Sept. 2001): footnote p. 446. The quotation from "The Indian Invasion" came to me in an e-mail from Ms. Hughes. vol. 27, no. 3 (Sept. 2001): footnote p. 446. The quotation from "The Indian Invasion" came to me in an e-mail from Ms. Hughes.

60Later a Zulu newspaper: Roux, Time Longer Than Rope Time Longer Than Rope, p. 250.

61"Indians cannot make common cause": Harijan Harijan, Feb. 18, 1939.

62"Indians and Africans must act": A little more than two months before n.a.z.is attacked the Soviet Union, she was delivering what was essentially an antiwar message, but not for Gandhi's reasons.

63That night, according to one: "I Remember," privately circulated memoir by I. C. Meer, edited by E. S. Reddy and Fatima Meer.

64"pogrom" against Indians: Goolam Vahed and Ashwin Desai offer a narrative and a.n.a.lysis of the 1949 riot in Goolam Vahed and Ashwin Desai offer a narrative and a.n.a.lysis of the 1949 riot in Monty Naiker: Between Reason and Treason Monty Naiker: Between Reason and Treason (Pietermaritzburg, 2010), pp. 23455. (Pietermaritzburg, 2010), pp. 23455.

65"The inclusion of all": CWMG CWMG, vol. 87, p. 414.

66But few African leaders were ready: The conspicuous exception was Albert Luthuli who became president of the African National Congress in 1952. Four years earlier, a few months after Gandhi's murder, Luthuli spoke of "the efficacy of nonviolence as an instrument of struggle in seeking freedom for oppressed people" in a speech at Howard University in Was.h.i.+ngton that antic.i.p.ated Martin Luther King, Jr. The first South African to win the n.o.bel Peace Prize said blacks in the United States as well as Africa should go forward as Gandhi's "undoubted disciples." His notes for the speech are preserved in the archive of the Luthuli Museum in Groutville, KwaZulu-Natal, and cited by Scott Couper in his The conspicuous exception was Albert Luthuli who became president of the African National Congress in 1952. Four years earlier, a few months after Gandhi's murder, Luthuli spoke of "the efficacy of nonviolence as an instrument of struggle in seeking freedom for oppressed people" in a speech at Howard University in Was.h.i.+ngton that antic.i.p.ated Martin Luther King, Jr. The first South African to win the n.o.bel Peace Prize said blacks in the United States as well as Africa should go forward as Gandhi's "undoubted disciples." His notes for the speech are preserved in the archive of the Luthuli Museum in Groutville, KwaZulu-Natal, and cited by Scott Couper in his Albert Luthuli: Bound by Faith Albert Luthuli: Bound by Faith.

67"Many of our gra.s.sroots": Mandela, Long Walk to Freedom Long Walk to Freedom, p. 107, cited by Dhupelia-Mesthrie, Gandhi's Prisoner? Gandhi's Prisoner? p. 342. p. 342.

68Repeatedly, he courted arrest: Dhupelia-Mesthrie, Gandhi's Prisoner? Gandhi's Prisoner? pp. 35355. pp. 35355.

69But Manilal had no organized: Ibid., p. 355.

70At one meeting: Ibid., pp. 35051.

71"The principle was not": Mandela, Long Walk to Freedom Long Walk to Freedom, p. 111. See also pp. 91, 99.

CHAPTER 4: UPPER HOUSE.

1"No man or woman living": Gandhi to Kallenbach, June 16, 1912, quoted by Hunt and Bhana, "Spiritual Rope-Walkers."

2"a grim fight against": CWMG CWMG, 2nd ed., vol. 58, pp. 11819.

3For five of those years: Kasturba moved to Tolstoy Farm with two sons in the latter half of 1910 and stayed till September 1912, when she moved back to Phoenix, according to Dhupelia-Mesthrie, Gandhi's Prisoner? Gandhi's Prisoner? pp. 96, 104. pp. 96, 104.

4Gandhi insists: Gandhi, Autobiography Autobiography, p. 270.

5Colonial Natal was a place: Natal Mercury Natal Mercury, June 15, 1903.

6"no reason why we should": Huttenback, Gandhi in South Africa Gandhi in South Africa, p. 244. Emphasis mine.

7Finally, in 1908: Ibid., p. 235.

8"I use all the money": CWMG CWMG, vol. 6, p. 433.

9"So I kept pouring out": Gandhi, Autobiography Autobiography, pp. 25253.

10"One day news came": Prabhudas Gandhi, My Childhood with Gandhiji My Childhood with Gandhiji, pp. 4445, 58.

11"I could stay there only": Gandhi, Autobiography Autobiography, p. 270.

12The two centers: Anand, Mahatma Gandhi and the Railways Mahatma Gandhi and the Railways, p. 13.

13Physically strong and quick-tempered: Meer, South African Gandhi South African Gandhi, p. 1202.

14According to Prema Naidoo: Interview with Prema Naidoo, Johannesburg, Nov. 2007.

