Old and New Paris Part 17

or, to give something like an equivalent in English:--

"Here have set up the builders with their trowels A King of bra.s.s who's neither heart nor bowels."

A philosopher who seems to have foreseen what he fancied was by no means apparent to Louis XV.--that the ancient _regime_ was coming to an end--placed a bandage round the eyes of the statue with these words inscribed on it:--

"Have pity on a poor blind man!"

This, however, is inconsistent with the tradition which attributes to him the saying, more generally believed to have been Metternich's, "Apres moi le deluge!"

[Ill.u.s.tration: THE MADELEINE.]

[Ill.u.s.tration: INTERIOR OF THE MADELEINE.]

The open s.p.a.ce was now to be marked in by ornamental limits; and the architects were working at the railings and walls, when, on the night of the 30th of May, 1770, a frightful catastrophe took place.

To celebrate the marriage of the Dauphin, afterwards Louis XVI., with the Archd.u.c.h.ess Marie Antoinette of Austria, the town of Paris had prepared a magnificent fete, of which the princ.i.p.al attraction was to be a display of fireworks under the direction of the famous Italian pyrotechnist, Ruggieri, perfecter of an art first introduced into France (like so many others) by his ingenious countrymen. Three centuries earlier, in 1465, it should be said, when fireworks were for the first time seen in France, much excitement and some accidents, though no fatal ones, were in like manner caused. After the battle of Montlehry, when the troops of Louis XI. retired to Corbeil, and the great n.o.blemen who had been leagued against him to etampes, the Duke of Berri and the Comte de Charolais took their places at the window of a house in the last-named town and looked out together on the soldiers and the mob who filled the streets. Suddenly a dart of fire was seen flas.h.i.+ng and curling in the air, which, taking the direction of the window where the prince and the count were seated, struck against it with a violent explosion. The two n.o.blemen were filled with alarm, and the Comte de Charolais in his fright ordered the Seigneur Contay to call out all the troops of the household, the archers of his body-guard, and others. The Duke of Berri gave like orders to all the troops under his command; and in a few minutes two or three bodies of armed men, with a great number of archers, were seen in front of the residence, making every endeavour to find out whence the marvellous and terrible apparition of fire could have proceeded. It was regarded as a diabolical device magically directed against the persons of the Comte de Charolais and the Duke of Berri. After close investigation it was discovered that the author of the marvel productive of so much alarm was a Breton known as Jean Boute-Feu, otherwise Jean des Serpents, so called from his having invented the kind of firework which still bears the name of "serpent."

Jean threw himself at the feet of the princes, confessed to them that he had indeed fired rockets into the air, but added that his intention had been to amuse, not injure, them. Then, to prove that his fireworks were harmless, he let off three or four of them in presence of the princes, which quite destroyed the suspicions formed against him. Everyone now began to laugh. Much trepidation had meanwhile been caused by a very trifling incident.

But let us return to the year 1770 and the fete on the Place Louis XV.

All was going well, when suddenly a gust of wind blew down among the crowd some rockets only partially exploded. Fireworks, like so many inventions of Italian origin, were still, to the ma.s.s of the French public, a comparative novelty; and this, together with the positive inconvenience and even danger of a fall of blazing missiles in the midst of thousands of excited and closely-packed spectators, was quite enough to account for the terrible confusion, resulting in many hundreds of fatal accidents, which now ensued.

There was, in the first place, a general rush towards the Rue Royale, far too narrow to receive such an invasion; and in the crush numbers of women fainted, fell, and were trampled to death. To make matters worse the stream of persons pressing into the Rue Royale was met by a counter-stream, advancing, in ignorance of what had taken place, to the Place de la Concorde. Even these, who were not in imminent peril, were now affected by a panic which soon became universal. In the midst of shrieks and groans some desperate men drew their swords and endeavoured to cut for themselves a pa.s.sage through the dense ma.s.s by which they were surrounded. "I know many persons," says Mercier, in his "Tableau de Paris," "who thirty months after these frightful scenes still bore the marks of objects which had been crushed into them. Some lingered on for ten years and then died. I may say without exaggeration that in the general panic and crush more than twelve hundred unfortunate persons lost their lives. One entire family disappeared; and there was scarcely a household which had not to lament the death of a relative or friend."

On the other hand the official returns put down the deaths at 133, already an immense number.

