The Classical World Part 24

Pat Southern, Pompey the Great Pompey the Great (2002) is a lively popular introduction; Robin Seager, (2002) is a lively popular introduction; Robin Seager, Pompey the Great Pompey the Great (2003, revised edn.) is a scholarly study of political factions and detail. F. G. B. Millar, (2003, revised edn.) is a scholarly study of political factions and detail. F. G. B. Millar, The Crowd in Rome in the Late Republic The Crowd in Rome in the Late Republic (1998), chapters 24, takes a clear and vigorous line, though the main 'democratic' emphasis is not followed in my chapter, on which see M. Jehne (ed.), 'Demokratie in Rom?', in (1998), chapters 24, takes a clear and vigorous line, though the main 'democratic' emphasis is not followed in my chapter, on which see M. Jehne (ed.), 'Demokratie in Rom?', in Historia Einzelschrift Historia Einzelschrift, 96 (1995), for full critiques. For questions linked to aristocratic compet.i.tion, see the exchanges of view by Nathan Rosenstein, Callie Williamson, John North and W. V. Harris, in Cla.s.sical Philology Cla.s.sical Philology (1990), 25598. For Rome, the East and Mithridates, A. N. Sherwin-White, (1990), 25598. For Rome, the East and Mithridates, A. N. Sherwin-White, Roman Foreign Policy in the East Roman Foreign Policy in the East (1984), 149270. On Pompey and public shows, Richard C. Beacham, (1984), 149270. On Pompey and public shows, Richard C. Beacham, Spectacle Entertainments of Early Imperial Rome Spectacle Entertainments of Early Imperial Rome (1999), 4974. (1999), 4974.

CHAPTER 33. 33. THE WORLD OF CICERO THE WORLD OF CICERO.

J. P. V. D. Balsdon, 'Cicero the Man', in T. A. Dorey (ed.), Cicero Cicero (1965), 171214, remains an outstanding study; Elizabeth Rawson, (1965), 171214, remains an outstanding study; Elizabeth Rawson, Cicero: A Portrait Cicero: A Portrait (1983, 2nd edn.) is a many-sided study, while David Stockton, (1983, 2nd edn.) is a many-sided study, while David Stockton, Cicero: A Political Biography Cicero: A Political Biography (1971) is good on its chosen ground. L. R. Taylor, (1971) is good on its chosen ground. L. R. Taylor, Party Politics in the Age of Caesar Party Politics in the Age of Caesar (1968) is excellent, especially chapter III ('Delivering the Vote') and chapter V (The Criminal Courts and the Rise of a New Man'). D. R. Shackleton Bailey (ed.), (1968) is excellent, especially chapter III ('Delivering the Vote') and chapter V (The Criminal Courts and the Rise of a New Man'). D. R. Shackleton Bailey (ed.), Cicero's Letters to Atticus Cicero's Letters to Atticus, volume I (1965), 358, is a superb study of Atticus and Cicero; Miriam T. Griffin, 'Philosophical Badinage in Cicero's Letters To His Friends', in J. G. F. Powell (ed.), Cicero the Philsopher: Twelve Papers Cicero the Philsopher: Twelve Papers (1995), 32546, catches a wider world. The editions of D. R. Shackleton Bailey, including the recent Loeb Library texts and translations of Cicero's Letters, are acknowledged masterpieces. S. Treggiari, (1995), 32546, catches a wider world. The editions of D. R. Shackleton Bailey, including the recent Loeb Library texts and translations of Cicero's Letters, are acknowledged masterpieces. S. Treggiari, Roman Social History Roman Social History (2002), 4973, is an exemplary study of how they can be used for nonpolitical topics; Susan Treggiari, (2002), 4973, is an exemplary study of how they can be used for nonpolitical topics; Susan Treggiari, Roman Marriage Roman Marriage (1991), 12738, 41427 and chapter 13 ('Divorce') guides us through marriage and Cicero; Susan Treggiari, (1991), 12738, 41427 and chapter 13 ('Divorce') guides us through marriage and Cicero; Susan Treggiari, Roman Freedmen during the Late Republic Roman Freedmen during the Late Republic (1969), 25264, on Cicero's freedmen, including Tiro; S. Weinstock, in (1969), 25264, on Cicero's freedmen, including Tiro; S. Weinstock, in Journal of Roman Studies Journal of Roman Studies (1961), 20910, underlies my view of Cicero and 'religion'. (1961), 20910, underlies my view of Cicero and 'religion'.

CHAPTER 34. 34. THE RISE OF JULIUS CAESAR THE RISE OF JULIUS CAESAR.

J. P. V. D. Balsdon, Julius Caesar and Rome Julius Caesar and Rome (1967) is an excellent brief introduction; Matthias Gelzer, (1967) is an excellent brief introduction; Matthias Gelzer, Caesar Caesar (1968) is the basic fully doc.u.mented account; Christian Meier, (1968) is the basic fully doc.u.mented account; Christian Meier, Caesar Caesar (1995, English translation) is more abstract, but is notably reviewed by E. Badian in (1995, English translation) is more abstract, but is notably reviewed by E. Badian in Gnomon Gnomon (1990), 2239, whose own brief survey in the (1990), 2239, whose own brief survey in the Oxford Cla.s.sical Dictionary Oxford Cla.s.sical Dictionary (1996, 3rd edn.), 7802, is important. Kathryn Welch, Anton Powell and Jonathan Barlow (eds.), (1996, 3rd edn.), 7802, is important. Kathryn Welch, Anton Powell and Jonathan Barlow (eds.), Julius Caesar as Artful Reporter Julius Caesar as Artful Reporter (1998) has much of value on Caesar's style and 'spin'. On Cato, L. R. Taylor, (1998) has much of value on Caesar's style and 'spin'. On Cato, L. R. Taylor, Party Politics in the Age of Caesar Party Politics in the Age of Caesar (1968), 11939. On land allotment, P. A. Brunt, (1968), 11939. On land allotment, P. A. Brunt, The Fall of the Roman Republic The Fall of the Roman Republic (1988), 24088, is a cla.s.sic; on debt and financing, M. W. Frederiksen, 'Caesar, Cicero and the Problem of Debt', in (1988), 24088, is a cla.s.sic; on debt and financing, M. W. Frederiksen, 'Caesar, Cicero and the Problem of Debt', in Journal of Roman Studies Journal of Roman Studies (1966), 12841, is another. J. Sabben Clare, (1966), 12841, is another. J. Sabben Clare, Caesar and Roman Politics, 6050 BC Caesar and Roman Politics, 6050 BC (1971), 149, translates much of the main evidence veryhelpfully. P. A. Brunt, (1971), 149, translates much of the main evidence veryhelpfully. P. A. Brunt, Italian Manpower Italian Manpower (1987, 2nd edn.), 31219, discusses Caesar's agrarian laws. On public speaking, Andrew J. E. Bell, 'Cicero and the Spectacle of Power', in (1987, 2nd edn.), 31219, discusses Caesar's agrarian laws. On public speaking, Andrew J. E. Bell, 'Cicero and the Spectacle of Power', in Journal of Roman Studies Journal of Roman Studies (1997), 122, and the very important study by R. Morstein-Marx, (1997), 122, and the very important study by R. Morstein-Marx, Ma.s.s Oratory and Political Power in the Late Roman Republic Ma.s.s Oratory and Political Power in the Late Roman Republic (2004). (2004).

CHAPTER 35. 35. THE SPECTRE OF CIVIL WAR THE SPECTRE OF CIVIL WAR.

