ISIS: The State of Terror Part 18

37.Max Fisher, "Capital Punishment in China," The Atlantic, September 22, 2011.

38."Death Sentences and Executions 2013," Amnesty International.

39.Ester van Eijk, "Sharia and National Law in Saudi Arabia," in Jan Michiel Otto, ed., Sharia Incorporated: A Comparative Overview of the Legal Systems of Twelve Muslim Countries in Past and Present, edited by Jan Michiel Otto (Amsterdam: Leiden University Press, 2010).

40."Saudi Arabia: Scheduled beheading reflects authorities' callous disregard to human rights," Amnesty International, August 22, 2014, accessed September 9, 2014.

41.Mahmoud Ahmed, "The Work of G.o.d," Guardian, June 5, 2003.

42.Video: "Israeli journalist Itai Anghel found himself face to face with captured ISIS fighters," TLV1, December 23, 2014, http://tlv1.fm/so-much-to-say/2014/12/23/israeli-journalist-itai-anghel-found-himself-face-to-face-with-captured-isis-fighters/.

43.In 2000, the UN adopted the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict, which established eighteen as the minimum age for any conscription or forced recruitment or direct partic.i.p.ation in hostilities. Article 4 bans any recruitment or use of children under eighteen by nonstate actors, "Maybe We Live and Maybe We Die," Human Rights Watch, June 23, 2014.

44.Gail Sullivan, "Report: The Islamic State Puts Price Tags on Women, Literally, and Sells Them," Was.h.i.+ngton Post, October 3, 2014.

45.Leila Zerrougui, Report of the Secretary-General to the Security Council, A/68/878S/2014/339, issued May 15, 2014.

46."Maybe We Live and Maybe We Die," Human Rights Watch.

47.Al-Fares, "Frontline ISIS: How the Islamic State Is Brainwas.h.i.+ng Children with Stone Age School Curriculum," September 1, 2014, http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/frontline-isis-how-islamic-state-brainwas.h.i.+ng-children-stone-age-school-curriculum-1463474.

48."The Islamic State: Grooming Children for Jihad," Vice News video, August 15, 2014.

49.Stewart Clegg, "Why Is Organization Theory So Ignorant? The Neglect of Total Inst.i.tutions," Journal of Management Inquiry 15, no. 4 (2006): 427; Erving Goffman, Asylums (Harmondsworth, England: Penguin, 1961) as cited in ibid.

50.Miguel Pina e Cunha, Armenio Rego, and Stewart Clegg, "Obedience and Evil: From Milgram and Kampuchea to Normal Organizations," Journal of Business Ethics 97, no. 2 (2010): 291.

51.Mia Bloom and John G. Horgan, Small Arms: Children and Terrorism (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, forthcoming).

52.Omar Abdullah, "ISIS Teaches Children How to Behead in Training Camps," Syria Deeply, September 6, 2014.

53."Maybe We Live and Maybe We Die," Human Rights Watch, 21.

54.Pina e Cunha, Rego, and Clegg, "Obedience and Evil," 291.

55.Kernberg, "Sanctioned Social Violence," 690.

56."Maybe We Live and Maybe We Die," Human Rights Watch, 23.

57."The Islamic State: Grooming Children for Jihad," Vice News video.

58.Ceylan Yeginsu, "ISIS Draws a Steady Stream of Recruits from Turkey," September 15, 2014.

59."Maybe We Live and Maybe We Die," Human Rights Watch, 2014.

60.Kate Brannen, "Children of the Caliphate," Foreign Policy, October 27, 2014, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2014/10/24/children_of_the_caliphate_iraq_syria_child_soldiers.

61.Olivia Becker, "ISIS Is Radicalizing Kidnapped Kurdish Students," June 23, 2014; Salma Abdelaziz, "Syrian Radicals 'Brainwash' Kidnapped Kurdish School Children," CNNWorld, June 26, 2014.

62."Maybe We Live and Maybe We Die," Human Rights Watch, June 23, 2014, 24.

63.Brannen, "Children of the Caliphate," 2.