Seven years later, in 1777, the Place Louis XV. was the scene of a further mishap. Certain strolling players, jugglers, and other mountebanks had established in the open s.p.a.ce an annual fair known as the Fair of St. Ovid, which became such a nuisance to the aristocratic residents in the neighbourhood that a pet.i.tion was presented to the Government for its suppression; when suddenly one evening the booths and theatres took fire. The conflagration became general, and the Fair of St. Ovid perished in the flames.

The next incident of importance which took place on the great Place was important indeed. It was nothing less than the destruction of Louis XV.'s statue, which on the 11th of August, 1792, the day after the capture of the Tuileries, was removed by order of the Legislative a.s.sembly, melted down, and converted into pieces of two sous. The statue of the king was replaced by a statue of Liberty, which, being made in terra-cotta, was called by the anti-Revolutionists the "Liberty of Mud." The Place was now named Place de la Revolution. Place de la Guillotine it might more fitly have been called, for it was here that the instrument of punishment, of vengeance, and often of simple hatred, was erected, to begin its horrid work, on the 21st of January, 1793, by the decapitation of Louis XVI.

The unhappy monarch had been brought along the whole line of boulevards from the prison of the Temple, close to the Place de la Bastille, at one extremity, to the Place de la Revolution at the other. These two opposite points mark in a certain way the beginning and the end of the Revolution. Its first heroic act was the taking of the Bastille; the cruel deeds which marked its close had for their scene the former Place Louis XV., which the Revolution had now named after itself.

The last moments of Louis XVI. have often been described, but never in so simple, touching, and direct a manner as by the Abbe Edgeworth, who accompanied the king to the scaffold, and at the fatal moment was by his side. He afterwards wrote in the French language an account of what he had witnessed, from which some of the most striking pa.s.sages may here be reproduced.

"The fate of the king," he says, "was as yet undecided, when M. de Malesherbes, to whom I had not the honour of being personally known and who could neither ask me to his house nor come to mine, requested me to meet him at Mme. de Senosan's house, where I accordingly waited on him. There M. de Malesherbes delivered to me a message from the king signifying the wish of that unfortunate monarch that I should attend him in his last moments, if the atrocity of his subjects should be contented with nothing less than his death. This message was conveyed in terms which I should have thought it my duty to suppress if they did not demonstrate the excellence of the prince whose end I am going to relate. He carried the delicacy of his expressions so far as to ask as a _favour_ the services he had a right to demand from me as a duty. He claimed them as the last proof of my attachment. He hoped that I would not refuse him. He added that if the danger to which I must be exposed should appear to me too great he would beg me to name another clergyman.

This was not to be thought of, and on being admitted to the prison I fell at the king's feet without the power of utterance. The king was much moved, but soon began to answer my tears with his own."

A high official from whom the Abbe Edgeworth had requested permission to administer the Sacrament replied that he deemed the request of the Abbe and that of Louis Capet conformable to the law, which declared all forms of wors.h.i.+p to be free. "Nevertheless," added the official, "there are two conditions. The first is that you draw up instantly an address containing your demand signed by yourself; the second, that your religious ceremonies be concluded by 7 o'clock to-morrow at latest, for at 8 precisely Louis Capet must set out for the place of execution."

"These last words," writes the Abbe, "were said, like all the rest, with a degree of cold-blooded indifference which characterised an atrocious mind. I put my request in writing and left it on the table. They re-conducted me to the King, who awaited with anxiety the conclusion of this affair. The summary account which I gave him, in which I suppressed all particulars, pleased him extremely. It was now past ten o'clock, and I remained with the King till the night was far advanced, when, perceiving he was fatigued, I requested him to take some repose. He replied with his accustomed kindness, and charged me to lie down also.

I went, by his desire, into a little closet which Clery occupied, and which was separated from the King's chamber only by a thin part.i.tion; and while I was occupied with the most overwhelming thoughts I heard the King tranquilly giving directions for the next day, after which he lay down on his bed. At five o'clock he rose and dressed as usual.

Soon afterwards he sent for me, and I attended him for nearly an hour in the cabinet, where he had received me the evening before. I found an altar completely prepared in the King's apartment. The commissaries had executed to the letter everything that I had required of them.

They had even done more than I had asked, I having only demanded what was indispensable. The King heard Ma.s.s. He knelt on the ground without cus.h.i.+on or desk. He then received the Sacrament, after which ceremony I left him for a short time at his prayers. He soon sent for me again, and I found him seated near his stove, where he could scarcely warm himself.

