The Conspiracy of Pontiac and the Indian War after the Conquest of Canada Part 15

K.

Kaskaskia, a French settlement, 57, 120.

Kickapoos attack George Croghan, 484, 485.

L.

L'Arbre Croche, a settlement of the Ottawa Indians, 244, 258, 259, 268.

La b.u.t.te, interpreter to Major Gladwyn at Detroit, 171; goes with a message to Pontiac, 178; his fidelity suspected, 182; Major Gladwyn confides in him, 187 note.

Laclede, Pierre, the founder of St. Louis, 463.

Lake George, called Lac St. Sacrement, 97; battle of, 93-96; the lake described, 97; the scene of active warfare, ib.

Lallemant, Gabriel, missionary among the Hurons, tortured with fire, 51; his lingering death, ib.

Lancaster, Pa., jail, Indians lodged there for safety, 362; the jail broken open and the Indians killed, 363, 364; an account of the affair by Franklin, 364 note.

Langlade, Charles, a resident at Mackinaw 251; a witness of the ma.s.sacre and careless about it, 252, 253; kindness of his wife, 254; he surrenders Mr. Henry to his pursuers, 255; saves Henry's life, 256; his heartlessness, 257; he and his father the first white settlers in Wisconsin, 251 note.

La Salle, Robert Cavelier de, his great design, 53; his character, 54; builds his first vessel on the upper lakes, ib.; his voyage on Lakes Erie and Michigan, ib.; penetrates the region of the Illinois, 55; his difficulties and embarra.s.sments, ib.; descends the Mississippi, ib.; reaches its mouth, and takes possession of the whole immense valley for Louis XIV, 56; ruin of his final expedition, ib.; his death, ib.; a further account of him, 456, 457.

La Verandrye attempts to reach the Rocky Mountains, 63; penetrates to the a.s.sinniboin River, ib.

Legends of the Iroquois, their monstrous character, 24, 25, 40; of the Algonquins, 41, 42.

Lenni Lenape, see Delawares.

Leslie, Lieutenant, at Michillimackinac, 250; taken by the Indians, 251, 268.

Loftus, Major, his abortive attempt to ascend the Mississippi, 469, 470.

Loskiel, Moravian missionary, quoted, 282.

Louisiana colonized, 56.

M.

Macdonald, James, of Detroit, his account of the detention of two British officers, 181 note; his account of the death of Capt. Campbell, 222 note.

McDougal, Lieutenant, of Detroit, visits the Indian camp and is treacherously seized, 179; the McDougal MSS. quoted, 189; escapes, 222.

McGregory, Major, attempts the fur-trade, but fails, 63.

Meloche, at his house two British officers are confined, 181, 187; further notice of the house, 230.

Menomonies, their location, 265; friends of the English in Pontiac's war, 268.

Miami nation of Indians, 37; friendly to the English, 78; retained their ancient character, 117.

Miami fort. See Fort Miami.

Michillimackinac, a French settlement and fort, 52, 57; taken possession of by the English, 130; captured by the Indians, 205; the approach to it described, 238; description of the place itself, 239, 249, 263; import of the name, 239; tradition concerning the name, 263 note; early history of the place, 239; its population in 1763, ib.; Indian tribes in the vicinity, 240; they join in the conspiracy of Pontiac, 245; strength of the garrison at the time, 245; warnings of danger, 246; the evening before the ma.s.sacre, 247; the morning of the ma.s.sacre, ball-play, 249; the ma.s.sacre, 251; shocking scenes, 252; followed by an Indian debauch, 256; the Indians leave the place, 264. See Appendix C.

Military honor, Indian idea of it, 146, 184.

Minavavana, the great Ojibwa chief, called also the Grand Sauteur, 241; his interview with Alexander Henry, 241-243; his character and influence, 245; leads the attack on Michillimackinac, 259; his speech to the Ottawas, ib.; releases Mr. Henry, 261; description of him from Carver's Travels, 264 note; comes to Detroit to ask for peace, 487.

Missionary labors among the Indians by the Jesuits, 50 et seq., 64; by the English, 64.

Mohawks, attack the Pen.o.bscot Indians, 19 note.

"Mohog all devil!" 19 note.

Mongrel population, French and Indian, 68, 163.

Monkton, General, reduces Acadia, 92; commands under Wolfe in the expedition against Quebec, 103; in command at Fort Pitt, 126.

Monongahela River, pa.s.sage of by Braddock's army, 87, 89; Battle of, 90-92.

