Great Soul_ Mahatma Gandhi And His Struggle With India Part 14

2"the quintessence": Nehru, Toward Freedom Toward Freedom, p. 189.

3"He looked at India": Naipaul, Area of Darkness Area of Darkness, p. 77.

4"I was face to face": Gandhi, Autobiography Autobiography, p. 196.

5"There were only a few": Ibid., pp. 19697.

6Even as a boy: Andrews, Mahatma Gandhi Mahatma Gandhi, p. 113.

7Just as racial segregation: Bayly, Caste, Society, and Politics in India Caste, Society, and Politics in India, chap. 5, especially pp. 196, 210, 226.

8"pollution barrier": Ibid., pp. 189, 233. Ibid., pp. 189, 233.

9Practices varied: The following studies have illuminating discussions on these points: Ibid., Dirks, Castes of Mind; Castes of Mind; and Mendelsohn and Vicziany, and Mendelsohn and Vicziany, Untouchables Untouchables.

10the coinage "Hinduism": See Pennington, Was Hinduism Invented? Was Hinduism Invented? p. 60, also p. 168. p. 60, also p. 168.

11Gandhi was then warned: Jordens, Gandhi's Religion Gandhi's Religion, p. 56.

12"It was also a problem": Prabhudas Gandhi, My Childhood with Gandhiji My Childhood with Gandhiji, p. 59.

13Three years later: Photostat of the certificate is on display at the Sabarmati Ashram Museum.

14The Bania in Gandhi: Doke, M. K. Gandhi: An Indian Patriot M. K. Gandhi: An Indian Patriot, p. 52.

15The prodigal son: Pyarelal, Early Phase Early Phase, p. 281.

16"I would not so much": Gandhi, Autobiography Autobiography, p. 78.

17His standing with the Modh Banias: I am indebted to Narayan Desai, son of Mahadev, Gandhi's secretary, for making this point in an interview in Barodi in April 2008.

18"Wherever you see men": O'Hanlon, Caste, Conflict, and Ideology Caste, Conflict, and Ideology, p. 71.

19"We are all brothers": Tolstoy, Kingdom of G.o.d Is Within You Kingdom of G.o.d Is Within You, p. 88. According to Professor Donald Fanger of Harvard, the literal translation would be "carries out my chamber pot."

20What Is to Be Done?: Although the common English t.i.tle of this Tolstoy volume is the same as that of a more famous tract by Lenin, the Russian t.i.tles are different. Professor Fanger says the literal translation of the Tolstoy would be "So What Must We Do?"

21"when men of our circle": Tolstoy, What Is to Be Done? What Is to Be Done? p. 272. I've here subst.i.tuted "latrines" for "sewers" on the advice of Professor Fanger. p. 272. I've here subst.i.tuted "latrines" for "sewers" on the advice of Professor Fanger.

22"Gandhi," Aurobindo said: Aurobindo, India's Rebirth India's Rebirth, p. 173.

23But an Indian scholar: Mahadevan, Year of the Phoenix Year of the Phoenix, pp. 7071.

24In any case, by August: Swan, in Gandhi: The South African Experience Gandhi: The South African Experience, pp. 4850, casts doubt on the a.s.sumption that the young Gandhi provided the impetus for the formation of the Natal Indian Congress. She suggests that the traders who subsequently dominated the organization are likely to have employed Gandhi to advance their goals.

25"To inquire into the conditions": CWMG CWMG, vol. 1, p. 132.

26"I lived in South Africa": Ibid., vol. 33, p. 25.

27His wounds have been treated: Ibid., vol. 2, p. 20.

28It takes half a year: Meer, Apprentices.h.i.+p of a Mahatma Apprentices.h.i.+p of a Mahatma, p. 36.

29"A regular stream": Gandhi, Autobiography Autobiography, p. 135.

30"He emerged virtually": Sanghavi, Agony of Arrival Agony of Arrival, p. 129.

31Gandhi himself doesn't go on: According to the Durban lawyer Ha.s.sim Seedat, who attempted to trace Gandhi's legal papers from this era through the successor firm that inherited them only to be told that they had been thrown out.

32"He will cause some trouble": Britton, Gandhi Arrives in South Africa Gandhi Arrives in South Africa, p. 300. The location of this doc.u.ment isn't specified in the book. Responding to an e-mail query, its author explained that he did his research "on and off for thirty years," much of it in the archives of colonial Natal, in the branch of the National Archives in Pietermaritzburg, or in British Colonial Office files, now located at the National Archives in Kew.

33"have no wish to see": CWMG CWMG, vol. 1, pp. 27374, cited by Naidoo, Tracking Down Historical Myths Tracking Down Historical Myths, p. 137.