'My G.o.d,' said he, 'how happy I am in the possession of my religious principles! Without them what should I now be? But with them how sweet death appears to me! Yes, there dwells on high an uncorruptible Judge from Whom I shall receive the justice refused to me on earth!' The sacred offices I performed at this time prevent my relating more than a few sentences out of many interesting conversations which the King held with me during the last sixteen hours of his life; but by the little that I have told it may be seen how much might be added if it were consistent with my duty to say more. Day began to dawn, and the drums sounded in all the quarters of Paris. An extraordinary movement was heard in the tower--it seemed to freeze the blood in my veins. But the King, more calm than I was, after listening to it for a moment, said to me without emotion: 'It is probably the National Guard beginning to a.s.semble.' In a short time detachments of cavalry entered the court of the Temple, and the voices of officers and the trampling of horses were distinctly heard. The King listened again and said to me with the same composure: 'They seem to be approaching.' On taking leave of the Queen the evening before he had promised to see her again next day, and he wished earnestly to keep his word; but I entreated him not to put the Queen to a trial under which she must sink. He hesitated a moment, and then, with an expression of profound grief, said: 'You are right, sir, it would kill her. I must deprive myself of this melancholy consolation and let her indulge in hope a few moments longer.' From seven o'clock till eight various persons came frequently, under different pretences, to knock at the door of the cabinet, and each time I trembled lest it should be the last. But the King, with more firmness, rose without emotion, went to the door and quietly answered the people who thus interrupted us. I do not know who these men were; but amongst them was one of the greatest monsters that the Revolution had produced. I heard him say to his King, in a tone of mockery, I know not on what subject: 'Oh, that was very well once, but you are not on the throne now.' His Majesty did not answer a word, but returned to me, contenting himself with saying, 'See how these people treat me. But I know how to endure everything.' Another time, after having answered one of the commissaries who came to interrupt us, he returned and said, with a smile, 'These people see poignards and poison everywhere; they fear that I shall destroy myself. Alas! they little know me. To kill myself would indeed be weakness. No, since it is necessary, I know how I ought to die!' We heard another knock at the door--destined to be the last.

It was Santerre and his crew. The King opened the door as usual. They announced to him (I could not hear in what terms) that he must prepare for death. 'I am occupied,' said he, with an air of authority. 'Wait for me. In a few minutes I will return to you.' Then, having shut the door, he knelt at my feet. 'It is finished, sir,' he said. 'Give me your last benediction, and pray that it may please G.o.d to support me to the end.' He soon arose, and, leaving the cabinet, advanced towards the wretches who were in his bedchamber. Their countenances were embarra.s.sed, yet their hats were not taken off. And the King, perceiving it, asked for his own. Whilst Clery, bathed in tears, ran for it, the King said, 'Are there amongst you any members of the Commune?

I charge them to take care of this paper.' It was his will. One of the party took it from the King. 'I recommend also to the Commune Clery my valet. I can only congratulate myself on having had his services. Give him my watch and clothes, not only these I have here, but those that have been deposited at the Commune. I also desire that, in return for the attachment he has shown me, he may be allowed to enter into the Queen's--into my wife's service.' He used both expressions. The King then cried out in a firm tone: 'Let us proceed.' At these words they all moved on. The King crossed the first court, formerly the garden, on foot. He turned back once or twice towards the tower as if to bid adieu to all most dear to him on earth; and by his gestures it was plain that he was then trying to summon his utmost strength and firmness.

