Yankee Ships and Yankee Sailors: Tales of 1812 Part 1

Yankee s.h.i.+ps and Yankee Sailors: Tales of 1812.

by James Barnes.

PREFACE

In presenting this volume of "Tales of 1812" it is not the intention of the author to give detailed accounts of actions at sea or to present biographical sketches of well-known heroes; he wishes but to tell something of the s.h.i.+ps that fought the battles, whose names are inseparably connected with a glorious past, and to relate incidents connected with the Yankee sailors who composed their crews--"A Yankee s.h.i.+p and a Yankee Crew"--thus runs the old song; it is to exploit both in a measure that is the intention of this book. Brave fellows, these old-time Jackies were. Their day has gone by with the departed day also, of the storm-along captains, the men who carried sail in all sorts of weather, who took their vessels through dangerous pa.s.sages unmarked by buoys, with only the fickle wind to drive them, who sailed into the enemy's cruising-grounds, and counting on the good Yankee pine and live oak, had perilous escapes and adventures which fiction cannot exaggerate. It stirs one's blood to read of these. Surely, it will not arouse a hatred for by-gone enemies, to hark back to them.

The incidents made use of in the following pages are historical, or at least authentic--some may perhaps come under the head of tradition.

Tradition is historical rumor; it may be proved by investigation to be actual fact, or it may be accepted at its face value, on account of its probability. To investigate, one is led to break open and dissect and sometimes we destroy a wealth of sentiment in the proceeding; by casting aside tradition that is harmless we destroy the color of history; we may lose its side lights and shadows that give vividness and beauty to the whole effect. It has not been a spirit of research into the science of history, or a chance for deep delving into figures and records, that has animated the author, although he has drawn upon state papers for material, and all correspondence and important references can be vouched for. He has endeavored to refreshen the colors by removing the dust that may have settled. He has touched the fragile bric-a-brac of tradition with the feather duster of investigation. There is sufficient excuse for everything that is written in this book. Facts are not lacking to prove much here to be true. It will not confuse our historical knowledge to accept it thus.

We can draw accurate conclusions as to what kind of men these fine old fellows were; how they looked; how they spoke and acted. Their deeds are part of the nation's record, and their s.h.i.+ps exist now in the shape of a few old hulls. We can mark how carefully and strongly they were constructed; we can imagine them swarming with men and quivering beneath the thunder of broadsides. The author has tried to put the sailor back upon his s.h.i.+p again. Here we have the old tales now retold; retold by one who loves to listen to them, therefore to talk about them. This is his prologue to the telling, and that is all there is to it.

ALLEN, OF THE _CHESAPEAKE_

Give a s.h.i.+p an unlucky name, and it will last throughout the whole of her career. A sailor is proverbially superst.i.tious, and he clings jealously to tradition.

It is told that when the frigate _Chesapeake_ was launched she stuck fast on the ways, and did not reach the water until the following day, which was Friday. Although she was a fine vessel to look at, she grounded upon the bar upon her first attempt to sail, and, when once free, behaved herself in such a lubberly fas.h.i.+on that those who witnessed her starting out declared she was bewitched. Even after many changes had been made in the length of her masts, in the weight of spars, and the cut of sails, still she was considered by many a failure. And, although her sailing qualities improved as time went on, yet her bad name stuck to her, as bad names will.

Given this drawback, the unlucky captain of such a craft finds it difficult to recruit a proper crew, and must often be content with green hands, or the riffraff disdained by other s.h.i.+ps' masters.

Commodore James Barron, who had been ordered to the _Chesapeake_, was a brave officer. He had succeeded the peppery Commodore Preble in command of the fleet that had so successfully negotiated the operations before Tripoli, and there he had won for himself a name and reputation.

Nevertheless, he was not entirely popular with his officers. They failed to find in him the graciousness of manner and deportment, the strict adherence to the lines of duty, and yet the kindliness of thought and conduct that distinguished young Captain Bainbridge; and they missed, strange to say, the iron hand and stern rule of Preble, the martinet.

Just before sailing from the Capes to relieve the _Const.i.tution_ on the Mediterranean station, the _Chesapeake_ had recruited, from Delaware and Maryland, a green crew. Not above fifty of her complement were men-of-warsmen. Perhaps one hundred more had seen service in deep-sea craft, and had made long cruises; but the rest, numbering probably one hundred and fifty, were longsh.o.r.emen or landsmen. Lying inside the mouth of Chesapeake Bay were several British men-of-war. As was usual when in American ports, they were compelled to watch their crews most closely, for the higher pay and the better treatment, which cannot be denied, had tempted many an impressed seaman to leave his s.h.i.+p, and take refuge under the American flag.