64.The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, ratified in 2002, made the conscription or enlistment of children younger than fifteen into armed forces a war crime. "Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court," International Criminal Court, A/CONF.183/9, July 1, 2002, 8, http://www.icc-cpi.int/nr/rdonlyres/ea9aeff7-5752-4f84-be94-0a655eb30e16/0/rome_statute_english.pdf. That same year the United Nations adopted the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child, which increased the age to eighteen in accordance with their definition of child.

65.R. Brett, "Contribution for Children and Political Violence," WHO Global Report on Violence, Child Soldiering: Questions and Challenges for Health Professionals (2001), 1, as cited in Patricia K. Kerig, Diana C. Bennett, Mamie Thompson, and Stephen P. Becker, " 'Nothing Really Matters': Emotional Numbing as a Link between Trauma Exposure and Callousness in Delinquent Youth," Journal of Traumatic Stress 25, no. 3 (2012): 272.

66."Child Recruitment," Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict, https://childrenandarmedconflict.un.org/effects-of-conflict/six-grave-violations/child-soldiers/, accessed November 28, 2014.

67.Judith Lewis Herman, Trauma and Recovery (New York: Basic Books, 1992).

68.Bessel van der Kolk, "Developmental Trauma Disorder: Towards a Rational Diagnosis for Chronically Traumatized Children," Psychiatric Annals 35 (2005): 4018, as cited in F. Klasen et al., "Posttraumatic Resilience in Former Ugandan Child Soldiers," Child Development 4 (2010): 1097.

69.Fionna Klasen, Gabriele Oettingen, Judith Daniels, and Hubertus Adam, "Multiple Trauma and Mental Health in Former Ugandan Child Soldiers," Journal of Traumatic Stress 23, no. 5 (2010): 573.

70.However, the study team points out that the finding of minimal violence may be an artifact of the sample; the group was living in a special-needs boarding school to help them readjust. Ibid., 578.

71.Theresa S. Betancourt, Ivelina I. Borisova, Marie de la Soudiere, and John Williamson, "Sierra Leone's Child Soldiers: War Exposures and Mental Health Problems by Gender," Journal of Adolescent Health no. 49, (2011): 2128.

72.Theresa S. Betancourt, Elizabeth A. Newnham, Ryan McBain, and Robert T. Brennan, "Post-traumatic stress symptoms among former child soldiers in Sierra Leone: Follow-Up Study," The British Journal of Psychiatry 203, no. 3 (2013): 196202.

73."Diagnostic criteria for PTSD include a history of exposure to a traumatic event that meets specific stipulations and symptoms from each of four symptom cl.u.s.ters: intrusion, avoidance, negative alterations in cognitions and mood, and alterations in arousal and reactivity. The sixth criterion concerns duration of symptoms; the seventh a.s.sesses functioning; and, the eighth criterion clarifies symptoms as not attributable to a substance or co-occurring medical condition." DSM-5 Diagnostic Criteria for PTSD, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, http://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/PTSD-overview/dsm5_criteria_ptsd.asp.

74.Fiona Klasen et al., "Multiple Trauma and Mental Health in Former Ugandan Child Soldiers," 579.

75.Brett T. Litz, Nathan Stein, Eileen Delaney, Leslie Lebowitz, William P. Nash, Caroline Silva, s.h.i.+ra Maguen, "Moral Injury and Moral Repair in War Veterans: A Preliminary and Model and Intervention Strategy," Clinical Psychology Review 29, no. 8 (2009): 695; Jonathan Shay, Odysseus in America: Combat Trauma and the Trials of Homecoming (New York: Scribner, 2010).

76.Examples from the Quran include, "Fight in the cause of G.o.d those who fight you, but do not transgress limits; for G.o.d loveth not transgressors" (2:190). "But if they cease, G.o.d is Oft Forgiving, Most Merciful. And fight them on until there is no more tumult or oppression, and there prevail justice and faith in G.o.d; but if they cease, let there be no hostility except to those who practice oppression" (2:192193). There is also a well-cited Hadith from Abu Bakr al-Siddiq, the first caliph, who said to his army, "I advise you ten things: Do not kill women or children or an aged, infirm person. Do not cut down fruit-bearing trees. Do not destroy an inhabited place. Do not slaughter sheep or camels except for food. Do not burn bees and do not scatter them. Do not steal from the booty, and do not be cowardly." Malik's Muwatta', "Kitab al-Jihad," 21.3.10.

