Latin for Beginners Part 27

>, _baggage_ >, m., _commander in chief, general_ (emperor) >, f., _legion_ >, f., _mother_ (maternal) >, m., _row, rank_ (order)

>, m., _father_ (paternal) >, f., _safety_ (salutary) >, f., _sister_ (sorority)

CLa.s.s II

<235.>> Consonant stems that add no termination in the nominative are declined in the other cases exactly like those that add <-s.>> They may be masculine, feminine, or neuter.

<236.>> PARADIGMS

MASCULINES AND FEMININES

>, >, f., >,

>, m., m., _consul_ _legion_ m., _row_ _father_ BASES OR STEMS > > >

>

SINGULAR TERMINATIONS M. AND F.

_Nom._ consul legio ordo pater -- _Gen._ consulis legionis ordinis patris -is _Dat._ consuli legioni ordini patri -i _Acc._ consulem legionem ordinem patrem -em _Abl._ consule legione ordine patre -e

PLURAL _Nom._ consules legiones ordines patres -es _Gen._ consulum legionum ordinum patrum -um _Dat._ consulibus legionibus ordinibus patribus -ibus _Acc._ consules legiones ordines patres -es _Abl._ consulibus legionibus ordinibus patribus -ibus

1. With the exception of the nominative, the terminations are exactly the same as in Cla.s.s I, and the base or stem is found in the same way.

2. Masculines and feminines with bases or stems in -in- and -on- drop -n- and end in -o in the nominative, as legio (base or stem legion-), ordo (base or stem ordin-).

3. Bases or stems in -tr- have -ter in the nominative, as pater (base or stem patr-).

4. Note how the genitive singular gives the clue to the whole declension. _Always learn this with the nominative._

<237.>> EXERCISES

First learn the special vocabulary, p. 291.

I. 1. Audisne tubas, Marce? Non solum tubas audio sed etiam ordines militum et carros impedimentorum plenos videre possum. 2.Quas legiones videmus? Eae legiones nuper ex Gallia venerunt. 3. Quid ibi fecerunt?

Studebantne pugnare an sine virtute erant? 4.Multa proelia fecerunt[1]

et magnas victorias et multos captivos reportaverunt. 5.Quis est imperator earum legionum? Caesar, summus Romanorum imperator. 6.Quis est eques qui pulchram coronam gerit? Is eques est frater meus. Ei corona a consule data est quia summa virtute pugnaverat et a barbaris patriam servaverat.

II. 1. Who has seen my father to-day? 2. I saw him just now (>).

He was hastening to your dwelling with your mother and sister. 3. When men are far from the fatherland and lack food, they cannot be restrained[2] from wrong[3]. 4. The safety of the soldiers is dear to Caesar, the general. 5. The chiefs were eager to storm a town full of grain which was held by the consul. 6. The king forbade the baggage of the captives to be destroyed.

[Footnote 1:

> = _to fight a battle._]

[Footnote 2: > Cf. --180.]

[Footnote 3: Abl. iniuria.]

LESSON XLI

THE THIRD DECLENSION CONSONANT STEMS (_Concluded_)

[Special Vocabulary]

>, f., _loss, disaster, defeat_ (calamity) >, n., _head_ (capital) >, n., _river_ (flume) >, m., _labor, toil_ >, n., _work, task_ >, m., _orator_ >, f., _bank_ (of a stream) >, n., _time_ (temporal) >, m., _terror, fear_ >, m., _victor_

>, _strengthen, establish, encourage_ (confirm)

<238.>> Neuter consonant stems add no termination in the nominative and are declined as follows:

>, >, >, >, n., _river_ n., _time_ n., _work_ n., _head_ BASES OR STEMS > > > >

SINGULAR TERMINATIONS _Nom._ flumen tempus opus caput -- _Gen._ fluminis temporis operis capitis -is _Dat._ flumini temperi operi capiti -i _Acc._ flumen tempus opus caput -- _Abl._ flumine tempore opere capite -e

PLURAL _Nom._ flumina tempora opera capita -a _Gen._ fluminum temporum operum capitum -um _Dat._ fluminibus temporibus operibus capitibus -ibus _Acc._ flumina tempora opera capita -a _Abl._ fluminibus temporibus operibus capitibus -ibus

1. Review --74 and apply the rules to this declension.

2. Bases or stems in -in- have -e- instead of -i- in the nominative, as flumen, base or stem flumin-.

3. Most bases or stems in -er- and -or- have -us in the nominative, as opus, base or stem oper-; tempus, base or stem tempor-.

