A History of China Part 29

If the rate of increase of about 2 per cent per year has remained the same, the population of mainland China in 1960 may be close to 680 million. In general see P.T. Ho. _Studies on the Population of China, 1368-1953_, Cambridge, Ma.s.s., 1960.

p. 276: Based upon my own research.--A different view of the development of Chinese industry is found in Norman Jacobs, _Modern Capitalism and Eastern Asia_, Hong Kong 1958. Jacobs attempted a comparison of China with j.a.pan and with Europe. Different again is Marion Levy and s.h.i.+h Kuo-heng, _The Rise of the Modern Chinese Business Cla.s.s_, New York 1949. Both books are influenced by the sociological theories of T.

Parsons.

p. 277: The Dzungars (Dsunghar; Chun-ko-erh) are one of the four olot (Oirat) groups. I am here using studies by E. Haenisch and W. Fuchs.

p. 278: Tibetan-Chinese relations have been studied by L. Petech, _China and Tibet in the Early 18th Century_, Leiden 1950. A collection of data is found in M.W. Fisher and L.E. Rose, _England, India, Nepal, Tibet, China, 1765-1958_, Berkeley 1959. For diplomatic relations and tributary systems of this period, I referred to J.K. Fairbank and Teng Ssu-yu.

p. 279: For Ku Yen-wu, I used the work by H. Wilhelm.--A man who deserves special mention in this period is the scholar Huang Tsung-hsi (1610-1695) as the first Chinese who discussed the possibility of a non-monarchic form of government in his treatise of 1662. For him see Lin Mou-sheng, _Men and Ideas_, New York 1942, and especially W.T. de Bary in J.K. Fairbank, _Chinese Thought and Inst.i.tutions_, Chicago 1957.

pp. 280-1: On Liang see now J.R. Levenson, _Liang Ch'i-ch'ao and the Mind of Modern China_, London 1959.

p. 282: It should also be pointed out that the Yung-cheng emperor was personally more inclined towards Lamaism.--The Kalmuks are largely identical with the above-mentioned olot.

p. 286: The existence of _hong_ is known since 1686, see P'eng Tse-i and w.a.n.g Chu-an's recent studies. For details on foreign trade see H.B.

Morse, _The Chronicles of the East India Company Trading to China 1635-1834_, Oxford 1926, 4 vols., and J.K. Fairbank, _Trade and Diplomacy on the China Coast. The Opening of the Treaty Ports, 1842-1854_, Cambridge, Ma.s.s., 1953, 2 vols.--For Lin I used G.W.

Overdijkink's study.

p. 287: On customs read St. F. Wright, _Hart and the Chinese Customs_, Belfast 1950.

p. 288: For early industry see A. Feuerwerker, _China's Early Industrialization: Sheng Hsuan-huai (1844-1916_), Cambridge, Ma.s.s., 1958.

p. 289: The Chinese source materials for the Mohammedan revolts have recently been published, but an a.n.a.lysis of the importance of the revolts still remains to be done.--On T'ai-p'ing much has been published, especially in the last years in China, so that all doc.u.ments are now available. I used among other studies, details brought out by Lo Hsiang-lin and Jen Yu-wen.

p. 291: For Tseng Kuo-fan see W.J. Hail, _Tseng Kuo-fan and the T'ai-p'ing Rebellion_, New Haven 1927, but new research on him is about to be published.--The Nien-fei had some connection with the White Lotus, and were known since 1814, see Chiang Siang-tseh, _The Nien Rebellion_, Seattle 1954.

p. 292: Little is known about Salars, Dungans and Yakub Beg's rebellion, mainly because relevant Turkish sources have not yet been studied. On Salars see L. Schram, _The Monguors of Kansu_, Philadelphia 1954, p. 23 and P. Pelliot; on Dungans see I. Grebe.

p. 293: On Tso Tsung-t'ang see G. Ch'en, _Tso Tung T'ang, Pioneer Promotor of the Modern Dockyard and Woollen Mill in China_, Peking 1938, and _Yenching Journal of Soc. Studies_, vol. I.

p. 294: For the T'ung-chih period, see now Mary C. Wright, _The Last Stand of Chinese Conservativism. The T'ung-chih Restoration, 1862-1874_, Stanford 1957.