77.Casey T. Taft et al., "Risk Factors for Partner Violence Among a National Sample of Combat Veterans," Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 73, no. 1 (2005): 15159.

78.James Dao, "Drone Pilots Are Found to Get Stress Disorders Much as Those in Combat Do," New York Times, February 22, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/23/us/drone-pilots-found-to-get-stress-disorders-much-as-those-in-combat-do.html?_r=0; Rachel MacNair, Perpetration-Induced Traumatic Stress: The Psychological Consequences of Killing (Westport, CT: Greenwood Publis.h.i.+ng Group, 2002). Rachel MacNair, "Psychological Reverberations for the Killers: Preliminary Historical Evidence for Perpetration-Induced Traumatic Stress," Journal of Genocide Research 3, no. 2 (2001): 27382; S. Maguen et al., "Killing and Latent Cla.s.ses of PTSD Symptoms in Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans," Journal of Affective Disorders 145, no. 3 (2013): 34448; Angela Nickerson et al, "Accidental and Intentional Perpetration of Serious Injury or Death: Correlates and Relations.h.i.+p to Trauma Exposure," Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care 71, no. 6 (2011): 182128; B. Litz et al., "Moral Injury and Moral Repair in War Veterans: A Preliminary Model and Intervention Strategy," Clinical Psychology Review 29, no. 8 (2009): 695706.

79.Roland Weierstall, Claudia Patricia Bueno Castellanos, Frank Neuner, and Thomas Elbert, "Relations Among Appet.i.tive Aggression, Post-Traumatic Stress and Motives for Demobilization: A Study in Former Colombian Combatants," Conflict and Health 7, no. 1 (2013): 9; Roland Weierstall, Maggie Schauer, and Elbert Thomas, "An Appet.i.te for Aggression," Scientific American Mind 24, no. 2 (2013): 46.

80.Steven Pinker refers to this site as the most comprehensive resource he could find: "Abolition of Slavery Timeline," Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolition_of_slavery_timeline, accessed November 29, 2014.

81."Report on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict in Iraq: 6 July10 September 2014," Office for the High Commissioner for Human Rights, September 2014, 15.

82."Who, What, Why: Who are the Yazidis?" BBC Magazine Monitor, August 7, 2014, http://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-magazine-monitor-28686607.

83.Richard Spencer, "ISIL Carried out Ma.s.sacres and Ma.s.s s.e.xual Enslavement of Yazidis, UN Confirms." The Telegraph, October 2014. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/islamic-state/11160906/Isil-carried-out-ma.s.sacres-and-ma.s.s-s.e.xual-enslavement-of-Yazidis-UN-confirms.html; "Transgenerational Transmissions and Chosen Traumas: An Aspect of Large-Group Ident.i.ty" Group a.n.a.lysis 34, (March 2001): 7997.

84."The Revival of Slavery," Dabiq, no. 4 (September 2014): 14.

85.Ibid., 16.

86."Su'al wa-Jawab fi al-Sabi wa Riqab: Questions and Answers on Taking Captives and Slaves," as translated by MEMRI Jihad and Terrorism Monitor, December 4, 2014, http://www.memrijttm.org/about-memri-jttm.html.

87.Ibid.

88.Ibid.

89.Ibid.

90.Ibid.

91.Vamik Volkan, "On Chosen Traumas," Mind and Human Interaction 3, 2013.

92.Email interview with Vamik Volkan, December 30, 2014.

93.Otto F. Kernberg, "Sanctioned Social Violence: A Psychoa.n.a.lytic View, Part 1," 691.

CHAPTER 10. THE COMING FINAL BATTLE?.

1."Articles of Faith," ch. 3 in The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity, Pew Research Center, August 9, 2012; http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-3-articles-of-faith/#end-times.