<239.>> EXERCISES

First learn the special vocabulary, p. 292.

I. 1. Barbari ubi Romam ceperunt, maxima regum opera deleverunt.

2. Romani multas calamitates a barbaris acceperunt. 3. Ubi erat summus terror apud oppidanos, animi dubii eorum ab oratore claro confirmati sunt. 4. Roma est in ripis fiuminis magni. 5. Ubi Caesar imperator milites suos arma capere iussit, ii a proelio contineri non potuerunt.

6. Ubi proelium factum est, imperator reperiri non potuit. 7. Imperator sagitta in capite vulneratus erat et stare non poterat. 8. Eum magno labore pedes ex proelio portavit. 9. Is bracchiis suis imperatorem tenuit et eum ex periculis summis servavit. 10. Virtute sua bonus miles ab imperatore coronam accepit.

II. 1. The consul placed a crown on the head of the victor. 2. Before the gates he was received by the townsmen. 3. A famous orator praised him and said, "By your labors you have saved the fatherland from disaster." 4. The words of the orator were pleasing to the victor.

5. To save the fatherland was a great task.

[Ill.u.s.tration: Corona]

LESSON XLII

REVIEW LESSON

<240.>> Review the paradigms in ----233, 236, 238; and decline all nouns of the third declension in this selection.

TERROR CIMBRICUS[1]

Olim Cimbri et Teutones, populi Germaniae, c.u.m feminis liberisque Italiae adpropinquaverant et copias Romanas maximo proelio vicerant. Ubi fuga legionum nuntiata est, summus erat terror totius Romae, et Romani, graviter commoti, sacra crebra deis faciebant et salutem petebant.

Tum Manlius orator animos populi ita confirmavit:--"Magnam calamitatem accepimus. Oppida nostra a Cimbris Teutonibusque capiuntur, agricolae interficiuntur, agri vastantur, copiae barbarorum Romae adpropinquant.

Itaque, nisi novis animis proelium novum faciemus et Germanos ex patria nostra sine mora agemus, erit nulla salus feminis nostris liberisque.

Servate liberos! Servate patriam! Antea superati sumus quia imperatores nostri fuerunt infirmi. Nunc Marius, clarus imperator, qui iam multas alias victorias reportavit, legiones ducet et animos nostros terrore Cimbrico liberare maturabit."

Marius tum in Africa bellum gerebat. Sine mora ex Africa in Italiam vocatus est. Copias novas non solum toti Italiae sed etiam provinciis sociorum imperavit.[2] Disciplina autem dura laboribusque perpetuis milites exercuit. Tum c.u.m peditibus equitibusque, qui iam proelio studebant, ad Germanorum castra celeriter properavit. Diu et acriter pugnatum est.[3] Denique barbari fugerunt et multi in fuga ab equitibus sunt interfecti. Marius pater patriae vocatus est.

[Footnote 1: About the year 100 B.C. the Romans were greatly alarmed by an invasion of barbarians from the north known as Cimbri and Teutons. They were traveling with wives and children, and had an army of 300,000 fighting men. Several Roman armies met defeat, and the city was in a panic. Then the Senate called upon Marius, their greatest general, to save the country. First he defeated the Teutons in Gaul. Next, returning to Italy, he met the Cimbri. A terrible battle ensued, in which the Cimbri were utterly destroyed; but the _terror Cimbricus_ continued to haunt the Romans for many a year thereafter.]

[Footnote 2: _He made a levy_ (of troops) _upon_, > with the acc. and the dat.]