T. P. Wiseman, 'Caesar, Pompey and Rome, 5950 BC,' in Cambridge Ancient History Cambridge Ancient History, volume IX (1994), 368423, gives an intelligible narrative; P. A. Brunt, The Fall of the Roman Republic The Fall of the Roman Republic (1988), chapter 1 is masterly and chapter 6 (' (1988), chapter 1 is masterly and chapter 6 ('Libertas in the Republic') is fundamental at this point; David Stockton, 'Cicero and the Ager Campa.n.u.s', in in the Republic') is fundamental at this point; David Stockton, 'Cicero and the Ager Campa.n.u.s', in Transactions of the American Philological Society Transactions of the American Philological Society (1962), 47189, is an outstanding study of 5756 BC and much more besides; A. W. Lintott, 'P. Clodius Pulcher Felix Catilina', in (1962), 47189, is an outstanding study of 5756 BC and much more besides; A. W. Lintott, 'P. Clodius Pulcher Felix Catilina', in Greece and Rome Greece and Rome (1967), 15769, and 'Cicero and Milo', in (1967), 15769, and 'Cicero and Milo', in Journal of Roman Studies Journal of Roman Studies (1974), 6278, help to explain two leading 'populists', together with A. W. Lintott, (1974), 6278, help to explain two leading 'populists', together with A. W. Lintott, Violence in Republican Rome Violence in Republican Rome (1999, 2nd edn.), especially pages 6788. On living conditions, P. A. Brunt, 'The Roman Mob', in M. I. Finley (ed.), (1999, 2nd edn.), especially pages 6788. On living conditions, P. A. Brunt, 'The Roman Mob', in M. I. Finley (ed.), Studies in Ancient Society Studies in Ancient Society (1974), 74102, is fundamental, with A. Scobie, in (1974), 74102, is fundamental, with A. Scobie, in Klio Klio (1986), 399443. Emily A. Hemelrijk, (1986), 399443. Emily A. Hemelrijk, Matrona Docta Matrona Docta (1999) is good on educated women, in the late Republic and in the Empire. J. F. Drinkwater, (1999) is good on educated women, in the late Republic and in the Empire. J. F. Drinkwater, Roman Gaul Roman Gaul (1983), 520, briefly summarizes Caesar's Gallic years; Elizabeth Rawson, (1983), 520, briefly summarizes Caesar's Gallic years; Elizabeth Rawson, Roman Culture and Society Roman Culture and Society (1991), 41626, is very interesting on Cra.s.sus senior and junior; G. R. Stanton, in (1991), 41626, is very interesting on Cra.s.sus senior and junior; G. R. Stanton, in Historia Historia (2003), 6794, studies 'why did Caesar cross the Rubicon?' (2003), 6794, studies 'why did Caesar cross the Rubicon?'

CHAPTER 36. 36. THE FATAL DICTATOR THE FATAL DICTATOR.

S. Weinstock, Divus Julius Divus Julius (1971), 133345, is the outstanding study still, in my judgement, with I. Gradel, (1971), 133345, is the outstanding study still, in my judgement, with I. Gradel, Emperor Wors.h.i.+p and Roman Religion Emperor Wors.h.i.+p and Roman Religion (2002), 5472. Elizabeth Rawson, (2002), 5472. Elizabeth Rawson, Roman Culture and Society Roman Culture and Society (1991), 16988 on the 'kings.h.i.+p', and pages 488507, especially, on Ca.s.sius, with David Sedley, in (1991), 16988 on the 'kings.h.i.+p', and pages 488507, especially, on Ca.s.sius, with David Sedley, in Journal of Roman Studies Journal of Roman Studies (1997), 4153; Stephen G. Chrissanthos, in (1997), 4153; Stephen G. Chrissanthos, in Journal of Roman Studies Journal of Roman Studies (2001), 6371, on money; M. W. Frederiksen, in (2001), 6371, on money; M. W. Frederiksen, in Journal of Roman Studies Journal of Roman Studies (1966), 12841 on debt, with G. E. M. de Sainte Croix, (1966), 12841 on debt, with G. E. M. de Sainte Croix, The Cla.s.s Struggle in the Ancient Greek World The Cla.s.s Struggle in the Ancient Greek World (1981), 166 and notes 6063. P. A. Brunt, in (1981), 166 and notes 6063. P. A. Brunt, in Journal of Roman Studies Journal of Roman Studies (1986), 1232, on Cicero's dilemma; R. B. Ulrich, in (1986), 1232, on Cicero's dilemma; R. B. Ulrich, in American Journal of Archaeology American Journal of Archaeology (1993), 4980, on the new Forum; C. Hab.i.+.c.ht, (1993), 4980, on the new Forum; C. Hab.i.+.c.ht, Cicero the Politician Cicero the Politician (1990), chapter 6, on Cicero; Z. Yavetz, (1990), chapter 6, on Cicero; Z. Yavetz, Caesar and His Public Image Caesar and His Public Image (1983), 1016, on Caesar's legislation; Tenney Frank, (1983), 1016, on Caesar's legislation; Tenney Frank, An Economic Survey of Ancient Rome An Economic Survey of Ancient Rome, volume I (1933), 31618, on the colonies, and pages 33342 on funding, is still excellent. J. P. V. D. Balsdon, in Historia Historia (1958), 8094, a cla.s.sic on the Ides and motives, though not the last word. (1958), 8094, a cla.s.sic on the Ides and motives, though not the last word.

CHAPTER 37. 37. LIBERATION BETRAYED LIBERATION BETRAYED.

R. Syme, The Roman Revolution The Roman Revolution (1939; revised edn., 1951) is a cla.s.sic, but I am one of those who find it a very difficult read. Henriette van der Blom, in (1939; revised edn., 1951) is a cla.s.sic, but I am one of those who find it a very difficult read. Henriette van der Blom, in Cla.s.sica et Mediaevalia Cla.s.sica et Mediaevalia (2003), 287320, is now an excellent and much clearer account of Cicero in 4443 BC; compare Elizabeth Rawson, (2003), 287320, is now an excellent and much clearer account of Cicero in 4443 BC; compare Elizabeth Rawson, Cicero Cicero (1975), 26098. The new emphasis of importance is on s.e.xtus Pompeius, in Anton Powell and Kathryn Welch (eds.), (1975), 26098. The new emphasis of importance is on s.e.xtus Pompeius, in Anton Powell and Kathryn Welch (eds.), s.e.xtus Pompeius s.e.xtus Pompeius (2002); on the Liberators, Elizabeth Rawson, (2002); on the Liberators, Elizabeth Rawson, Roman Culture and Society Roman Culture and Society (1991), 488507; Lawrence Keppie, (1991), 488507; Lawrence Keppie, The Making of the Roman Army The Making of the Roman Army (1984), 11221, 199204; S. Weinstock, (1984), 11221, 199204; S. Weinstock, Divus Julius Divus Julius (1971), 34647 is masterly here too. T. N. Mitch.e.l.l, (1971), 34647 is masterly here too. T. N. Mitch.e.l.l, Cicero the Senior Statesman Cicero the Senior Statesman (1991), chapter 7, is well doc.u.mented; R. Syme, (1991), chapter 7, is well doc.u.mented; R. Syme, Sall.u.s.t Sall.u.s.t (1964) is an important study. (1964) is an important study.

CHAPTER 38. 38. ANTONY AND CLEOPATRA ANTONY AND CLEOPATRA.

