The Evolution of States Part 36

[Footnote 732: Compare the so-called _Memoirs of John de Witt_, French ed. (3e) 1709, ch. iii, p. 18; Petty, _Essays in Political Arithmetic_, ed. 1699, p. 178; Torrens M'Cullagh, as cited, ii, 26, 113-15, 270-71; M'Culloch, _Treatises_, p. 350. English corn was frequently exported to the Low Countries, as against imported textiles, in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries and early in the fifteenth (Macpherson, _Annals of Commerce_, i, 561, 644).]

[Footnote 733: Keymor, _Observations on the Dutch Fis.h.i.+ng about the year 1601_, reprinted in _The Phoenix_, 1707, i, 223, 225; Temple, _Observations upon the United Provinces_, cc. iii, vi (1814 ed. of _Works_, i, 127, 163).]

[Footnote 734: Cp. De Witt, pp. 15, 16; Torrens M'Cullagh, _Industrial History_, ii, 36, 37, 46, 59; Grattan, _Netherlands_, p. 18; Blok, as above cited.]

[Footnote 735: As to the earlier development of the Flemish cities, cp.

Blok, _Geschiedenis_, as cited, ii, 3; Eng. tr. i, 252; A. Wauters, _Les libertes communales_, Bruxelles, 1878, p. 746 and _pa.s.sim_.]

[Footnote 736: Motley, _Rise of the Dutch Republic_, i, p. 15.]

[Footnote 737: See the charter of Middelburg in 1217, quoted by Motley, p. 19, and by Davies, i, 65.]

[Footnote 738: Davies, _History of Holland_, i, 26.]

[Footnote 739: Cp. David, _Manuel_, p. 217; Wauters, _Les libertes communales_, pp. 36, 287; Van Kampen, _Geschichte der Niederlande_, i, 141, 142.]

[Footnote 740: M'Cullagh, ii, 42.]

[Footnote 741: De Witt (_i.e._ Delacourt), however, gives the priority to Flanders (_Memoires_, as cited, pt. i. ch. viii, p. 34).]

[Footnote 742: The majority of the serfs seem to have been freed about 1230; and by 1300 the chiefs of the gilds were "more powerful than the n.o.bles" (Grattan, p. 35; cp. p. 38, and Blok, as before cited).]

[Footnote 743: Cp. David, _Manuel_, pp. 78-88.]

[Footnote 744: De Witt, as cited, pp. 34, 35; M'Cullagh, p. 66; Grattan, p. 38.]

[Footnote 745: David, _Manuel_, pp. 142, 143; Grattan, p. 38.]

[Footnote 746: David, pp. 154-57.]

[Footnote 747: De Witt, p. 35; M'Cullagh, p. 67.]

[Footnote 748: David, _Manuel_, p. 158.]

[Footnote 749: _Id._ p. 107.]

[Footnote 750: Grattan. p. 43.]

[Footnote 751: Earle, _Philology of the English Tongue_, 3rd ed. pp. 8, 9.]

[Footnote 752: On this and previous floods see Blok, _Geschiedenis_, i, 313, 314; tr. i, 209, 210; Davies, vol. i, note C.]

[Footnote 753: Motley, p. 20.]

[Footnote 754: Cp. David, pp. 77, 78, 85, 92, 99, 101, 105, 108, 149; Motley, pp. 24, 28, 29; Grattan, pp. 42, 44, 46, 50, 54, 64.]

[Footnote 755: The town of Hoorn seems to have been virtually ruined by the punitive exactions of Charles the Bold (Davies, i, 269, 312).]

[Footnote 756: David, p. 94.]

[Footnote 757: Davies, i, 314.]

[Footnote 758: Motley, pp. 28-30.]

[Footnote 759: Largely through the union between Spain and England under the Tudor kings (Grattan, p. 66).]

[Footnote 760: Robertson, _Charles V_, b. vi; Motley, _Rise_. Histor.

Introd. -- 11.]

[Footnote 761: Motley, p. 60, notes that the numbers have been put often at fifty thousand, and sometimes even at a hundred thousand; but this, as he admits, is incredible.]

[Footnote 762: And still the rhetorical historian, sworn to maintain the Teutonic character for "liberty," declaims in his elementary manner that that has been seen to be the "master pa.s.sion" of the race from Caesar's time to Charles's (Motley, p. 49; compare pp. 25-29).]

[Footnote 763: Cited by Puffendorf, _Introduction to the History of Europe_, Eng. tr. 7th ed. 1711, i, 240.]

[Footnote 764: Robertson, _Charles V_, bk. vi, ed. cited, p. 495; Armstrong, as cited, pp. 78-82.]

[Footnote 765: Armstrong, as cited, pp. 83, 84.]

[Footnote 766: Motley, _Rise_, p. 138.]

[Footnote 767: _Id._ pp. 138, 139; Grattan, p. 87.]

[Footnote 768: Ullmann, _Reformers before the Reformation_, Eng. tr.

1855, ii, 14-17, 172-77.]

[Footnote 769: Cp. Hooker, _Ecclesiastical Polity_, Pref. ch. viii, -- 12.]

[Footnote 770: Motley, _Rise_, p. 36.]

[Footnote 771: See it a.n.a.lysed in Motley, pp. 134, 135.]

[Footnote 772: Asked by his viceregent Margaret of Parma to introduce the Spanish Inquisition, he pointed out that already "the Inquisition of the Netherlands is much more pitiless than that of Spain" (Motley, p.

174; cp. p. 81).]

[Footnote 773: It was an old source of income (Davies, i, 617; cp.

Motley, p. 78).]

[Footnote 774: "The aristocracy of the Netherlands was excessively extravagant, dissipated, and already considerably embarra.s.sed in circ.u.mstances" (Motley, p. 129; cp. pp. 125, 130, 131).]

[Footnote 775: Cp. Grattan, p. 106; Motley, as last cited.]

[Footnote 776: See the admissions of Motley, p. 131.]

[Footnote 777: Motley, p. 125.]

[Footnote 778: See Davies, ii, 149, 150, for a criticism of William's development, worth considering as against the unmixed panegyric of Motley.]

[Footnote 779: Cp. M'Cullagh, p. 211.]