15"If Thambi Naidoo": Gandhi, Satyagraha in South Africa Satyagraha in South Africa, p. 148.

16"Mine would be considered": Gandhi, Autobiography Autobiography, p. 274.

17Gandhi's house still stands: Itzkin, Gandhi's Johannesburg Gandhi's Johannesburg, p. 61.

18"His voice was soft": Interview with Millie Polak, 1954, from the BBC archive, broadcast on May 7, 2004.

19When Harilal was married: Dalal, Harilal Gandhi Harilal Gandhi, p. 10.

20In a will drafted in 1909: CWMG CWMG, vol. 96, p. 9.

21"He feels that I have": Dalal, Harilal Gandhi Harilal Gandhi, p. 30.

22"almost in the same bed": Harijan Harijan, May 29, 1937. Quoted in an article by Mahadev Desai on Kallenbach's visit to India.

23Gandhi early on made a point: CWMG CWMG, vol. 96, p. 9.

24One respected Gandhi scholar: "[James D.] Hunt a.s.serts that their relations.h.i.+p was clearly h.o.m.oerotic while not h.o.m.os.e.xual." As related by Weber, Gandhi as Disciple and Mentor Gandhi as Disciple and Mentor, p. 74.

25Kallenbach, who was raised: Gandhi, Satyagraha in South Africa Satyagraha in South Africa, p. 301.

26He'd thus been in South Africa: Chapman, Sandow the Magnificent Sandow the Magnificent, pp. 15354.

27"Your portrait": CWMG CWMG, vol. 96, pp. 2829.

28The most plausible guesses: See Joseph S. Alter, Gandhi's Body: s.e.x, Diet, and the Politics of Nationalism Gandhi's Body: s.e.x, Diet, and the Politics of Nationalism (Philadelphia, 2000), p. 36: "Moreover, Gandhi's focused attention on the problems a.s.sociated with constipation, and his regular use of enemas, can be explained, at least in part, by the need he felt to keep his body immaculately clean." (Philadelphia, 2000), p. 36: "Moreover, Gandhi's focused attention on the problems a.s.sociated with constipation, and his regular use of enemas, can be explained, at least in part, by the need he felt to keep his body immaculately clean."

29In the agreement dated: CWMG CWMG, vol. 96, pp. 6263.

30"For the last two years": Sarid and Bartolf, Hermann Kallenbach Hermann Kallenbach, p. 16.

31Later it is Kallenbach: Gandhi, Autobiography Autobiography, p. 294.

32"I see death in chocolates": CWMG CWMG, vol. 96, p. 71.

33He sends Kallenbach: Ibid., p. 129.

34a Dutch word: Jean Branford, A Dictionary of South African English A Dictionary of South African English (Cape Town, 1980), p. 147. (Cape Town, 1980), p. 147.

35"Life is very short": CWMG CWMG, vol. 9, p. 426, citing the original G. K. Chesterton article which appeared in The Ill.u.s.trated London News The Ill.u.s.trated London News, Oct. 2, 1909. See also Payne, Life and Death of Mahatma Gandhi Life and Death of Mahatma Gandhi, p. 213.

36"The English have not taken India": M. K. Gandhi, Hind Swaraj Hind Swaraj, pp. 39, 114.

37"Those in whose name we speak": Ibid., p. 70.

38"The primary object": CWMG CWMG, 2nd ed., vol. 11, p. 428.

39"I should like to slip out": Ibid., p. 428.

40"They are more useful": M. K. Gandhi, "To the Colonial Born Indian," Indian Opinion Indian Opinion, July 15, 1911.

41"That is my predominant occupation": CWMG CWMG, 2nd ed., vol. 12, p. 49.

42"makes us eat more": Ibid., vol. 11, p. 169.

43Now, when he eases up: Ibid., vol. 96, p. 96, where Gandhi informs Kallenbach of the dietary switch. For his earlier insistence on a saltless regime, which he said "purifies the blood to a high degree," see vol. 11, pp. 130, 150, 5078.

44In Gandhi's mind: Ibid., vol. 11, p. 190.

45Upper House is wounded: Ibid., vol. 96, p. 220.

46"Though I love": Ibid., p. 166.

47"a man of strong feelings": Gandhi, Satyagraha in South Africa Satyagraha in South Africa, p. 171, cited in Weber, Gandhi as Disciple and Mentor Gandhi as Disciple and Mentor, p. 71.

48"morbid sensitiveness": CWMG CWMG, vol. 96, pp. 118, 183.

49The timing of Gandhi's: Gandhi settled in Johannesburg following his application to the Johannesburg bar on February 16, 1903. Meer, South African Gandhi South African Gandhi, p. 37.

50"whose eyes were always": Gandhi, Autobiography Autobiography, p. 222.

51"In these conversations": Gandhi, Satyagraha in South Africa Satyagraha in South Africa, p. 269.