R. Syme, The Roman Revolution The Roman Revolution (1939; revised edn., 1951), chapters XII to XXI, a cla.s.sic, but reductionist; Pat Southern, (1939; revised edn., 1951), chapters XII to XXI, a cla.s.sic, but reductionist; Pat Southern, Mark Antony Mark Antony (1998) is a simple start on Antony; Ellen Rice, (1998) is a simple start on Antony; Ellen Rice, Cleopatra Cleopatra (1999), likewise. Major changes since Syme's book include awareness of the 'fourth man', in Anton Powell and Kathryn Welch (eds.), (1999), likewise. Major changes since Syme's book include awareness of the 'fourth man', in Anton Powell and Kathryn Welch (eds.), s.e.xtus Pompeius s.e.xtus Pompeius (2002) and much more work on monuments and publicity. Paul Zanker, (2002) and much more work on monuments and publicity. Paul Zanker, The Power of Images in the Age of Augustus The Power of Images in the Age of Augustus (1988), 578, a fine study, with the excellent article of K. Scott, in (1988), 578, a fine study, with the excellent article of K. Scott, in Memoirs of the American Academy at Rome Memoirs of the American Academy at Rome (1933), 749; the good survey of 3628 BC by Fergus Millar, in (1933), 749; the good survey of 3628 BC by Fergus Millar, in La Revolution romaine apres Ronald Syme La Revolution romaine apres Ronald Syme, Entretiens Fondation Hardt XLVI (1999), 138, with the others in the volume, especially John Scheid, pages 3972, on religion. Syme's contribution is reconsidered by H. Galsterer and Z. Yavetz, in Kurt A Raaflaub and Mark Toher (eds.), Between Republic and Empire Between Republic and Empire (1990), 141. The marriage of Antony and Cleopatra and Cleopatra's death raise questions too, beyond Syme's book: John Whitehorne, (1990), 141. The marriage of Antony and Cleopatra and Cleopatra's death raise questions too, beyond Syme's book: John Whitehorne, Cleopatras Cleopatras (1994), especially pages 18696, and Duane W. Roller, (1994), especially pages 18696, and Duane W. Roller, The World of Juba II and Kleopatra Selene The World of Juba II and Kleopatra Selene (2003), an excellent study. Jacob Isager, (2003), an excellent study. Jacob Isager, Foundation and Destruction of Nicopolis and Northeastern Greece Foundation and Destruction of Nicopolis and Northeastern Greece (2001), for one aftermath; Joyce Reynolds, (2001), for one aftermath; Joyce Reynolds, Aphrodisias and Rome Aphrodisias and Rome (1982) for the important doc.u.ments. (1982) for the important doc.u.ments.

CHAPTER 39. 39. THE MAKING OF THE EMPEROR THE MAKING OF THE EMPEROR.

W. K. Lacey, Augustus and the Princ.i.p.ate: The Evolution of the System Augustus and the Princ.i.p.ate: The Evolution of the System (1996) is a very useful collection of studies; P. A. Brunt, in (1996) is a very useful collection of studies; P. A. Brunt, in La rivoluzione romana La rivoluzione romana, Biblioteca de Labeo, 6 (1982), 23644 is best on 27 BC; D. Stockton, in Historia Historia (1965), 1840, adopts 23 BC for the trial which I have put now in 22 BC; P. A. Brunt and J. M. Moore, (1965), 1840, adopts 23 BC for the trial which I have put now in 22 BC; P. A. Brunt and J. M. Moore, Res Gestae Divi Augusti Res Gestae Divi Augusti (1967) with translation and excellent commentary, especially on 19 BC; A. H. M. Jones, (1967) with translation and excellent commentary, especially on 19 BC; A. H. M. Jones, Studies in Roman Government and Law Studies in Roman Government and Law (1960), 117 is a lucid basis for much since written in dialogue with it; M. T. Griffin, in Loveday Alexander (ed.), (1960), 117 is a lucid basis for much since written in dialogue with it; M. T. Griffin, in Loveday Alexander (ed.), Images of Empire Images of Empire (1991), 1946, questions the overtones of the 'tribunician' side to 23 BC. A. Wallace-Hadrill, in (1991), 1946, questions the overtones of the 'tribunician' side to 23 BC. A. Wallace-Hadrill, in Journal of Roman Studies Journal of Roman Studies (1982), 3248, on the emperor's many-sided image; P. A. Brunt, in (1982), 3248, on the emperor's many-sided image; P. A. Brunt, in Cla.s.sical Quarterly Cla.s.sical Quarterly (1984), 42344, on the Senate's continuing functions, if not power. (1984), 42344, on the Senate's continuing functions, if not power.

CHAPTER 40. 40. MORALS AND SOCIETY MORALS AND SOCIETY.

M. Beard, J. North and S. R. F. Price, Religions of Rome Religions of Rome, volume I (1998), 114210, is an excellent, questioning survey, with J. Liebeschuetz, Continuity and Change in Roman Religion Continuity and Change in Roman Religion (1979), chapter 2; P. A. Brunt, (1979), chapter 2; P. A. Brunt, Italian Manpower Italian Manpower (1971), 55866, is important; Catherine Edwards, (1971), 55866, is important; Catherine Edwards, The Politics of Immorality in Ancient Rome The Politics of Immorality in Ancient Rome (1983) gives the context verywell; S. Treggiari, (1983) gives the context verywell; S. Treggiari, Roman Marriage Roman Marriage (1991) is a cla.s.sic, especially pages 6080, 27798 and 45061. J. A. Crook, (1991) is a cla.s.sic, especially pages 6080, 27798 and 45061. J. A. Crook, Law and Life of Rome Law and Life of Rome (1967), 99118, especially on the rather varied implications of the changes in 'ma.n.u.s' marriage; Beryl Rawson (ed.), (1967), 99118, especially on the rather varied implications of the changes in 'ma.n.u.s' marriage; Beryl Rawson (ed.), The Family in Ancient Rome The Family in Ancient Rome (1986) is still a fine collection throughout, including J. A. Crook on the (later) wariness about women making loans (pages 8392); Beryl Rawson, (1986) is still a fine collection throughout, including J. A. Crook on the (later) wariness about women making loans (pages 8392); Beryl Rawson, Marriages, Divorce and Children in Ancient Rome Marriages, Divorce and Children in Ancient Rome (1991) is also excellent, especially chapters 15; Jane F. Gardner, (1991) is also excellent, especially chapters 15; Jane F. Gardner, Women in Roman Law and Society Women in Roman Law and Society (1995, 2nd edn.) is a fundamental guide; Susan Dixon, (1995, 2nd edn.) is a fundamental guide; Susan Dixon, Childhood, Cla.s.s and Kin Childhood, Cla.s.s and Kin (2001) is relevant too. Jasper Griffin, in (2001) is relevant too. Jasper Griffin, in Journal of Roman Studies Journal of Roman Studies (1976), 87, and R. G. M. Nisbet, ibid. (1987), 18490, debate the poets and their context; Peter Green, (1976), 87, and R. G. M. Nisbet, ibid. (1987), 18490, debate the poets and their context; Peter Green, Cla.s.sical Bearings Cla.s.sical Bearings (1989), 21022 is excellent on Ovid's exile. A. M. Duff, (1989), 21022 is excellent on Ovid's exile. A. M. Duff, Freedmen in the Early Roman Empire Freedmen in the Early Roman Empire (1928), 1235 and 7288 and K. R. Bradley, (1928), 1235 and 7288 and K. R. Bradley, Slaves and Masters in the Roman Empire Slaves and Masters in the Roman Empire (1984) untangle the laws on slaves very well. (1984) untangle the laws on slaves very well.

CHAPTER 41. 41. SPECTATOR SPORTS SPECTATOR SPORTS.