At the entrance to the second court a carriage waited. Two gendarmes stood at the door. On the King's approach one of these men entered the carriage, and took up his position in front. The King followed and placed me by his side. Then the other gendarme jumped in and shut the door. It is said that one of these men was a priest in disguise. For the honour of religion I hope this may be false. It is also said that they had orders to a.s.sa.s.sinate the King on the smallest murmurs from the people. I do not know whether this might have been their design, but it seems to me that unless they possessed different arms than those that appeared it would have been difficult to accomplish their purpose, for their muskets only were visible, which it would have been impossible for them to have used. These apprehended murmurs were not imaginary. A great number of people devoted to the King had resolved on tearing him from the hands of his guards, or, at least, of making the attempt. Two of the princ.i.p.al actors, young men whose names are well known, found means to inform me, the night before, of their intentions; and though my hopes were not sanguine, I yet did not despair of rescue even at the foot of the scaffold. I have since heard that the orders for this dreadful morning had been planned with so much art, and executed with so much precision, that, of four or five hundred people thus devoted to their prince twenty-five only succeeded in reaching the appointed rendezvous. In consequence of the measures taken before daybreak in all the streets of Paris, none of the rest were able to get out of their houses. The King, finding himself seated in a carriage where he could neither speak to me nor be spoken to without witness, kept a profound silence. I presented him with my breviary, the only book I had with me, and he seemed to accept it with pleasure. He appeared anxious that I should point out to him the psalms that were best suited to his situation, and he recited them attentively with me. The gendarmes, without speaking, seemed astonished and confounded at the tranquil piety of their monarch, to whom, doubtless, they had never before approached so near. The procession lasted almost two hours. The streets were lined with citizens, all armed, some with pikes and some with guns, and the carriage was surrounded by a body of troops formed from the most desperate people of Paris. As another precaution, they had placed before the horses a great number of drums intended to drown any noise or murmurs in favour of the King. But how could such demonstrations be heard, since n.o.body appeared either at the doors or windows, and in the street nothing was to be seen but armed citizens--citizens all rus.h.i.+ng to the commission of a crime which, perhaps, they detested in their hearts. The carriage proceeded thus in silence to the Place Louis XV., and stopped in a large s.p.a.ce that had been left round the scaffold. This s.p.a.ce was protected on all sides with cannon, and, beyond, an armed mult.i.tude extended as far as the eye could reach. As soon as the King perceived that the carriage was stopping, he turned and whispered to me: 'We have arrived, if I mistake not.' My silence answered that we had. One of the guards came to open the carriage door, and the gendarmes would have jumped out; but the King stopped them, and laying his hand on my knee, said to them in a tone of majesty: 'Gentlemen, I recommend to you this good man. Take care that after my death no insult be offered to him. I charge you to prevent it.' The two men answered not a word.

The King was continuing in a louder tone, but one of them stopped him, saying: 'Yes, yes, we will see to it; leave him to us;' and I ought to add that these words were spoken in a tone which would have frozen me if at such a moment it had been possible for me to have thought of myself.

As soon as the King had left the carriage, three guards surrounded him and would have taken off his garments, but he repelled them haughtily.

He undressed himself, untied his neckcloth, opened his s.h.i.+rt and arranged it himself. The guards, whom the determined countenance of the King had for a moment disconcerted, seemed to recover their audacity.

They surrounded him again, and would have seized his hands. 'What are you attempting?' said the King, drawing back his hands. 'To bind you,'

answered the wretches. 'To bind me?' said the King with an indignant air. 'No, I shall never consent to that. Do what you have been ordered; but you shall never bind me.' The guards insisted; they raised their voices, and seemed to wish to call on others to aid them.

[Ill.u.s.tration: PLACE DE LA CONCORDE.]

"Perhaps this was the most terrible moment of the direful morning; another instant and the best of kings would have received from his rebellious subjects indignities too horrid to mention--indignities that would have been to him more insupportable than death. Such was the feeling expressed on his countenance. Turning towards me, he looked at me steadily, as if to ask my advice. Alas! it was impossible for me to give any, and I only answered by silence; but as he continued this fixed look of inquiry I replied, 'Sir, in this new insult I only see another trait of resemblance between your Majesty and the Saviour who is about to recompense you.' At these words he raised his eyes to heaven with an expression that can never be described. 'You are right,' he said, 'nothing less than His example should make me submit to such a degradation.' Then, turning to the guards, he added: 'Do what you will.

I will drink of the cup even to the dregs.' The path leading to the scaffold was extremely rough and difficult to pa.s.s. The king was obliged to lean on my arm, and from the slowness with which he proceeded I feared for a moment that his courage might fail; so that my astonishment was extreme when, arrived at the last step, he suddenly let go my arm and I saw him cross with a firm foot the breadth of the whole scaffold; silence, by his look alone, fifteen or twenty drums that were placed opposite to him; and in a voice so loud, that it must have been heard at the Pont Tournant, p.r.o.nounce distinctly these memorable words: 'I die innocent of all the crimes laid to my charge; I pardon those who have occasioned my death; and I pray to G.o.d that the blood you are now going to shed may never be visited on France.' He was proceeding, when a man on horseback, in the national uniform, waved his sword, and with a ferocious cry ordered the drums to beat. Many voices were at the same time heard encouraging the executioners. They seemed to have re-animated themselves, and seizing with violence the most virtuous of kings, they dragged him under the axe of the guillotine, which with one stroke severed his head from his body. All this pa.s.sed in a moment. The youngest of the guards, who seemed about eighteen, immediately seized the head and showed it to the people, as he walked round the scaffold.