Montcalm (Louis Joseph de St. Veran), Marquis of, takes Oswego, 97; captures Fort William Henry, ib.; repels the attack of General Abercrombie on Ticonderoga, 98, 99; commands the army in opposition to Wolfe, 101; his defeat and death, 109.

Montour, Captain, makes a successful inroad upon the Indians, 356.

Montreal, attack on it by the Iroquois, 61; surrenders to the English forces, 110.

Moravian missions in Pennsylvania, 367; the converts involved in danger from both the French and the English, ib.; murder of some of them, 368; the mission broken up and the converts removed to Philadelphia, 369; sent thence to New York, 374, 375; insulted by the mob, 369; not allowed to enter New York or to stay in New Jersey, 375; brought back to Philadelphia, 376; remain there a whole year, 385.

Morris, Captain, goes on an emba.s.sy to the Illinois country, 407; his interview with Pontiac, 408; holds a council with the Indians, 409; encounters a band of savage warriors, 410; he is a captive among the Indians, 411; expects to be tortured, 412; is released, ib.; abandons his mission and returns to Detroit, 413; reference to his published journals, ib.; returns home, meeting with disaster on the way, 415, 416.

N.

Neutral Nation, why so named, 30; their destruction by the Iroquois, 31.

New England, population contrasted with that of Canada, 47 et seq.; their energy and patient industry, 48; did not obtain Indian lands but by purchase, 70 note.

New York, Province of, suffers from Indian hostilities, 328.

Niagara, French fort there, 46, 57, 62; attack on it by the English, 77; failure of the attack, 92; another attempt, 99; the fort surrenders, 100; great conference of Indians there, 395 et seq.

O.

Ohio River, no Indians dwelt on its banks, 120.

Ohio Company, formed, and for what purpose, 80.

Ohio Valley, proposal to secure it for the English, 80; French settlements there, 57; further encroachments, 74, 80 et seq.; alarm of the Indians of that vicinity, 82; Ohio Indians at war with the English, 111; estimate of their numbers, 115; the Ohio valley described as it was in 1760, 114 et seq.; its population, 114 et seq.; routes of travel, 117; modes of travel, 117-120.

Ojibwa nation of Indians, 38; check the career of Iroquois conquest, ib.; their modes of life, 39; sufferings in winter, ib.; some of them present at the battle of the Monongahela, 88; join Pontiac in his attack on the English, 177, 186; notice of their village on Mackinaw, 240; a party of them described, 241; interview with Alexander Henry, 241-243; their slaughter of the English garrison at Michillimackinac, 250 et seq.; hated by the Dahcotahs, 267; the Ojibwas ask for peace, 351; they consult their oracle, 393; the answer received, 394; peace concluded, 399.

Oneidas, a tribe united in confederacy with four others, 20. See Iroquois.

Onondaga, council-house at, 21 note; description of it, 26, 27 note, 115.

Onondagas, a tribe included in the Confederacy of the Five Nations, 20. See Iroquois.

Oswego, an English fort there, 63; taken by the French, 66, 97, 113.

Ottawas, 38; present at the battle of the Monongahela, 88; led by Pontiac, ib.; their village near Detroit, 163; their attack on Detroit, 177, 180; notice of their village near Mackinaw, 240; a party of them visit Mackinaw and threaten English fur-traders, 244; take English prisoners from the Ojibwas, 258; a party of them take possession of Michillimackinac, 258; collision with the Ojibwas, 258 et seq.; they incite the Delawares to war against the English, 285; the Ottawas refuse to bury the hatchet, 352; they meet Sir William Johnson at Niagara and make peace, 398; at Detroit they meet George Croghan for a like purpose, 488.

Ourry, Captain Lewis, commander at Fort Bedford, 306; his slender force, 306, 307; his correspondence with Col. Bouquet, ib.

Owens, David, diabolically kills and scalps his own Indian wife and several of her relations, 419, 422.

P.

Paully, Ensign, a captive to the Indians, 202; adopted as one of them, 203; makes his escape, 221.

Paxton, in Pennsylvania, character of its inhabitants, 359; its worthy minister, John Elder, 360; a party of men proceed from this place and murder six friendly Indians, 360 et seq.; the survivors of the ma.s.sacre lodged in Lancaster County jail, 362. See Appendix E. The act causes great excitement, 365; the deed justified from Scripture, 366; the rioters march on Philadelphia to kill the Moravian converts, 373; alarm of the citizens, 374, 378; measures for defence, 377; treaty with the rioters, 381; they withdraw, 382; a party of them make prize of Croghan's goods, 476, 477; they escape punishment and set the government at defiance, 478.

p.a.w.nee woman saves the life of Alexander Henry, 252; the p.a.w.nee tribe, 252 note.