D. S. Potter and D. J. Mattingly (eds.), Life, Death and Entertainment in the Roman Empire Life, Death and Entertainment in the Roman Empire (1998) is an excellent collection to which I owe much. Richard C. Beacham, (1998) is an excellent collection to which I owe much. Richard C. Beacham, Spectacle Entertainments of Early Imperial Rome Spectacle Entertainments of Early Imperial Rome (1999) is excellent, with good bibliographies. K. M. Coleman, in (1999) is excellent, with good bibliographies. K. M. Coleman, in Journal of Roman Studies Journal of Roman Studies (1990), 4473, and (1993), 4874, are excellent studies; R. E. Fantham, in (1990), 4473, and (1993), 4874, are excellent studies; R. E. Fantham, in Cla.s.sical World Cla.s.sical World (1989), 15363, on mimes; on pantomime, E. J. Jory, in (1989), 15363, on mimes; on pantomime, E. J. Jory, in Bulletin of the Inst.i.tute of Cla.s.sical Studies Bulletin of the Inst.i.tute of Cla.s.sical Studies (1981), 14761, and in W. J. Slater (ed.), (1981), 14761, and in W. J. Slater (ed.), Roman Theatre and Society Roman Theatre and Society (1996), 128, a valuable collection throughout; C. P. Jones, in W. J. Slater (ed.), (1996), 128, a valuable collection throughout; C. P. Jones, in W. J. Slater (ed.), Dining in a Cla.s.sical Context Dining in a Cla.s.sical Context (1991), 18598, on theatre over dinner; Garrett G. f.a.gan, (1991), 18598, on theatre over dinner; Garrett G. f.a.gan, Bathing in Public in the Roman World Bathing in Public in the Roman World (1999), with translated texts; J. H. Humphrey, (1999), with translated texts; J. H. Humphrey, Roman Circuses: Arenas for Chariot Racing Roman Circuses: Arenas for Chariot Racing (1986) is invaluable; Eckart Kohne and Cornelia Ewigleben, (1986) is invaluable; Eckart Kohne and Cornelia Ewigleben, Gladiators and Caesars Gladiators and Caesars (2000) is veryvivid; Adriano La Regina (ed.), (2000) is veryvivid; Adriano La Regina (ed.), Sangue e arena Sangue e arena (2001) is outstandingly good; David Potter, in Martin M. Winkler (ed.), (2001) is outstandingly good; David Potter, in Martin M. Winkler (ed.), Gladiator: Film and History Gladiator: Film and History (2004) gives an excellent account of gladiators' careers; Donald G. Kyle, (2004) gives an excellent account of gladiators' careers; Donald G. Kyle, Spectacles of Death in the Roman Amphitheatre Spectacles of Death in the Roman Amphitheatre (1998), full of explanatory theories too; D. C. Bomgardner, (1998), full of explanatory theories too; D. C. Bomgardner, The Story of the Roman Amphitheater The Story of the Roman Amphitheater (2000), a social history; Keith Hopkins, (2000), a social history; Keith Hopkins, Death and Renewal Death and Renewal (1983), chapter 1; Bettina Bergmann and Christine Kondoleon (eds.), (1983), chapter 1; Bettina Bergmann and Christine Kondoleon (eds.), The Art of Ancient Spectacle The Art of Ancient Spectacle (1999), an excellent collection; B. M. Levick, in (1999), an excellent collection; B. M. Levick, in Journal of Roman Studies Journal of Roman Studies (1983), 97115, is the cla.s.sic study of official reactions, and Elizabeth Rawson, (1983), 97115, is the cla.s.sic study of official reactions, and Elizabeth Rawson, Roman Culture and Society Roman Culture and Society (1991), 50845 of theatre-regulations and the Lex Julia; Kathleen M. Coleman, in Kathleen Lomas and Tim Cornell (eds.), (1991), 50845 of theatre-regulations and the Lex Julia; Kathleen M. Coleman, in Kathleen Lomas and Tim Cornell (eds.), Bread and Circuses Bread and Circuses (2002), 6188, on the location of Augustan shows. (2002), 6188, on the location of Augustan shows.

CHAPTER 42. 42. THE ROMAN ARMY THE ROMAN ARMY.

J. J. Wilkins (ed.), Doc.u.menting the Roman Army: Essays in Honour of Margaret Roxan Doc.u.menting the Roman Army: Essays in Honour of Margaret Roxan (2003, Bulletin of the Inst.i.tute of Cla.s.sical Studies) is an excellent collection of essays, especially W. Eck on the emperor's role in issuing 'diplomas'; L. R. Keppie, (2003, Bulletin of the Inst.i.tute of Cla.s.sical Studies) is an excellent collection of essays, especially W. Eck on the emperor's role in issuing 'diplomas'; L. R. Keppie, The Making of the Roman Army The Making of the Roman Army (1984), 132216, is excellent on the change from Civil War to the age of Augustus; J. B. Campbell, (1984), 132216, is excellent on the change from Civil War to the age of Augustus; J. B. Campbell, The Emperor and the Roman Army, 31 BCAD 235 The Emperor and the Roman Army, 31 BCAD 235 (1984), 17242 and 300316, is basic on the emperor's role and the giving of privileges; G. R. Watson, (1984), 17242 and 300316, is basic on the emperor's role and the giving of privileges; G. R. Watson, The Roman Soldier The Roman Soldier (1969) is lively and P. Connelly, (1969) is lively and P. Connelly, The Roman Army The Roman Army (1975) is by an author who is interested in reconstructing the realities; G. Webster, (1975) is by an author who is interested in reconstructing the realities; G. Webster, The Roman Imperial Army The Roman Imperial Army (1985, 3rd edn.); Brian Campbell, (1985, 3rd edn.); Brian Campbell, The Roman Army, 31 BCAD 337 The Roman Army, 31 BCAD 337 (1994) is a very good source-book; Harry Sidebottom, (1994) is a very good source-book; Harry Sidebottom, Ancient Warfare: A Very Short Introduction Ancient Warfare: A Very Short Introduction (2004) is outstandingly good, with a very good bibliography. I incline to the studies by M. P. Speidel, (2004) is outstandingly good, with a very good bibliography. I incline to the studies by M. P. Speidel, Riding for Caesar Riding for Caesar (1994) and Ann Hyland, (1994) and Ann Hyland, Equus: The Horse in the Roman World Equus: The Horse in the Roman World (1990), especially on saddles and harness. Jonathan Roth, (1990), especially on saddles and harness. Jonathan Roth, The Logistics of the Roman Army The Logistics of the Roman Army (1999) is of wide relevance; T. J. Cornell, in J. Rich and G. s.h.i.+pley (eds.), (1999) is of wide relevance; T. J. Cornell, in J. Rich and G. s.h.i.+pley (eds.), War and Society in the Roman World War and Society in the Roman World (1993), 13970, surveys Roman military expansion in the early imperial age; J. N. Adams, in (1993), 13970, surveys Roman military expansion in the early imperial age; J. N. Adams, in Journal of Roman Studies Journal of Roman Studies (1994), 87112 and ibid. (1999), 10934, two fascinating studies of soldiers' Latin in north Africa. (1994), 87112 and ibid. (1999), 10934, two fascinating studies of soldiers' Latin in north Africa.

CHAPTER 43. 43. THE NEW AGE THE NEW AGE.