2.Miraiam Karouny, "Apocalyptic Prophecies Drive Both Sides to Syrian Battle for End of Time," Reuters, April 1, 2014.

3.Jean-Pierre Filiu, Apocalypse in Islam (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011), 70.

4.David Cook, Contemporary Muslim Apocalyptic Literature (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2005), 17374.

5."The Five Letters to the African Corps," translated by the U.S. Defense Department's Harmony Program, AFGP-2002-600053, June 5, 2002, http://selectedwisdom.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/AFGP-2002-600053-trans-Meta.pdf; Vanguards of Khurasan, " 'Vanguards of Khorasan' Editor Promotes al-Qaeda, Revolutions in First Appearance in as-Sahab Video," Global Terrorism Research Project, statement, released June 28, 2013, http://gtrp.haverford.edu/aqsi/aqsi-statement/775; Tara McKelvey, "New Militant Group Khorasan Creates Mystery and Fear," BBC News, September 2014, http://www.bbc.com/news/29334548.

6.Cook, Contemporary Muslim Apocalyptic Literature, 173.

7.William McCants, "The Foreign Policy Essay: The Sectarian Apocalypse," Brookings Inst.i.tution, October 26, 2014. McCants is currently working on a book on the topic of this chapter, which we highly recommend.

8.Ha.s.san Abbas, email communication, December 5, 2014.

9.Cook, Contemporary Muslim Apocalyptic Literature, 217; Filiu, Apocalypse in Islam, 5.

10.Cook, Contemporary Muslim Apocalyptic Literature, 8.

11.Ibid., 9.

12.Filiu, Apocalypse in Islam, 119, 130.

13.Ibid., 119, 139.

14.Karouny, "Apocalyptic Prophecies." A list and interpretation of signs that the end times are imminent can be found, for example, in "The Heart of Islam Is al-Sham and Its Covenant Is Ruling by Islam," Khilafah.com, http://www.khilafah.com/index.php/concepts/islamic-culture/13692-the-heart-of-islam-is-al-sham-and-its-covenant-is-ruling-by-islam, last updated April 5, 2012; "The End of Times and the Signs of the Mahdi," End of Times, http://www.endoftimes.net/03signsofthemahdi05a.html; "Syria (Alsham-the Heartland of Islam)-Is a Sign of Great Coming," Islamicintrospection, http://islamicintrospection.wordpress.com/2013/01/09/syriaalsham-the-heartland-of-islam-is-a-sign-of-great-coming/, last updated January 9, 2013.

15.David Kirkpatrick, "New Freedoms in Tunisia Drive Support for ISIS," New York Times, October 21, 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/22/world/africa/new-freedoms-in-tunisia-drive-support-for-isis.html?_r=0.

16.Ibid.

17.Ibid.

18.Filiu, Apocalypse, 187.

19.Ibid.

20.Mustafa Setmariam Nasar, Part I: The Roots, History and Experiences and Part II: The Call, Program and Method (December 2004): 1518, as cited in Filiu, Apocalypse, 189.

21.David Cook, "Abu Musa'b Al-Suri and Abu Musa'b Al-Zarqawi: The Apocalyptic Theorist and the Apocalyptic Pract.i.tioner," unpublished ms.

22.Ibid.

23.William McCants, "ISIS Fantasies of an Apocalyptic Showdown in Northern Syria," Brookings Inst.i.tution, October 3, 2014, http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/iran-at-saban/posts/2014/10/03-isis-apocalyptic-showdown-syria-mccants.

24.William McCants, "The Foreign Policy Essay.

25.Hannah Allam, "Peter Ka.s.sig's Friends Hope Unusual Islamic State Video Means He Fought His Beheading," McClatchy DC, November 16, 2014, http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2014/11/16/247033/islamic-state-video-claims-beheading.html.

26.Mark Juergensmeyer, Terror in the Mind of G.o.d: The Global Rise of Religious Violence (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000); Robert J. Lifton, Destroying the World to Save It (New York: Henry Holt, 1999).

