Latin for Beginners Part 43

_a._ The compounds of > with prepositions usually form the pa.s.sive regularly, as,

_Active_ > _Pa.s.sive_ >

[ Conjugation given in --500:

PRINc.i.p.aL PARTS >

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE IMPERATIVE _Pres._ fio ---- fiam _2d Pers._ fi fite fis ---- fit fiunt _Impf._ fiebam fierem _Fut._ fiam ----

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE _Perf._ factus, -a, -um sum factus, -a, -um sim _Plup._ factus, -a, -um eram factus, -a, -um essem _F.P._ factus, -a, -um ero

INFINITIVE PARTICIPLES _Pres._ fieri _Perf._ factus, -a, -um _Perf._ factus, -a, -um esse _Ger._ faciendus, -a, -um _Fut._ [[factum iri]]]

<384.>> Observe the following sentences:

1. >, _the terror was so great that all fled._

2. >, _the terror was so great that the soldiers did not easily recover themselves._

3. >, _terror caused all to flee_ (lit. _made that all fled_).

_a._ Each of these sentences is complex, containing a princ.i.p.al clause and a subordinate clause.

_b._ The princ.i.p.al clause names a cause and the subordinate clause states the _consequence_ or _result_ of this cause.

_c._ The subordinate clause has its verb in the subjunctive, though it is translated like an indicative. The construction is called the _subjunctive of consequence or result_, and the clause is called a consecutive or result clause.

_d._ In the last example the clause of result is the object of the verb >.

_e._ The conjunction introducing the consecutive or result clause is > = _so that_; negative, > = _so that not_.

<385.>> RULE. > _Consecutive clauses of result are introduced by > or > and have the verb in the subjunctive._

<386.>> RULE. _Object clauses of result with > or > are found after verbs of > or
>._

<387.>>

> There is great similarity in the expression of purpose and of result in Latin. If the sentence is affirmative, both purpose and result clauses may be introduced by >; but if the sentence is negative, the purpose clause has > and the result clause >. Result clauses are often preceded in the main clause by such words as >, >, > (_so_), and these serve to point them out. Compare

_a._ > _He was so severely wounded that he was captured_ _b._ > _He was severely wounded in order that he might be captured_

Which sentence contains a result clause, and how is it pointed out?

<388.>> EXERCISES

I. 1. Fit, fiet, ut fiat, fiebamus. 2. Fio, fies, ut fierent, fieri, fiunt. 3. Fietis, ut fiamus, fis, fiemus. 4. Milites erant tam tardi ut ante noctem in castra non pervenirent. 5. Sol facit ut omnia sint pulchra. 6. Eius modi pericula erant ut nemo proficisci vellet.

7. Equites hostium c.u.m equitatu nostro in itinere contenderunt, ita tamen[1] ut nostri omnibus in partibus superiores essent. 8. Virtus militum nostrorum fecit ut hostes ne unum quidem[2] impetum sustinerent.

9. Homines erant tam audaces ut nullo modo contineri possent.

10. Spatium erat tam parvum ut milites tela iacere non facile possent.

11. Hoc proelio facto barbari ita perterriti sunt ut ab ultimis gentibus legati ad Caesarem mitterentur. 12. Hoc proelium factum est ne legati ad Caesarem mitterentur.

[Footnote 1: >, _with such a result however_.]

[Footnote 2: >, _not even_. The emphatic word is placed between.]

II. 1. It will happen, they were being made, that it may happen. 2. It happens, he will be made, to happen. 3. They are made, we were being made, lest it happen. 4. The soldiers are so brave that they conquer.

5. The soldiers are brave in order that they may conquer. 6. The fortification was made so strong that it could not be taken. 7. The fortification was made strong in order that it might not be taken.

8. After the town was taken,[3] the townsmen feared that they would be made slaves. 9. What state is so weak that it is unwilling to defend itself?

[Footnote 3: Ablative absolute.]

LESSON LXIX

THE SUBJUNCTIVE OF CHARACTERISTIC OR DESCRIPTION THE PREDICATE ACCUSATIVE

<389.>> Akin to the subjunctive of consequence or result is the use of the subjunctive in clauses of characteristic or description.

This construction is ill.u.s.trated in the following sentences:

1. > _who is there who does not love his own home?_

2. >, _there were (some) who were unwilling to do this._

3. >, _you are not such a one as to_, or _you are not the man to, betray your friends._

4. >, _I see nothing to fear_ (nothing of such as character as to fear it).

_a._ Each of these examples contains a descriptive relative clause which tells what kind of a person or thing the antecedent is. To express this thought the subjunctive is used. A relative clause that merely states a fact and does not describe the antecedent uses the indicative. Compare the sentences

_Caesar is the man who is leading us_, > (mere statement of fact, no description, with the indicative) _Caesar is the man to lead us_, > (descriptive relative clause with the subjunctive)

_b._ Observe that in this construction a demonstrative p.r.o.noun and a relative, as is >, are translated _such a one as to, the man to_.

_c._ In which of the following sentences would you use the indicative and in which the subjunctive?

_These are not the men who did this_ _These are not the men to do this_

<390.>> RULE. > _A relative clause with the subjunctive is often used to describe an antecedent. This is called the >._

<391.>> Observe the sentences

1. Romani > fecerunt, _the Romans made >_.

2. > a Romanis factus est, _> was made > by the Romans_.

_a._ Observe in 1 that the transitive verb >, _made_, has two objects: (1) the direct object, >; (2) a second object, >, referring to the same person as the direct object and completing the predicate. The second accusative is called a Predicate Accusative.

_b._ Observe in 2 that when the verb is changed to the pa.s.sive both of the accusatives become nominatives, the _direct object_ becoming the _subject_ and the _predicate accusative_ the _predicate nominative_.

<392.>> RULE. > _Verbs of >, >, >, >, and the like, may take a predicate accusative along with the direct object. With the pa.s.sive voice the two accusatives become nominatives._