M. Beard, J. North and S. R. F. Price (eds.), Religions of Rome Religions of Rome, volume I (1998), 182210, on rites and temples; D. C. Feeney, Literature and Religion at Rome Literature and Religion at Rome (1998), 2838; A. D. Nock, (1998), 2838; A. D. Nock, Essays on Religion and the Ancient World Essays on Religion and the Ancient World, volume I (1972), 1625 and 34856. Greg Rowe, Princes and Political Cultures Princes and Political Cultures (2003), especially pages 10224 on Pisa and elsewhere; Beth Severy, (2003), especially pages 10224 on Pisa and elsewhere; Beth Severy, Augustus and the Family at the Birth of the Roman Empire Augustus and the Family at the Birth of the Roman Empire (2003) is excellent; N. Purcell, in (2003) is excellent; N. Purcell, in Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society (1986), 78105, and M. Boudreau Flory, in (1986), 78105, and M. Boudreau Flory, in Historia Historia (1984), 309330, are important on Livia; N. Horsfall, (1984), 309330, are important on Livia; N. Horsfall, The Culture of the Roman Plebs The Culture of the Roman Plebs (2003); P. Zanker, (2003); P. Zanker, The Power of Images in the Age of Augustus The Power of Images in the Age of Augustus (1988), 79297, extremely readable; Kurt A. Raaflaub and Mark Toher (eds.), (1988), 79297, extremely readable; Kurt A. Raaflaub and Mark Toher (eds.), Between Republic and Empire Between Republic and Empire (1990), especially T. J. Luce, pages 12338, B. A. Kellner, pages 276307, and K. Raaflaub, pages 42854; F. G. B. Millar and E. Segal (eds.), (1990), especially T. J. Luce, pages 12338, B. A. Kellner, pages 276307, and K. Raaflaub, pages 42854; F. G. B. Millar and E. Segal (eds.), Caesar Augustus: Seven Aspects Caesar Augustus: Seven Aspects (1984), especially Millar, pages 3760, and W. Eck, pages 12968, in an excellent collection; A. H. M. Jones, (1984), especially Millar, pages 3760, and W. Eck, pages 12968, in an excellent collection; A. H. M. Jones, Criminal Courts of the Roman Republic and Princ.i.p.ate Criminal Courts of the Roman Republic and Princ.i.p.ate (1972); F. G. B. Millar, (1972); F. G. B. Millar, The Emperor in the Roman World The Emperor in the Roman World (1977), 363550, on emba.s.sies and justice; A. W. Lintott, (1977), 363550, on emba.s.sies and justice; A. W. Lintott, Imperium Romanum Imperium Romanum (1993), 11520. (1993), 11520.

CHAPTER 44. 44. THE JULIO-CLAUDIANS THE JULIO-CLAUDIANS.

T. P. Wiseman, Roman Studies: Literary and Historical Roman Studies: Literary and Historical (1987) cautions that, strictly, there was no Julio-Claudian 'dynasty', but the Julian (1987) cautions that, strictly, there was no Julio-Claudian 'dynasty', but the Julian gens gens and the imperial and the imperial domus domus, so that Claudius is strictly an interloper: pages 96 and 3767. Thorough biographies now guide us through all the issues: Barbara Levick, Tiberius the Politician Tiberius the Politician (1999, 2nd edn.); G. P. Baker, (1999, 2nd edn.); G. P. Baker, Tiberius Caesar: Emperor of Rome Tiberius Caesar: Emperor of Rome (2001, reissue) is vivid; A. A. Barrett, (2001, reissue) is vivid; A. A. Barrett, Caligula: The Corruption of Power Caligula: The Corruption of Power (1993); Barbara Levick, (1993); Barbara Levick, Claudius Claudius (1993); Miriam Griffin, (1993); Miriam Griffin, Nero: The End of a Dynasty Nero: The End of a Dynasty (1984); Edward Champlin, (1984); Edward Champlin, Nero Nero (2003); Jas Elsner and Jamie Masters (eds.), (2003); Jas Elsner and Jamie Masters (eds.), Reflections of Nero Reflections of Nero (1994), on the culture and legacy. On their settings, Clemens Krause, (1994), on the culture and legacy. On their settings, Clemens Krause, Villa Jovis: Die Residenz der Tiberius auf Capri Villa Jovis: Die Residenz der Tiberius auf Capri (2003) is excellent, with A. F. Stewart, in (2003) is excellent, with A. F. Stewart, in Journal of Roman Studies Journal of Roman Studies (1977), 7694; Elisabeth Segala and Ida Sciortino, (1977), 7694; Elisabeth Segala and Ida Sciortino, Domus Aurea Domus Aurea (1999), on Nero's awful House. On two of the women, Nikos Kokkinos, (1999), on Nero's awful House. On two of the women, Nikos Kokkinos, Antonia Augusta: Portrait of a Great Roman Lady Antonia Augusta: Portrait of a Great Roman Lady (2002), updated for new evidence; Anthony Barrett, (2002), updated for new evidence; Anthony Barrett, Agrippina Agrippina (1996). Greg Rowe, (1996). Greg Rowe, Princes and Political Culture: The New Tiberian Senatorial Decrees Princes and Political Culture: The New Tiberian Senatorial Decrees (2002) discusses the remarkable new finds of inscriptions. Doreen Innes and Barbara Levick, in (2002) discusses the remarkable new finds of inscriptions. Doreen Innes and Barbara Levick, in Omnibus II Omnibus II (1989), 1719, on empresses' toothpaste. (1989), 1719, on empresses' toothpaste.

CHAPTER 45. 45. RULING THE PROVINCES RULING THE PROVINCES.

Barbara Levick, The Government of the Roman Empire The Government of the Roman Empire (2000, 2nd edn.) is an outstanding commentary on major texts in translation; P. A. Brunt, (2000, 2nd edn.) is an outstanding commentary on major texts in translation; P. A. Brunt, Roman Imperial Themes Roman Imperial Themes (1990) is now the cla.s.sic study, especially chapters 4 (on which I differ, somewhat), 6, 8, 10, 11, 12 and 1418; A. H. M. Jones, (1990) is now the cla.s.sic study, especially chapters 4 (on which I differ, somewhat), 6, 8, 10, 11, 12 and 1418; A. H. M. Jones, The Roman Economy The Roman Economy, edited by P. A. Brunt (1974), chapters 1, 2 and 8 are also fundamental; Andrew Lintott, Imperium Romanum Imperium Romanum (1993) is an excellent synthesis; S. R. F. Price, (1993) is an excellent synthesis; S. R. F. Price, Rituals and Power Rituals and Power (1984), chapter 38, on cults of the empires in the Greek East. J. A. Crook, (1984), chapter 38, on cults of the empires in the Greek East. J. A. Crook, Law and Life of Rome Law and Life of Rome (1967), chapters 2, 3 and 8 are still valuable; Stephen Mitch.e.l.l, (1967), chapters 2, 3 and 8 are still valuable; Stephen Mitch.e.l.l, Anatolia: Land, Men and G.o.ds in Asia Minor Anatolia: Land, Men and G.o.ds in Asia Minor, volume I (1993), is an exemplary study of Asia Minor's provinces; Alan K. Bowman, Egypt after the Pharaohs Egypt after the Pharaohs (1986) and Naphtali Lewis, (1986) and Naphtali Lewis, Life in Egypt under Roman Rule Life in Egypt under Roman Rule (1983) are excellent introductions to the best-doc.u.mented area; C. R. Whittaker, (1983) are excellent introductions to the best-doc.u.mented area; C. R. Whittaker, Frontiers of the Roman Empire Frontiers of the Roman Empire (1994) is a series of social and economic studies; F. G. B. Millar, (1994) is a series of social and economic studies; F. G. B. Millar, The Roman Empire and its Neighbours The Roman Empire and its Neighbours (1981, 2nd edn.) is a good collection on the world beyond. (1981, 2nd edn.) is a good collection on the world beyond.

CHAPTER 46. 46. EFFECTS OF EMPIRE EFFECTS OF EMPIRE.