27.The word cult is no longer used by scholars of religion. There has been academic debate over whether the use of the word cult is derogatory or whether this concern is just academic excessive political correctness. In 2007, though, a study looked at this question by surveying 2,500 people to look at the perspectives of nonacademics. The survey revealed "the remarkably negative view Nebraskans have of cults, [and] their general acceptance of new religious movements." Paul J. Olson, "The Public Perception of 'Cults' and 'New Religious Movements,'" Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 45, no. 1 (2007): 97106. Nonetheless, we will use the term cult here as it is commonly defined, for clarity.

28.John C.Danforth, "Final Report to the Attorney General Concerning the 1993 Confrontation at the Mt. Carmel Complex" [Redacted Version], November 8, 2000, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Danforthreport-final.pdf; 6. Danforth concluded that the U.S. government agents were not responsible for setting the fire. The role of government agents in the siege is still contested.

29.Indeed, David Cook argues that one disadvantage to using apocalyptic teachings for terrorist groups is that it could lead followers to fatalism rather than action.

30."Evidence Indicates Uganda Cult Held an Eerie Prelude to Fire," New York Times, March 26, 2000; "Cult in Uganda Poisoned Many, Police Say," New York Times, July 28, 2000.

31.Michael Barkun, A Culture of Conspiracy: Apocalyptic Visions in Contemporary America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003), 169, as cited in Filiu, Apocalypse, 193.

32.Filiu, Apocalypse, 76.

33.This paragraph summarizes Thomas Hegghammer and Stephane Lacroix, "The Meccan Rebellion," in The Meccan Rebellion (Bristol, England: Amal Press, 2011).

34.Alistair Crooke, "Middle East Time Bomb: The Aim of ISIS Is to Replace the Saud Family as the New Emirs of Arabia," World Post, November 2, 2014, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/alastair-crooke/isis-aim-saudi-arabia_b_5748744.html.

35.Hegghammer and Lacroix, "The Meccan Rebellion."

36.Lorne L. Dawson, "When Prophecy Fails and Faith Persists: A Theoretical Overview," Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions 3, no. 1 (1999): 6082.

37.Examples of millenarian cults that have survived the failure of prophecy include Jehovah's Witnesses, Lubavitcher Hasidim, and the Rouxists. Jehovah's Witnesses are a millenarian, evangelical Christian denomination who believe that the millennium of peace was spiritually laid in 1914, Lubavitcher Hasidim is an Orthodox Jewish movement whose living messiah pa.s.sed away, and the Rouxists are a French messianic movement founded when their leader, George Roux, claimed to be the reincarnation of Christ. Dawson, "When Prophecy Fails and Faith Persists."

38.Ibid.

39.This concept is based primarily on 1 Thessalonians 4:17: "Then we which are alive and remain shall be caught up together with them in the clouds, to meet the Lord in the air: and so shall we ever be with the Lord." As interpreted by Christian fundamentalists, the rapture, which lifts the chosen few out of the mayhem of end-time destruction to meet the returning Messiah, is a reward for their steadfastness. Kerry n.o.bel, Tabernable of Hate: Why They Bombed Oklahoma City (Prescott, Ontario: Voyager, 1998), 120. The Darbyite movement of 1830s1880s was the forerunner to modern Christian fundamentalism and supplied the theological basis for the rise of fundamentalism's emphasis on biblical literalism and inerrancy and the notion of "premillennial dispensationalism"-that Jesus will return prior to his millennial rule, and that mankind has entered the end time after receiving previous "dispensations" from G.o.d in the form of Adam's banishment from Eden, the Flood, and Christ's grace, to which man has failed to respond. Anglican John Nelson Darby's seven dispensations, although reflecting earlier thinking and sources regarding the rapture, premillenialism, and dispensationalism, was original in its focus on the rapture, which became a central feature in his prophetic system, and in his ideas pertaining to ingathering of the Jews and Israel. Charles B. Strozier, On the Psychology of Fundamentalism in America (Boston: Beacon Press, 1994), 18384; James A. Aho, The Politics of Righteousness: Idaho Christian Patriotism (Seattle: University of Was.h.i.+ngton Press, 1990), 5354.