It was claimed by Vice-Admiral Berkeley in command of the English fleet, that four British sailors had deserted from the _Melampus_, and joined Barron's frigate. The following correspondence pa.s.sed between Robert Smith, the Secretary of the Navy at Was.h.i.+ngton, and Commodore Barron, in relation to the matter. It explains in the best way possible, how affairs stood at the outset.

WAs.h.i.+NGTON, April 6, 1807.

_To Commodore James Barron_:--

SIR: It has been represented to me that William Ware, Daniel Martin, John Strachan, John Little, and others, deserters from a British s.h.i.+p of war at Norfolk, have been entered by the recruiting officer at that place for our service. You will be pleased to make full inquiry relative to these men (especially, if they are American citizens), and inform me of the result. You will immediately direct the recruiting officer in no case to enter deserters from British s.h.i.+ps of war.

ROBT. SMITH.

To this letter Commodore Barron made haste to reply, and the following is taken _verbatim_ from his note to the Secretary:--

"William Ware was pressed from on board the brig _Neptune_, Captain Crafts, by the British frigate, _Melampus_, in the Bay of Biscay (in 1805).... He is a native American, born at Bruce's Mills, on Pipe Creek, in the county of Frederick, Maryland, and served his time at said mills. He also lived at Ellicot's Mills, near Baltimore, and drove a waggon several years between Hagerstown and Baltimore. He also served eighteen months on board the U.S.

frigate, _Chesapeake_, under the command of Captain Morris and Captain J. Barron. He is an Indian-looking man.

"Daniel Martin was impressed at the same time and place; a native of Westport, in Ma.s.sachusetts, about thirty miles to the eastward of Newport, Rhode Island; served his time out of New York with Captain Marrowby of the _Caledonia_; refers to Mr. Benjamin Davis, merchant, and Mr. Benjamin Corse, of Westport. He is a colored man.

"John Strachan, born in Queen Ann's County, Maryland, between Centreville and Queenstown; sailed in the brigantine _Martha Bland_, Captain Wyvill, from Norfolk to Dublin, and from thence to Liverpool. He then left the vessel and s.h.i.+pped on board an English Guineaman; he was impressed on board the _Melampus_, off Cape Finisterre; to better his condition he consented to enter, being determined to make his escape when opportunity offered; he served on board said frigate two years; refers to Mr. John Price and ---- Pratt, Esq., on Kent Island, who know his relatives. He is a white man, about five feet seven inches high.

"William Ware and John Strachan have protections.[1] Daniel Martin says he lost his after leaving the frigate.

[1] Papers proving their American citizens.h.i.+p.

"John Little, _alias_ Francis and Ambrose Watts, escaped from the _Melampus_ at the same time, are known to the above persons to be Americans, but have not been entered by my recruiting officer."

The foregoing proves beyond all manner of doubt what ground Commodore Barron had in taking the stand he did further on in the proceedings.

But Admiral Berkeley was a very proud, obstinate man. His feelings had been hurt by the refusal of the Yankee commodore to give up his men, and he bided his time.

On Monday, June 22, 1807, the _Chesapeake_ put to sea with her ill-a.s.sorted and undisciplined crew. In the harbor of Lynnhaven lay the British squadron under the command of Commodore Dougla.s.s, acting under the orders of Vice-Admiral Berkeley. It consisted of the _Bellona_, seventy-four, the _Triumph_, seventy-four, the _Leopard_, fifty, and the _Melampus_, thirty-eight. Why it was that the _Leopard_ was selected for the work which was to follow, is easy to surmise.

Vice-Admiral Berkeley had determined, at all hazards, to search the American vessel to ascertain if she had in her complement those "British seamen" who had deserted from the fleet. Barron's refusal to allow a search made of his vessel while she was in port had been backed up by the United States Government. This had exceedingly exasperated the English commander, and he determined to wait until the _Chesapeake_ was at sea before putting his cherished project into practice. As soon as the _Chesapeake_ set sail, the _Leopard_ was despatched to bring her to. The _Melampus_ was not sent because she was too near the _Chesapeake's_ armament, and resistance might be successfully made to any attempt at high-handed interference. Nor did he take the trouble to despatch one of his seventy-fours, which might have brought the _Chesapeake_ under her guns, and compelled her to submit by the law that "might makes right"; but the _Leopard_ was sent because she was just large enough to insure success, and yet to humble the American from the mere fact that he must inevitably yield to a vessel to which he should by rights make some resistance.