34"If that hatred": CWMG CWMG, vol. 1, p. 143.

35In finely honed understatement: Ibid., pp. 14263.

36"The cla.s.s of Hindoos": Critic Critic, Jan. 11, 1895, as quoted in Pyarelal, Early Phase Early Phase, p. 478.

37Or, since Pyarelal: Pyarelal and Nayar, In Gandhiji's Mirror In Gandhiji's Mirror, p. 7.

38"The barbed shaft penetrated": Pyarelal, Early Phase Early Phase, p. 478.

39"Has not a just": Fischer, Essential Gandhi Essential Gandhi, p. 251. See also M. K. Gandhi, Selected Political Writings Selected Political Writings, p. 118.

40"During my campaigns": CWMG CWMG, vol. 13, p. 278.

41"dark and stinking": Gandhi, Autobiography Autobiography, p. 149.

42He then went into: Ibid., p. 150.

43"But to clean those used: Ibid., pp. 24344.

44His pique becomes: CWMG CWMG, vol. 67, p. 2.

45"close touch with suffering Indians": Gandhi, Autobiography Autobiography, p. 177.

46"The Indians were not ent.i.tled": Gandhi, Satyagraha in South Africa Satyagraha in South Africa, p. 76.

47So while he has told us: Gandhi, Autobiography Autobiography, p. 189.

48"General Buller had no intention": Gandhi, Satyagraha in South Africa Satyagraha in South Africa, p. 77.

49"For days they worked": Fischer, Life of Mahatma Gandhi Life of Mahatma Gandhi, p. 63.

50"The agony of the General": Pyarelal, Discovery of Satyagraha Discovery of Satyagraha, p. 287.

51curtained palanquin: This thought is suggested by the drawing on a French weekly magazine cover on display in the Museum Africa in Johannesburg. Showing a palanquin used for ferrying wounded officers, the drawing has a legend that describes it as an "ambulance Indienne" in the "guerre au Transvaal." See Le Pet.i.t Journal: Supplement Ill.u.s.tre, Dec. 17, 1899 Le Pet.i.t Journal: Supplement Ill.u.s.tre, Dec. 17, 1899.

52detailed narrative of these events: Amery, " Amery, "Times" History of the War in South Africa, vol. 1, pp. 24597.

53"Streams of wounded": Reproduced in New York Times New York Times, March 3, 1900.

54The recruits from the ranks: Meer, South African Gandhi South African Gandhi, p. 751.

55In the event, no Indians: Ibid., pp, 74950.

56At the time he finds: Gandhi, Satyagraha in South Africa Satyagraha in South Africa, p. 78.

57"Bapu had found a use": Mehta, Mahatma Gandhi and His Apostles Mahatma Gandhi and His Apostles, p. 248.

58In a contemporary send-up: Reprinted in African Chronicle African Chronicle, July 4, 1908.

59"high-caste men married": Uma Dhupelia-Mesthrie, From Cane Fields to Freedom: A Chronicle of Indian South African Life From Cane Fields to Freedom: A Chronicle of Indian South African Life (Cape Town, 2000), p. 13. (Cape Town, 2000), p. 13.

60"These two Indians": Bhana and Pachai, Doc.u.mentary History of Indian South Africans Doc.u.mentary History of Indian South Africans, p. 26.

61Except for a rare academic study: Such as Ebr-Vally, Kala Pani Kala Pani.

62"without first trying": Rolland, Life of Vivekananda and the Universal Gospel Life of Vivekananda and the Universal Gospel, p. 23.

63He condemned India's: Parekh, Colonialism, Tradition, and Reform Colonialism, Tradition, and Reform, p. 235.

64Their suppression depresses: CWMG CWMG, vol. 18, pp. 37576.

65"into intimate touch": Pyarelal, Discovery of Satyagraha Discovery of Satyagraha, p. 396.

66"A purer, a n.o.bler": Mahadevan and Ramachandran, Quest for Gandhi Quest for Gandhi, p. 344.

67"You will never know": s.h.i.+rer, Gandhi Gandhi, p. 37.

68"converted the whole carriage": Gandhi, Autobiography Autobiography, p. 212.

69"in retrospect, Gandhi": Pyarelal, Discovery of Satyagraha Discovery of Satyagraha, p. 396.

CHAPTER 3: AMONG ZULUS.

1"We were then marched": CWMG CWMG, vol. 8, p. 135.