p. 295: Ryukyu is Chinese: Liu-ch'iu; Okinawa is one of the islands of this group.--Formosa is Chinese: T'ai-wan (Taiwan). Korea is Chinese: Chao-hsien, j.a.panese: Chosen.

p. 297: M.C. Wright has shown the advisers around the ruler before the Empress Dowager realized the severity of the situation.--Much research is under way to study the beginning of industrialization of j.a.pan, and my opinions have changed greatly, due to the research done by j.a.panese scholars and such Western scholars as H. Rosovsky and Th. Smith. The eminent role of the lower aristocracy has been established. Similar research for China has not even seriously started. My remarks are entirely preliminary.

p. 298: For K'ang Yo-wei, I use work done by O. Franke and others. See M.E. Cameron, _The Reform Movement in China, 1898-1921_, Stanford 1921.

The best bibliography for this period is J.K. Fairbank and Liu Kw.a.n.g-ching, _Modern China: A Bibliographical Guide to Chinese Works, 1898-1937_, Cambridge, Ma.s.s., 1950. The political history of the time, as seen by a Chinese scholar, is found in Li Chien-nung, _The Political History of China 1840-1928_, Princeton 1956.--For the social history of this period see Chang Chung-li, _The Chinese Gentry_, Seattle 1955.--For the history of Tz[)u] Hsi Bland-Backhouse, _China under the Empress Dowager_, Peking 1939 (Third ed.) is antiquated, but still used. For some of K'ang Yo-wei's ideas, see now K'ang Yo-wei: _Ta T'ung Shu. The One World Philosophy of K'ang Yu Wei_, London 1957.

_Chapter Eleven_

p. 305: I rely here partly upon W. Franke's recent studies. For Sun Yat-sen (Sun I-hsien; also called Sun Chung-shan) see P. Linebarger, _Sun Yat-sen and the Chinese Republic_, Cambridge, Ma.s.s., 1925 and his later _The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen_, Baltimore 1937.--Independently, Ataturk in Turkey developed a similar theory of the growth of democracy.

p. 306: On student activities see Kiang Wen-han, _The Ideological Background of the Chinese Student Movement_, New York 1948.

p. 307: On Hu s.h.i.+h see his own _The Chinese Renaissance_, Chicago 1934 and J. de Francis, _Nationalism and Language Reform in China_, Princeton 1950.

p. 310: The declaration of Independence of Mongolia had its basis in the early treaty of the Mongols with the Manchus (1636): "In case the Tai Ch'ing Dynasty falls, you will exist according to previous basic laws"

(R.J. Miller, _Monasteries and Culture Change in Inner Mongolia_, Wiesbaden 1959, p. 4).

p. 315: For the military activities see F.F. Liu, _A Military History of Modern China, 1924-1949_, Princeton 1956. A Marxist a.n.a.lysis of the 1927 events is Manabendra Nath Roy, _Revolution and Counter-Revolution in China_, Calcutta 1946; the relevant doc.u.ments are translated in C.

Brandt, B. Schwartz, J.K. Fairbank, _A Doc.u.mentary History of Chinese Communism_, Cambridge, Ma.s.s., 1952.

_Chapter Twelve_

For Mao Tse-tung, see B. Schwartz, _Chinese Communism and the Rise of Mao_, second ed., Cambridge, Ma.s.s., 1958. For Mao's early years; see J.E. Rue, _Mao Tse-tung in Opposition_, 1927-1935, Stanford 1966. For the civil war, see L.M. Cha.s.sin, _The Communist Conquest of China: A History of the Civil War, 1945-1949_, Cambridge, Ma.s.s., 1965. For brief information on communist society, see Franz Schurmann and Orville Sch.e.l.l, _The China Reader_, vol. 3, _Communist China_, New York 1967.

For problems of organization, see Franz Schurmann, _Ideology and Organization in Communist China_, Berkeley 1966. For cultural and political problems, see Ho Ping-ti, _China in Crisis_, vol. 1, _China's Heritage and the Communist Political System_, Chicago 1968. For a sympathetic view of rural life in communist China, see J. Myrdal, _Report from a Chinese Village_, New York 1966; for Taiwanese village life, see Bernard Gallin, _Hsin Hsing, Taiwan: A Chinese Village in Change_, Berkeley 1966.