It was a calm day with just enough wind to move the s.h.i.+ps through the water. The _Leopard_, that had really got under way first, overhauled the smaller vessel, after a few hours' sailing. At three o'clock, when forty-five miles off sh.o.r.e, she hove to across her bows, and the slight wind that had wafted them from the Capes died away almost at the moment. Hailing the American s.h.i.+p's captain, Humphreys stated that he would like to send despatches by her--a privilege always accorded one friendly nation by another.

On the _Chesapeake's_ deck, chatting with the officers, were two lady pa.s.sengers, who were bound with four or five gentlemen pa.s.sengers for the Straits. Part of the cabin had been allotted to the use of the ladies and their maids. As they had come on board at a late hour, their trunks and luggage were yet on the deck. Amicable relations existed between America and England, and there was nothing especially unfriendly in the att.i.tude of the English frigate, although her action excited much comment on board the s.h.i.+p, and gave rise to many surmises.

Captain Barron was on the quarter-deck, when news was brought to him that the _Leopard_ had lowered a boat with an officer in it, and that it was making for the _Chesapeake's_ side. The ladder was dropped, the side boys were piped to the gangway, and Barron himself stepped forward to greet the Lieutenant, extending his hand and welcoming him graciously. Standing close by was Dr. John Bullus, a pa.s.senger, the newly-appointed consul to the Island of Minorca, and the naval agent to the United States naval squadron in the Mediterranean.

"Captain Humphreys' compliments," began the Lieutenant. "And he requires the privilege of searching this vessel for deserters."

"What are their names, may I ask?" inquired Barron.

The officer replied, reading from a list he carried in his hand, but describing the men as subjects of "His Majesty, King George."

When he had finished, Barron frowned.

"There has been a careful and full inquiry into the cases of these seamen," he said at last, "and after a minute investigation into the circ.u.mstances, the British Minister, Mr. Erskine, is perfectly satisfied on the subject, inasmuch as these men were American citizens, impressed by officers of the _Melampus_. This gentleman," turning to Dr. Bullus, "our naval agent, is particularly acquainted with all the facts and circ.u.mstances relative to the transaction. He received his information from the highest possible source."

"From none less than the Honorable Robert Smith, the Secretary of our Navy," put in Dr. Bullus, "and I am most willing to go on board the _Leopard_ and inform your commander to that effect, Mr. Erskine----"

"I do not recognize Mr. Erskine in this business," interrupted the young Lieutenant arrogantly. "Nor do I wish to talk with any one but Captain Barron. There is much more to be said."

Barron took the doctor to one side. "You will pardon me for placing you in a position to receive such an insult. I did not suppose it possible."

"Make no mention of it," was the return; "I understand." With that the agent walked away.

The Englishman could not have helped noticing the confusion upon the American's decks. The crew were engaged under the direction of the petty officers in coiling away the stiff, new running-gear and cables, men with paint-pots and brushes were touching up the bulwarks and paint work; others were polis.h.i.+ng the bra.s.s; and it was altogether a peaceful scene that struck his eye, even if the presence of the ladies had not added the finis.h.i.+ng touch.

On the quarter-deck, leaning carelessly against the railing, was a young officer, Lieutenant William Henry Allen, third in rank. He was but twenty-three years of age, a tall, boyish-looking fellow, with beautiful features, clear eye and complexion, and ruddy cheeks. He noticed the glance the English officer had given, and his face clouded.

He was near enough to hear what pa.s.sed between Barron and the Lieutenant.

"It is of such importance," went on the latter, continuing his previous remarks, "that I should desire to speak to you in private, sir. If we could but retire to your cabin----"

"With the greatest pleasure in the world," Barron returned, indicating that the Lieutenant should precede him; and with that they disappeared from view. Once seated at the cabin table, the Englishman broached the subject without preamble.

"Commodore Dougla.s.s," he began, "is fully determined to recover the deserters that are now harbored on board this s.h.i.+p. It is my desire to warn you that it is best that you submit to a peaceable search, and in return my commanding officer will permit you to do the same, and if any of your men are found in our complement, you are welcome to take them with you. This should bear great weight in helping you to form your decision. Here is his letter."

Captain Barron took the paper, broke the seal, and read as follows:--