He accompanied this monstrous ceremony with the most atrocious and indecent gestures. At first an awful silence prevailed; at length some cries of '_Vive la Republique!_' were heard. By degrees the voices multiplied, and in less than ten minutes this cry, a thousand times repeated, became the universal shout of the mult.i.tude, and every hat was in the air."

"It is remarkable," writes Mr. Sneyd Edgeworth, the Abbe's brother, "that in this account of the last moments of Louis XVI., the Abbe Edgeworth has omitted to relate that fine apostrophe, which everyone has heard, and which everyone believes that he addressed to his king at the moment of execution--

"'Fils de St. Louis, montez au ciel!'

"The Abbe Edgeworth has been asked if he recollected to have made this exclamation. He replied that he could neither deny nor affirm that he had spoken the words. It was possible, he added, that he might have p.r.o.nounced them without afterwards recollecting the fact, for that he retained no memory of anything which happened relative to himself at that awful instant. His not recollecting or recording the words is perhaps the best proof that they were spoken from the impulse of the moment."

The Reign of Terror had now begun. Foreign armies were marching towards Paris in order to liberate the King from prison and replace him on his throne. The Republican Government replied by removing the head of the monarch whom it was prepared to restore.

During the Reign of Terror the Place de la Concorde, as it was afterwards to be called, might fitly have been named, not merely the Place of the Revolution, the t.i.tle it bore, but the Place of Blood.

In the terrible year of 1793 Charlotte Corday was guillotined on the 17th of July; Brissot, leader of the Girondists, with twenty-one of his followers, on the 2nd of October; Queen Marie Antoinette on the 16th of October; and Philippe egalite, Duke of Orleans (father of Louis Philippe), on the 14th of November. Among the victims of the year 1794 may be mentioned Madame elizabeth, sister of Louis XVI., who was guillotined on the 12th of May; Hebert and several of his most bloodthirsty a.s.sociates, who, at the instigation of Robespierre and Danton, lost their heads on the 14th of March; Marat and members of his party, who followed a few days afterwards; Danton himself and a number of his adherents, with the heroic Camille Desmoulins among them, on the 8th of April; Chaumette and Anacharsis Cloots, together with the wives of some previous victims on April 16th; Robespierre, Saint-Just, and other members of the Committee of Public Safety, on July 28th; seventy members of the Commune who had acted under Robespierre's direction on July 29th; and twelve other members of the same body the day afterwards.

One of the most eminent figures in the Girondist party, Lasource, exclaimed to his sanguinary judges, on receiving his sentence: "I die at a moment when the people have lost their reason; you will die the day they regain it."

In reference to Saint-Just's arrogance, Camille Desmoulins had said: "He carries his head with as much veneration as though he were bearing the Church Sacrament on his shoulders;" to which Saint-Just playfully replied: "And I will make him carry _his_ head as St. Denis carried his." St. Denis, the martyr, it will be remembered, is said, after decapitation, to have marched some distance with his head under his arm.

In the course of the two years over which the Reign of Terror extended (though its duration is variously estimated according to the political principles of the calculator) nearly 3,000 persons are declared to have perished on the Place de la Revolution; though this estimate would certainly be regarded by some as excessive, by others as inadequate.

In reference to the Reign of Terror, Victor Hugo calls upon the world "not to criticise too closely the bursting of the thunder-cloud which had been slowly gathering for eighteen centuries;" as though, from the earliest period, France had always been grossly misgoverned, to be suddenly governed in perfection from the time of the Revolution.

It is the simple truth, however, that the Reign of Terror was the result, not of the natural development of the Revolutionary forces, but of threats from abroad, the presence, real and imaginary, of foreign agents in Paris, and the advance of the German armies with a view to the liberation of the king and the suppression of the Republic. It ought also in fairness to be remembered that if the Revolutionists made a free use of the guillotine, they abolished torture and the cruel methods of executions (such as beating to death with an iron bar) in use under the ancient monarchy until the moment of the outbreak. Nor can it be forgotten that at various periods of French history (the Ma.s.sacre of St.