Penn, William, his treatment of the Indians, 69; pays twice for his lands, 70 note; his sons pursue a contrary policy, 70.

Pennsylvania, treatment of the Indians in, 69 et seq.; the "walking purchase," 71; shameful conduct of the proprietors, 72, 83; Pennsylvania wasted by Indian war, 111; extent of its settlements in 1760, 278; the province refuses aid to its defenders, 310, 316; distress of the inhabitants on its frontier, 313; the frontier described, 334; origin and character of the inhabitants, ib.; the frontier settlers betake themselves to flight before Indian ravage, 336; general distress, 342; measures of defence opposed by the Quakers in the a.s.sembly, 343; warfare along the Susquehanna, 346 et seq.; contests of the a.s.sembly with the proprietary governors, 349; vigorous measures at length adopted, 376.

Pen.o.bscot Indians attacked by the Mohawks, 19 note.

Philadelphia, a place of outfit for the Indian trade, 118; the Moravian converts removed thither, 369; great alarm felt at the approach of the Paxton boys, 373; the people called to arms, 377; extreme excitement, 378; treaty with the rioters, 381. See Appendix E.

Picquet, a Jesuit missionary, 52; engages in military enterprises, 75.

Pittman, Captain, does not ascend the Mississippi, 470, 471.

Pittsburgh (Fort Du Quesne) occupied by the English, 81; by the French, 87; its capture by General Forbes, 98.

Pontiac, his origin, 139 note; leads the Ottawas out in the attack on Braddock's force, 88, 139; his interview with Rogers, 127; his haughty behavior, 128; his character, 128, 164, 173; submits to the English, 127, 128; his extensive influence among the Indians, 138; his commanding energy, 139; a fierce, wily savage, 139, 164, 173; his great qualities, 139, 192; his enduring fame, 193; in alliance with the French, 139; sends amba.s.sadors to excite the Indians over all the West, 141; listens to the falsehoods of the Canadians, 141; resolves on war with the English, ib.; the proposal accepted, 142; he collects a mult.i.tude of Indians in a council, 151; his appearance, 152; his speech, 153 et seq.; allegory told by him, 153-155; his plan for an attack on Detroit, 156, 157; performs a calumet dance within its walls, 157; Pontiac at home, 164; his plan to seize Detroit, 165, 166; the plot revealed, 166. See Appendix C. Pontiac admitted to the fort, 170, 174; finds that his designs are known, 171; his treachery, 172, 173; scene between him and Gladwyn, 171, 172, 173; Gladwyn permits him to escape, 172, 173; Pontiac throws off the mask, 174; the war begins, 175; Pontiac enraged, 176; the war-dance, ib.; attack on the fort, 177, 178; his duplicity, 179; detains two British officers, 181; threatens to burn Gladwyn alive, 186; visited by a deputation of Canadians, 187-190; his speech to them, 188-190; provides supplies of food for his followers, 190; issues promissory notes for the payment, 191; is desirous of learning war from Europeans, ib.; General Gage's account of him, 191; Major Rogers's account, 192; account of him by William Smith, 192 note; his magnanimity ill.u.s.trated by anecdotes, 193, 194; number of his followers, 203; tries to terrify Gladwyn into a surrender, 216; sends messengers to the Indians of Mackinaw, 245, 263; his long-cherished hopes of a.s.sistance from France come to an end, 352; his message to Gladwyn announcing this result, 352; abandons the siege of Detroit, 353; his interview with Captain Morris on the Maumee River, 408, 409; his hopes crushed, but his spirit whole, 465; goes to the Illinois country, ib.; is aided by the French settlers there, 466; they deceive him with hopes of aid from France, 466; Neyon, the French commandant, discourages him, 467; rouses the tribes of the Illinois to war, 468; sends messengers, with similar intent, to the Indians in Southern Louisiana, 471; and to New Orleans, 472; they return without success, 474; Pontiac saves the life of Lieutenant Fraser, 481; seizes a cargo of English goods, 483; his followers forsake him, and he finds that all is lost, 483; offers the English envoy, Croghan, the calumet of peace, 486; his speech to the Indian tribes a.s.sembled at Detroit, 489; meets Sir William Johnson at Oswego, 493; promises a full compliance with the English demands, 496; still supposed to cherish thoughts of vengeance, 497; visits St. Louis, 498; appears in French uniform, ib.; his a.s.sa.s.sination at Cahokia, 499, 500; buried near St. Louis, 500; his death avenged, 501. See Appendix B. and C.