R. MacMullen, Romanization in the Time of Augustus Romanization in the Time of Augustus (2000) is a very good survey; on benefactions, Stephen Mitch.e.l.l, in (2000) is a very good survey; on benefactions, Stephen Mitch.e.l.l, in Harvard Studies in Cla.s.sical Philology Harvard Studies in Cla.s.sical Philology (1987), 33366, a very valuable study; P. A. Brunt, (1987), 33366, a very valuable study; P. A. Brunt, Roman Imperial Themes Roman Imperial Themes (1990), 26781, and also pages 2827 and 51731 on Judaea are fundamental; (1990), 26781, and also pages 2827 and 51731 on Judaea are fundamental; Cambridge Ancient History Cambridge Ancient History, volume XI (2000, 2nd edn.), 444678, is full of important material; Stephen Mitch.e.l.l and Marc Waelkens, Pisidian Antioch: The Site and Its Monuments Pisidian Antioch: The Site and Its Monuments (1998) is excellent; on the West, T. F. Blagg and Martin Millett, (1998) is excellent; on the West, T. F. Blagg and Martin Millett, The Early Roman Empire in the West The Early Roman Empire in the West (2002), especially Jonathan C. Edmondson, pages 16973 on Conimbriga, and Nicola Mackie, pages 17993 on 'epigraphic' honours and urban consciousness. A. T. Fear, (2002), especially Jonathan C. Edmondson, pages 16973 on Conimbriga, and Nicola Mackie, pages 17993 on 'epigraphic' honours and urban consciousness. A. T. Fear, Rome and Baetica Rome and Baetica (1996) is excellent on munic.i.p.al law in Spain, with J. Gonzalez, in (1996) is excellent on munic.i.p.al law in Spain, with J. Gonzalez, in Journal of Roman Studies Journal of Roman Studies (1986), 147243, and Alan Rodger, ibid. (1991), 7490, and (1996), 6173, on the recent Irni law. Peter Salway, (1986), 147243, and Alan Rodger, ibid. (1991), 7490, and (1996), 6173, on the recent Irni law. Peter Salway, Roman Britain Roman Britain (1981) and M. D. Goodman, (1981) and M. D. Goodman, The Ruling Cla.s.s of Judaea The Ruling Cla.s.s of Judaea (1987). Tessa Rajak, (1987). Tessa Rajak, Josephus: The Historian and His Society Josephus: The Historian and His Society (2002, 2nd edn.) is excellent on a historian I regret having omitted as not fully 'cla.s.sical'. J. N. Adams, in (2002, 2nd edn.) is excellent on a historian I regret having omitted as not fully 'cla.s.sical'. J. N. Adams, in Journal of Roman Studies Journal of Roman Studies (1995), 86134 is excellent on the Latin found at Hadrian's Wall, a comfort to those in Britain whose Latin is still no better. (1995), 86134 is excellent on the Latin found at Hadrian's Wall, a comfort to those in Britain whose Latin is still no better.

CHAPTER 47. 47. CHRISTIANITY AND ROMAN RULE CHRISTIANITY AND ROMAN RULE.

E. P. Sanders, The Historical Figure of Jesus The Historical Figure of Jesus (1993) is an excellent methodical study; Gerd Theissen and Annette Merz, (1993) is an excellent methodical study; Gerd Theissen and Annette Merz, The Historical Jesus The Historical Jesus (1998, English translation), 125280, gives a full survey; Paula Frederiksen, (1998, English translation), 125280, gives a full survey; Paula Frederiksen, From Jesus to Christ From Jesus to Christ (1988), the next stage; G. B. Caird, (1988), the next stage; G. B. Caird, The Apostolic Age The Apostolic Age (1955) is still valuable; 'Christmas', was refuted by E. Schuerer, in (1955) is still valuable; 'Christmas', was refuted by E. Schuerer, in A History of the Jewish People A History of the Jewish People, volume I (1973, revised edn. by F. G. B. Millar and G. Vermes), 399427; R. J. Lane Fox, The Unauthorized Version The Unauthorized Version (1991), 2736, 20011, 24351 and 283310, and (1991), 2736, 20011, 24351 and 283310, and Pagans and Christians Pagans and Christians (1986), 265335; G. E. M. de Sainte Croix, in D. Baker (ed.), (1986), 265335; G. E. M. de Sainte Croix, in D. Baker (ed.), Studies in Church History Studies in Church History, volume 12 (1975), 138, vigorously criticizes Christian att.i.tudes to property and slavery, and in Past and Present Past and Present (1963), 638, he gives the cla.s.sic account of Christian persecution; Wayne A. Meeks, (1963), 638, he gives the cla.s.sic account of Christian persecution; Wayne A. Meeks, The First Urban Christians: The Social World of the Apostle Paul The First Urban Christians: The Social World of the Apostle Paul (1983); M. Goodman, (1983); M. Goodman, Mission and Conversion Mission and Conversion (1994) provokes thought; Henry Chadwick, (1994) provokes thought; Henry Chadwick, The Early Church The Early Church (1993, 2nd edn.) is the best one-volume history. (1993, 2nd edn.) is the best one-volume history.

CHAPTER 48. 48. SURVIVING FOUR EMPERORS SURVIVING FOUR EMPERORS.

Kenneth Wellesley, The Year of the Four Emperors The Year of the Four Emperors (2000), 3rd edn.) is the fullest modern account; early chapters in Barbara Levick, (2000), 3rd edn.) is the fullest modern account; early chapters in Barbara Levick, Vespasian Vespasian (1999) are also fundamental, with full bibliography; on Vespasian's law, I differ from the very important study of P. A. Brunt, in (1999) are also fundamental, with full bibliography; on Vespasian's law, I differ from the very important study of P. A. Brunt, in Journal of Roman Studies Journal of Roman Studies (1977), 95116; P. A. Brunt, (1977), 95116; P. A. Brunt, Papers of the British School at Rome Papers of the British School at Rome (1975), 735 is the cla.s.sic study of philosophers and Stoics. (1975), 735 is the cla.s.sic study of philosophers and Stoics.

CHAPTER 49. 49. THE NEW DYNASTY THE NEW DYNASTY.

Barbara Levick, Vespasian Vespasian (1999) is the fundamental guide, with full notes and bibliography; Pat Southern, (1999) is the fundamental guide, with full notes and bibliography; Pat Southern, Domitian: Tragic Tyrant Domitian: Tragic Tyrant (1997) is one readable guide, especially on the later years; also, Brian W. Jones, (1997) is one readable guide, especially on the later years; also, Brian W. Jones, The Emperor Domitian The Emperor Domitian (1992); John D. Grainger, (1992); John D. Grainger, Nerva and the Roman Succession Crisis of Nerva and the Roman Succession Crisis of AD AD 9699 9699 (2001) discusses Nerva's reign too; A. J. Boyle and W. J. Dominik, (2001) discusses Nerva's reign too; A. J. Boyle and W. J. Dominik, Flavian Rome: Culture, Image, Text Flavian Rome: Culture, Image, Text (2003) range widely over arts and culture; R. Darwall-Smith, (2003) range widely over arts and culture; R. Darwall-Smith, Emperors and Architecture: A Study of Flavian Rome Emperors and Architecture: A Study of Flavian Rome (1996); Paul Zanker, in Alan K. Bowman and Hannah M. Cotton (eds.), (1996); Paul Zanker, in Alan K. Bowman and Hannah M. Cotton (eds.), Representations of Empire Representations of Empire (2002), 10530, an overview of Domitian's palace in Rome. (2002), 10530, an overview of Domitian's palace in Rome.

CHAPTER 50. 50. THE LAST DAYS OF POMPEII THE LAST DAYS OF POMPEII.