2Similarly, he would later: Enacted in 1907 by the all-white provincial legislature as soon as self-rule was restored to the former South African Republic. (The 1906 Asiatic Law Amendment Act, pa.s.sed during the brief period that the Transvaal was counted as a crown colony, had been disallowed by Britain.) The legislation once again barred Indians with no history of previous residence in the Transvaal.

3"The spirit of fanaticism": Huttenback, Gandhi in South Africa Gandhi in South Africa, p. 198.

4It would violate: Natal Mercury Natal Mercury, Jan. 14, 1903. The Orange Free State, one of the four provinces in the original Union of South Africa, barred Indians from taking up residence for nearly ninety years longer, until the dismantling of apartheid.

5"for the first time": Rajmohan Gandhi, Gandhi Gandhi, p. 126.

6Brought to Johannesburg: Doke, M. K. Gandhi: An Indian Patriot M. K. Gandhi: An Indian Patriot, p. 151; see also Meer, South African Gandhi South African Gandhi, pp. 600601; Itzkin, Gandhi's Johannesburg Gandhi's Johannesburg, p. 30.

7"a Native lying in bed": Meer, South African Gandhi South African Gandhi, p. 601.

8"This refined Indian": Doke, M. K. Gandhi: Indian Patriot M. K. Gandhi: Indian Patriot, p. 152.

9"a strong, heavily built": Meer, South African Gandhi South African Gandhi, p. 602.

10"We may entertain": Ibid., p. 601.

11Is that, as some Indian scholars: They were speaking speculatively in private conversation.

12In strict interpretation of caste: In the late 1960s, when I was a correspondent in India, I asked a Hindu religious figure, the Shankaracharya of Puri, whether he could imagine himself sitting and talking to an untouchable. He replied: "I'm talking with you."

13"the Indian is being dragged": CWMG CWMG, vol. 1, p. 150.

14"the raw Kaffir": Ibid., vol. 2, p. 74.

15"About the mixing": Ibid., vol. 4, p. 131.

16"If there is one thing": Ibid., p. 89.

17"We believe as much": Ibid., vol. 3, p. 453.

18"Oh, say have you seen": Quoted in Mahadevan, Year of the Phoenix Year of the Phoenix, p. 43, clipping in archive of Sabarmati Ashram, Ahmedabad.

19"A fair complexion": Gandhi, Satyagraha in South Africa Satyagraha in South Africa, pp. 89.

20"Are Asiatic and Colored races": "Mr. Gandhi's Address Before the Y.M.C.A.," Indian Opinion Indian Opinion, June 6, 1908, in CWMG CWMG, vol. 8, pp. 24246.

21"If we look into the future": CWMG CWMG, vol. 8, pp. 23246.

22"these hypocritical distinctions": Meer, South African Gandhi South African Gandhi, pp. 6067; "My Second Experience in Gaol," Indian Opinion Indian Opinion, Jan. 30, 1909.

23Possibly these are "Native Isaac": Diary of Hermann Kallenbach, Sabarmati Ashram archive, Ahmedabad.

24"It is understood": CWMG CWMG, vol. 96, supp. vol. 6, p. 44.

25"I regard the Kaffirs": CWMG CWMG, vol. 10, cited by Green, Gandhi Gandhi, p. 200.

26Rajmohan Gandhi, his grandson: Rajmohan Gandhi, Gandhi Gandhi, p. 149.

27And when it comes: The other two were the Reverend Walter Rubusana, who was elected to the Cape province provincial council, and John Tengo Jabavu, editor of a weekly newspaper printed in English and Xhosa in Cape Town, where Gandhi encountered him. See Uma Dhupelia-Mesthrie, From Cane Fields to Freedom: A Chronicle of Indian South African Life From Cane Fields to Freedom: A Chronicle of Indian South African Life (Cape Town, 2000), p. 118. Of course, the absence of other names in Gandhi's writings of the period does not in itself demonstrate that he had no further encounters with African leaders. Recently, in an as-yet-unpublished memoir by a woman named Pauline Padlashuk, an account has come to light of a visit to Tolstoy Farm by Pixley ka Isaka Seme, who, like Dube, was an early officeholder of what became the African National Congress. "Mr. Gandhi told Dr. Seme about his pa.s.sive resistance movement," this white witness wrote. (Cape Town, 2000), p. 118. Of course, the absence of other names in Gandhi's writings of the period does not in itself demonstrate that he had no further encounters with African leaders. Recently, in an as-yet-unpublished memoir by a woman named Pauline Padlashuk, an account has come to light of a visit to Tolstoy Farm by Pixley ka Isaka Seme, who, like Dube, was an early officeholder of what became the African National Congress. "Mr. Gandhi told Dr. Seme about his pa.s.sive resistance movement," this white witness wrote.