Bartholomew is an instance) life has been sacrificed more copiously, more recklessly, and more wantonly, than during the worst excesses of the French Revolution. When many years afterwards it was proposed to erect a fountain on the spot where the scaffold of Louis XVI. had stood, Chateaubriand declared that all the water in the world would not suffice to remove the blood-stains which had sullied the Place.

Of those who suffered under the Revolution, many, such as Robespierre, Danton, and Marat, well deserved their fate, and none more so than the infamous Philippe egalite, who, after playing the part of a democrat, and democratically voting for the death of his cousin the king, was himself, on democratic grounds, brought to the guillotine.

Writing in the _Revue des Deux Mondes_ four years after Louis Philippe's election to the throne, Chateaubriand reproached the reigning king with being the son of a regicide. Arguing that since the execution of Louis XVI., and as a punishment for that crime, it had become impossible to establish monarchy in France, Chateaubriand added: "Napoleon saw the diadem fall from his brow in spite of his victories; Charles X. in spite of his piety. To discredit the crown finally in the eyes of the nations, it has been permitted to the son of the regicide to be for one moment in the blood-stained bed of the murderer." That Louis Philippe suffered this outburst to be published unchallenged has been regarded as a proof of his extreme tolerance in press matters.

Probably, however, he thought it prudent not to invite general attention to words which by a large portion of his subjects would have been accepted as true. It has been said by the defenders of the "regicide"

that Philippe egalite did his best not to be present at the sitting of the Convention when sentence had to be pa.s.sed on the unfortunate king; and that he was threatened by his friends of the Left with a.s.sa.s.sination unless he voted with them for the "death of the tyrant." However that may be, he took his seat among the judges by whom the fate of his royal kinsman was to be decided; and when it came to his turn to deliver his opinion, he did so in these words: "Occupied solely with my duty, convinced that all those who have attacked or might afterwards attack the sovereignty of the people deserve death, I p.r.o.nounce the death of Louis." Philippe egalite had looked for general approval, and had voted in fear of that death which awaited him nevertheless, and which came to him in the very form in which a few months before it had been inflicted on the unhappy Louis. When his vote was made known, cries of indignation from all sides warned him that he had transgressed one of the great moral laws which are observed even by men who violate all others. A former soldier of the king's body-guard, hearing of Philippe egalite's unnatural offence, resolved to kill him; but not being able to find him, killed another less guilty "regicide" in his place.

Very different was the feeling excited by the conduct of Philippe egalite in the breast of the king himself. "I don't know by what chance," says the Abbe Edgeworth in his "Relation sur les derniers Moments du Roi," "the conversation fell upon Philippe. The king seemed to be well acquainted with his intrigues, and with the horrid part he had taken at the Convention. But he spoke of him without any bitterness, and with pity rather than anger. 'What have I done to my cousin,' he exclaimed, 'that he should so persecute me? What object could he have?

Oh, he is more to be pitied than I am. My lot is melancholy, no doubt, but his is much more so.'"

Under the Directory, when the worst period of the Revolution was at an end, and the Republic itself was disappearing, the Place de la Revolution was called Place de la Concorde, and this name was preserved under the Consulate and the Empire.

[Ill.u.s.tration: PLACE DE LA CONCORDE, FROM THE TERRACE OF THE TUILERIES.]

At the time of the Restoration, when endeavours were made to revive in every form the a.s.sociations of the old French monarchy, the name of Place de la Concorde was set aside for the original one of Place Louis XV., which, however, in obvious reference to the execution of Louis XV's successor, was changed in 1826 to Place Louis XVI. It was at the same time decreed that a monument should be erected to the memory of the unfortunate monarch, but the decree was never acted upon.

Soon afterwards, in 1828, an order signed by Charles X. gave the place of many names to the town of Paris on condition that it should spend within five years, in completing the architectural and other decorations of the square, a sum of at least 2,230,000 francs.

After the Revolution of 1830 the name of Place de la Concorde was re-adopted; and the Munic.i.p.ality was proceeding as rapidly as possible with the works ordered under the previous reign, when the cholera broke out, causing to the town an expenditure which rendered it necessary to stop the completion of the improvements.

[Ill.u.s.tration: TRIAL OF LOUIS XVI.]