English readers are much better served now, with Paul Zanker, Pompeii: Public and Private Life Pompeii: Public and Private Life (1998); Alison E. Cooley and M. G. C. Cooley, (1998); Alison E. Cooley and M. G. C. Cooley, Pompeii: A Sourcebook Pompeii: A Sourcebook (2004) which is now invaluable, with Alison E. Cooley, (2004) which is now invaluable, with Alison E. Cooley, Pompeii: Guide to the Lost City Pompeii: Guide to the Lost City (2000). Salvatore Nappo, (2000). Salvatore Nappo, Pompeii Pompeii (2000) is the best popular guide; James L. Franklin, (2000) is the best popular guide; James L. Franklin, Pompeiis Difficile Est Pompeiis Difficile Est... (2001) is a very good epigraphic study; Antonio D'Ambrosio, Women and Beauty in Pompeii Women and Beauty in Pompeii (2001) is short but interesting; W. F. Jashemski and Frederick G. Meyer (eds.). (2001) is short but interesting; W. F. Jashemski and Frederick G. Meyer (eds.). The Natural History of Pompeii The Natural History of Pompeii (2002) has much new evidence, as does Annamaria Ciarallo, (2002) has much new evidence, as does Annamaria Ciarallo, Gardens of Pompeii Gardens of Pompeii (2000); John R. Clarke, (2000); John R. Clarke, Roman s.e.x: 100 BCAD 250 Roman s.e.x: 100 BCAD 250 (2003) puts Pompeian erotica in a wider context; Sara Bon and R. Jones, (2003) puts Pompeian erotica in a wider context; Sara Bon and R. Jones, Sequence and s.p.a.ce in Pompeii Sequence and s.p.a.ce in Pompeii (1997) and T. McGran and P. Carafa (eds.), (1997) and T. McGran and P. Carafa (eds.), Pompeian Brothels: Pompeii's Ancient History Pompeian Brothels: Pompeii's Ancient History... (2002) are two good essay collections. There is much else, but J. J. Deiss, Herculaneum: A City Returns to the Sun Herculaneum: A City Returns to the Sun (1968) is the main English book given solely to Pompeii's important neighbour. (1968) is the main English book given solely to Pompeii's important neighbour.

CHAPTER 51. 51. A NEW MAN IN ACTION A NEW MAN IN ACTION.

A. N. Sherwin-White, The Letters of Pliny The Letters of Pliny (1966) is a superb commentary; the Bithynian letters are revisited by his pupil, Wynne Williams, (1966) is a superb commentary; the Bithynian letters are revisited by his pupil, Wynne Williams, Pliny: Correspondence with Trajan from Bithynia Pliny: Correspondence with Trajan from Bithynia (1990); R. Syme, (1990); R. Syme, Roman Papers Roman Papers, volume VII (1991), is more narrowly focused on prosopography; Richard Duncan-Jones, The Economy of the Roman Empire The Economy of the Roman Empire (1974), 1732, is excellent on Pliny's finances. C. P. Jones, (1974), 1732, is excellent on Pliny's finances. C. P. Jones, The Roman World of Dio Chrysostom The Roman World of Dio Chrysostom (1978) is a fine study of Bithynia through another contemporary's texts; Christian Marek, (1978) is a fine study of Bithynia through another contemporary's texts; Christian Marek, Pontus Et Bithynia Pontus Et Bithynia (2003) is a brilliantly ill.u.s.trated local study; J. P. Sullivan, (2003) is a brilliantly ill.u.s.trated local study; J. P. Sullivan, Martial: The Unexpected Cla.s.sic Martial: The Unexpected Cla.s.sic (1991) with D. R. Shackleton Bailey, (1991) with D. R. Shackleton Bailey, Martial: Epigrams Martial: Epigrams, volumes IIII (1993, Loeb Library) which is masterly. Samuel Dill, Roman Society from Nero to Marcus Aurelius Roman Society from Nero to Marcus Aurelius (1905, 2nd edn.), 141286, is still unsurpa.s.sed in general range. (1905, 2nd edn.), 141286, is still unsurpa.s.sed in general range.

CHAPTER 52. 52. A PAGAN AND CHRISTIANS A PAGAN AND CHRISTIANS.

Much that I discuss here is implicit in R. J. Lane Fox, Pagans and Christians Pagans and Christians (1986) and the valuable review-article of P. R. L. Brown, in (1986) and the valuable review-article of P. R. L. Brown, in Philosophical Books Philosophical Books, 43 (2002), 185208, together with his The Body and Society The Body and Society (1989) and (1989) and Poverty and Leaders.h.i.+p in the Later Roman Empire Poverty and Leaders.h.i.+p in the Later Roman Empire (2002). On suicide, see M. T. Griffin, in (2002). On suicide, see M. T. Griffin, in Greece and Rome Greece and Rome (1986), 6477 and 192202; on gardens, the best English guide is Linda Farrar, (1986), 6477 and 192202; on gardens, the best English guide is Linda Farrar, Ancient Roman Gardens Ancient Roman Gardens (2000), with the legacy well ill.u.s.trated in Patrick Bowe, (2000), with the legacy well ill.u.s.trated in Patrick Bowe, Gardens of the Roman World Gardens of the Roman World (2004). (2004).

CHAPTER 53. 53. REGIME CHANGE, HOME AND AWAY REGIME CHANGE, HOME AND AWAY.

Julian Bennett, Trajan Trajan (1997) gathers together recent work excellently and allows me to refer simply to its bibliography on the matters in (and outside) my text; F. A. Lepper and S. S. Frere, (1997) gathers together recent work excellently and allows me to refer simply to its bibliography on the matters in (and outside) my text; F. A. Lepper and S. S. Frere, Trajan's Column Trajan's Column (1988) have excellent discussions of the Dacian War and many related issues, but should be read with M. Wilson Jones, in (1988) have excellent discussions of the Dacian War and many related issues, but should be read with M. Wilson Jones, in Journal of Roman Archaeology Journal of Roman Archaeology (1993), 2338 and the very important revisions of Amanda Claridge, ibid. (1993), 522, attributing to Hadrian a major role in the monument, a view which I have hesitated over, simply because it is controversial, as James E. Packer shows, in (1993), 2338 and the very important revisions of Amanda Claridge, ibid. (1993), 522, attributing to Hadrian a major role in the monument, a view which I have hesitated over, simply because it is controversial, as James E. Packer shows, in Journal of Roman Archaeology Journal of Roman Archaeology (1994), 16382. James E. Packer, (1994), 16382. James E. Packer, The Forum of Trajan in Rome The Forum of Trajan in Rome (2001, paperback) gives a briefer version of his masterwork on this subject; Lionel Ca.s.son, (2001, paperback) gives a briefer version of his masterwork on this subject; Lionel Ca.s.son, Libraries in the Ancient World Libraries in the Ancient World (2001) puts the library in context. There is much in Annette NunnerichAsmus, (2001) puts the library in context. There is much in Annette NunnerichAsmus, Traian: Ein Kaiser der Superlative am Beginn einer Umbruchzeit? Traian: Ein Kaiser der Superlative am Beginn einer Umbruchzeit? (2002). Anthony R. Birley, (2002). Anthony R. Birley, Hadrian: The Restless Emperor Hadrian: The Restless Emperor (1997), 3577 is helpful, and in (1997), 3577 is helpful, and in Journal of Roman Studies Journal of Roman Studies (1990), 11526, discusses the Parthian War, but I remain firm about the chronology I adopt here, noting that it is also adopted by Birley, (1990), 11526, discusses the Parthian War, but I remain firm about the chronology I adopt here, noting that it is also adopted by Birley, Hadrian Hadrian, 713.

CHAPTER 54. 54. PRESENTING THE PAST PRESENTING THE PAST.

