Latin for Beginners Part 38

Learn the synopses of these verbs. (See --493.)

> is conjugated like the pa.s.sive of > (--492).

<340.>> PREPOSITIONS WITH THE ACCUSATIVE

The prepositions with the accusative that occur most frequently are

>, _around_ >, _against, contrary to_ >, _outside of_ >, _into, in, against, upon_ >, _between, among_ >, _within_ >, _on account of_ (>, _wherefore, therefore_)

>, _through, by means of_

>, _after, behind_

>, _on account of, because of_ >, _across, over_

_a._ Most of these you have had before. Review the old ones and learn the new ones. Review the list of prepositions governing the ablative, --209.

<341.>> EXERCISES

First learn the special vocabulary, p. 298.

I. 1. Tres ex legatis, contra Caesaris opinionem, iter facere per hostium finis verebantur. 2. Quis eos hortatus est? Imperator eos hortatus est et iis persuadere conatus est, sed non potuit. 3. Quid legatos perterruit? Aut timor hostium, qui undique premebant, aut longitudo viae eos perterruit. 4. Tamen omnes fere Caesarem multo magis quam hostis veriti sunt. 5. Fortissimae gentes Galliae ex Germanis oriebantur. 6. Quam ob rem tam fortes erant? Quia nec vinum nec alia quae virtutem delent ad se portari patiebantur. 7. Caesar ex mercatoribus de insula Britannia quaesivit, sed nihil cognoscere potuit.

8. Itaque ipse statuit hanc terram petere, et media fere aestate c.u.m multis navibus longis profectus est. 9. Magna celeritate iter confecit et in opportunissimo loco egressus est. 10. Barbari summis viribus eum ab insula prohibere conati sunt. 11. Ille autem barbaros multa milia pa.s.suum insecutus est; tamen sine equitatu eos consequi non potuit.

II. 1. Contrary to our expectation, the enemy fled and the cavalry followed close after them. 2. From all parts of the mult.i.tude the shouts arose of those who were being wounded. 3. Caesar did not allow the cavalry to pursue too far.[1] 4. The cavalry set out at the first hour and was returning[2] to camp at the fourth hour. 5. Around the Roman camp was a rampart twelve feet high. 6. Caesar will delay three days because of the grain supply. 7. Nearly all the lieutenants feared the enemy and attempted to delay the march.

[Footnote 1: Comparative of >.]

[Footnote 2: Will this be a deponent or an active form?]

>

[Ill.u.s.tration]

PART III

CONSTRUCTIONS

INTRODUCTORY NOTE

The preceding part of this book has been concerned chiefly with forms and vocabulary. There remain still to be learned the forms of the Subjunctive Mood, the Participles, and the Gerund of the regular verb, and the conjugation of the commoner irregular verbs. These will be taken up in connection with the study of constructions, which will be the chief subject of our future work. The special vocabularies of the preceding lessons contain, exclusive of proper names, about six hundred words. As these are among the commonest words in the language, _they must be mastered_. They properly form the basis of the study of words, and will be reviewed and used with but few additions in the remaining lessons.

For practice in reading and to ill.u.s.trate the constructions presented, a continued story has been prepared and may be begun at this point (see p.

204). It has been divided into chapters of convenient length to accompany progress through the lessons, but may be read with equal profit after the lessons are finished. The story gives an account of the life and adventures of Publius Cornelius Lentulus, a Roman boy, who fought in Caesar's campaigns and shared in his triumph. The colored plates ill.u.s.trating the story are faithful representations of ancient life and are deserving of careful study.

LESSON LXI

THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD

<342.>> In addition to the indicative, imperative, and infinitive moods, which you have learned, Latin has a fourth mood called the subjunctive.

The tenses of the subjunctive are

PRESENT } IMPERFECT } ACTIVE AND Pa.s.sIVE PERFECT } PLUPERFECT }

<343.>> The tenses of the subjunctive have the same time values as the corresponding tenses of the indicative, and, in addition, _each of them may refer to future time_. No meanings of the tenses will be given in the paradigms, as the translation varies with the construction used.

<344.>> The present subjunctive is inflected as follows:

CONJ. I CONJ. II CONJ. III CONJ. IV ACTIVE VOICE SINGULAR 1. a'mem mo'neam re'gam ca'piam au'diam 2. a'mes mo'neas re'gas ca'pias au'dias 3. a'met mo'neat re'gat ca'piat au'diat

PLURAL 1. ame'mus monea'mus rega'mus capia'mus audia'mus 2. ame'tis monea'tis rega'tis capia'tis audia'tis 3. a'ment mo'neant re'gant ca'piant au'diant

Pa.s.sIVE VOICE SINGULAR 1. a'mer mo'near re'gar ca'piar au'diar 2. ame'ris monea'ris rega'ris capia'ris audia'ris (-re) (-re) (-re) (-re) (-re) 3. ame'tur monea'tur rega'tur capia'tur audia'tur

PLURAL 1. ame'mur monea'mur rega'mur capia'mur audia'mur 2. ame'mini monea'mini rega'mini capia'mini audia'mini 3. amen'tur monean'tur regan'tur capian'tur audian'tur

_a._ The present subjunctive is formed from the present stem.

_b._ The mood sign of the present subjunctive is <-e->> in the first conjugation and <-a->> in the others. It is shortened in the usual places (cf. --12), and takes the place of the final vowel of the stem in the first and third conjugations, but not in the second and fourth.

_c._ The personal endings are the same as in the indicative.

_d._ In a similar way inflect the present subjunctive of >, >, >, >, >.

<345.>> The present subjunctive of the irregular verb > is inflected as follows:

{ 1. sim { 1. simus SING. { 2. sis PLURAL { 2. sitis { 3. sit { 3. sint

<346.>> >

1. The two most important of the finite moods are the indicative and the subjunctive. The indicative deals with facts either real or a.s.sumed. If, then, we wish to a.s.sert something as a fact or to inquire after a fact, we use the indicative.

2. On the other hand, if we wish to express a _desire_ or _wish_, a _purpose_, a _possibility_, an _expectation_, or some such notion, we must use the subjunctive. The following sentences ill.u.s.trate the difference between the indicative and the subjunctive ideas.

INDICATIVE IDEAS SUBJUNCTIVE IDEAS

1. _He is brave_ 1. _May he be brave_ > > (idea of wis.h.i.+ng) 2. _We set out at once_ 2. _Let us set out at once_ > > (idea of willing) 3. _You hear him every day_ 3. _You can hear him every day_ > > (idea of possibility) 4. _He remained until the s.h.i.+p_ 4. _He waited until the s.h.i.+p_ _arrived_ _should arrive_ > >[1]

(idea of expectation) 5. _Caesar sends men who find the_ 5. _Caesar sends men_ _bridge_ _who are to find_ (or _to find_) _the bridge_ > >

>

> (idea of purpose)

[Footnote 1:

>, imperfect subjunctive.]

NOTE. From the sentences above we observe that the subjunctive may be used in either independent or dependent clauses; but it is far more common in the latter than in the former.

<347.>> EXERCISE

Which verbs in the following paragraph would be in the indicative and which in the subjunctive in a Latin translation?

There have been times in the history of our country when you might be proud of being an American citizen. Do you remember the day when Dewey sailed into Manila Bay to capture or destroy the enemy's fleet? You might have seen the admiral standing on the bridge calmly giving his orders. He did not even wait until the mines should be removed from the harbor's mouth, but sailed in at once. Let us not despair of our country while such valor exists, and may the future add new glories to the past.