Post, Christian Frederic, a Moravian missionary, visits the Ohio Indians to detach them from the French interest, 112; extracts from his journal, 112 note; succeeds in his errand, 113.

Pothier, a Jesuit priest, endeavors to restrain the Wyandots from hostilities, 183.

Pottawattamies, kindred of the Ojibwas, 38; located near Detroit, 129, 163; and near the head of Lake Michigan, 204.

Presbyterians of Pennsylvania, their stiffness of character, 335; hated by the Quakers, 366; the Quakers hated by them, 377; mutual recrimination, 384. See Appendix E.

Presqu' Isle, on Lake Erie, fortified by the French, 80, 121; occupied by the English, 126; taken by the Indians, 208; a false report respecting the capture, 286.

Price, Ensign George, commander at Fort Le B[oe]uf, 287; his gallant but unavailing defence, 288, 289; arrives at Fort Pitt, 287, 290.

Prideaux, General, killed at Niagara, 100.

Prophet, among the Delawares: his wide influence, 136; excites the Indians to war, ib.; exhorts them to bury the hatchet, 480.

Q.

Quakers of Pennsylvania: their treatment of the Indians, 69; antic.i.p.ated in their policy by the Puritans of New England, 70; their love of the Indians runs to dangerous extremes, 71; persuade the Indians to cease their hostilities, 111; Quaker a.s.semblymen oppose measures of defence, and justify the Indians in their raids on the settlements, 343, 348; their own security due to their remoteness from the scene of danger, 348; the Quakers alarmed at the approach of the Paxton men, 373; their dilemma, 373; they concur in measures for the defence of Philadelphia, 377; and thus abandon their favorite principle.

Quaker principles no security from the tomahawk, 348 note.

Quebec, strongly fortified, 100; surrenders to the English, 109.

R.

Rangers, description of this species of force, 124; their services, 124; their reputation, ib.; a body of them under Rogers sent to take possession of the western posts, 126.

Rattlesnake superst.i.tiously venerated by the Indians, 395 note, 456 note.

Robertson, Captain, murdered by Indians, 176.

Rogers, Major Robert, commander of the Rangers, 124; described, 124; wanting in correct moral principle, 125; tried for meditated treason, ib.; his miserable end, ib.; his published works, 125, 126 note. See Appendix B. Sent to take possession of the Western posts, 126; pa.s.ses up Lakes Ontario and Erie, ib.; his interview with Pontiac, 127; his statements respecting the detention of two British officers, 181, 182 note; his account of Pontiac, 192; Rogers and Pontiac, 193; comes to Detroit with a reinforcement, 227; engaged in the fight at b.l.o.o.d.y Bridge, 231, 232, 233.

"Royal Americans," a regiment so denominated, 298; of what material composed, ib.

Rum: a proposal to exterminate the Indians by the free sale of this article, 353 note.

S.

Sacs and Foxes, their location, 265; defeated by the French near Detroit, 189 note; a party of Sacs visit Michillimackinac, 249.

Sandusky, fort, captured by the Indians, 203.

Sault Ste. Marie, a military post, 239; abandoned by the English, 265.

Schlosser, Ensign, taken prisoner by Indians, 204, 205.

School children, with their master, murdered and scalped by the Indians, 338, 339.

Schoolcraft, Henry R., quoted, 17, 22, 24, 164, 166.

Scotch-Irish in Pennsylvania, 335; their peculiarities, ib.

Seneca Indians join in the plot against the English, 137, 142; a party of them take and destroy Venango, 290, 296; destroy a convoy at the Devil's Hole, 331; make peace with the English, 397. See Iroquois.

Shawanoes, scattered widely after their defeat by the Iroquois, 37; driven again from their homes, 74; carry on hostilities against the English, 111; their number estimated, 115; their villages, 117; Colonel Bouquet compels them to sue for peace, 436.

s.h.i.+ppen, Edward, a magistrate of Lancaster, gives to Governor Bain an account of the ma.s.sacre in Lancaster jail, 364 note. See Appendix E.