Andrew Wallace-Hadrill, Suetonius Suetonius (1995, 2nd edn.) and R. Syme, (1995, 2nd edn.) and R. Syme, Roman Papers Roman Papers, volume III (1984), 125175, on biography; R. Syme, Ten Studies in Tacitus Ten Studies in Tacitus (1970) is more accessible than his (1970) is more accessible than his Tacitus Tacitus (1958) whose Hadrianic date for the (1958) whose Hadrianic date for the Annals Annals I reject; Syme, I reject; Syme, Roman Papers Roman Papers volume III pages 101442, volume III pages 101442, IV IV (1988), 199222, and (1988), 199222, and VI VI (1991), 4354, are all penetrating; Ronald Mellor, (1991), 4354, are all penetrating; Ronald Mellor, Tacitus Tacitus (1993) and R. Martin, (1993) and R. Martin, Tacitus Tacitus (1981) are clear and helpful; J. B. Rives, (1981) are clear and helpful; J. B. Rives, Tacitus: Germania Tacitus: Germania (1999) translates it; R. M. Ogilvie and I. Richmond (eds.), (1999) translates it; R. M. Ogilvie and I. Richmond (eds.), Taciti Agricola Taciti Agricola (1967) gives excellent notes and introduction; T. D. Barnes, in (1967) gives excellent notes and introduction; T. D. Barnes, in Harvard Studies in Cla.s.sical Philology Harvard Studies in Cla.s.sical Philology (1986), 22564, is perceptive on the (1986), 22564, is perceptive on the Dialogues Dialogues; M. T. Griffin, in Scripta Cla.s.sica Israelica Scripta Cla.s.sica Israelica (1999), 13958, is excellent on Pliny and Tacitus; also in I. Malkin and Z. W. Rubensohn, (1999), 13958, is excellent on Pliny and Tacitus; also in I. Malkin and Z. W. Rubensohn, Leaders and Ma.s.ses in the Roman World Leaders and Ma.s.ses in the Roman World (1995), 3358, on Tacitus and Tiberius and in (1995), 3358, on Tacitus and Tiberius and in Cla.s.sical Quarterly Cla.s.sical Quarterly (1982), 40416, on Tacitus, the Lyons Tablet and his provincial view. (1982), 40416, on Tacitus, the Lyons Tablet and his provincial view.

Commentary on the Ill.u.s.trations 1. Black-figure amphora of the Tyrrhenian Group, c c. 540 BC, showing a pentathlete in action (British Museum, London) 2. Red-figure mixing-bowl, or krater krater, showing a symposion during which a slave-girl plays music for the male diners on their couches. On the right the diner is pouring watered wine into a cup, phiale phiale, from a drinking-horn, rhyton rhyton, which ends in the forepart of a horse. Fourth century BC (Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna) 3. Black-figure lekythos lekythos, or oil flask, showing a hunter with his spears and hound: Edinburgh Painter, Athens c c. 510500 BC (Vienna, Kunsthistorisches Museum: Photo: AKG Images, London) 4. Older male, s.e.xually aroused, fondles a young boy, who has slight down on his cheeks but no pubic hair: under age, certainly, so perhaps pre-pubic paidophilia, and definitely not 'ephebophilia', s.e.x with older adolescents. The cup is now in Oxford, but it is not showing a 'teacher' s.e.xually hara.s.sing a 'pupil'. A sponge and a strigil are behind the older man, signifying a gym or wrestling s.p.a.ce: the boy has a net or bag, possibly for 'gym' gear. It represents a s.e.xual advance in a sports-arena: as the male owner of the cup drank the last of the wine, this s.e.x-scene appeared, a 'tondo' at the bottom of the cup. Red-figure tondo; Brygos Painter, c c. 480 BC (Ashmolean Museum, Oxford) 5. Bronze figurine of a Spartan girl, detached from the rim of a bronze vessel. Her dress is cut away from the shoulder, Spartan style, and held up at the knee, suggesting that she is not an athlete running in a lady's race (in honour of Hera) but a dancer, though female Spartan dancers were said often to dance naked (British Museum) 6. Marble statue from the acropolis in Sparta, showing a G.o.d or hero, in clean-shaven style. Probably one of a group on a Spartan temple: misunderstood as the famous Spartan warrior, Leonidas, when discovered in 1925 (Archaeological Museum of Sparta. Photo: Deutsches Archaologisches Inst.i.tut-Athens) 7. Footsoldiers of Persian king, wearing pointed hats, with ear-flaps, in Scythian style: limestone relief from palaces at Persepolis, fourth century BC (Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin) 8. Painting on the inner surface of the coffin-lid of the 'Tomb of the Diver', found in 1968 about a mile south of Paestum. Four other paintings of scenes from a symposium decorated the inner sides: the young boy dives, holding his head awkwardly, from a plinth of uncertain significance. Like the symposium scenes, the scene surely refers to worldly life, perhaps to something in the dead man's earlier life, rather than symbolizing his dive out into the 'unknown' s.p.a.ce of the underworld, a favoured but fanciful interpretation. Painting on white stucco surface (Paestum Museum. Photo: author) 9. Small terracotta plaque, one of many dedicated at the sanctuary of Persephone at Locri, in the Greek West, now Calabria in S. Italy. Probably the plaques were fixed on trees. In my view the young woman is putting away the folded cloth, not taking it out. The front of the chest is decorated with a panel of the G.o.ddess Athena killing a giant (Enceladus?) and another of a man leading off a woman, apparently willingly, by taking her right wrist. The allusion is possibly to an 'abduction' for marriage: the scene with the giant suggests, but only to some, that 'violence' is involved in male-female marriage. The lady is also thought to be preparing for marriage, perhaps packing up in her parental home. In my view, the young woman is already married, and enjoying it all, with symbols of her household role, including the cloth (a blanket) and the mirror and the wool-basket of a 'good wife' above her head. Just as the virgin Athena laid low a giant, so she, a virgin, thunderstruck her man whom she followed, taken willingly by the hand. If so, the plaque is dedicated by a woman in grat.i.tude, not in preparation. c c. 470450 (Museo Archeologico n.a.z.ionale di Reggio Calabria) 10. The upper half of one of the 'Riace bronzes', Warrior A, displayed since recovery in 1980, in Reggio di Calabria. Certainly a hero, he survived with his teeth and original eye b.a.l.l.s, a masterpiece. On one view, he and Warrior B were two of the ten heroes, eponyms of the Athenian democracy's tribes, made by the great Pheidias and dedicated at Delphi c c. 460 BC. Others champion an artist from Argos, citing the (inconclusive) evidence of the type of earth used in the statue's filling. Many others remain safelyagnostic. But he is a great work, plundered from Greece and s.h.i.+pped west before being wrecked (and saved on the seabed) near Locri in S. Italy (Museo Archeologico n.a.z.ionale di Reggio Calabria) 11. Fine marble Attic funerary-relief, perhaps of 431/0 BC, showing a dismounted Athenian cavalryman, holding his horse's reins in one hand and raising his sword in the other to kill his fallen enemy. The victim and the killer gaze at each other in a 'frozen' cla.s.sic moment, of great power. The left of the relief shows hilly landscape, perhaps in Attica itself. The encounter may, then, belong in the first battle, a cavalry one, of the Peloponnesian War, described in Thucydides 2.22.2. If so, the victim may be a Theban and the Athenian cavalryman commemorated here will have been one of the beneficiaries of Pericles' Funeral Oration, the defining cla.s.sical speech (Villa Albani, Rome. Photo: Hirmer Verlag) 12. Attic black-figure tondo, painted inside a drinking-cup and showing a slave, contemptibly ugly, with ankles chained: he puts stones into a basket. As the drinker emptied the wine, he would see this contemptible figure at the bottom of his cup, and be amused. Attic black-figure tondo, c c. 49080 BC (Rijksmuseum van Oudheden, Leiden) 13. Attic red-figure cup by the Cage painter, showing a youth, wreathed, so perhaps not a slave, filling his kylix kylix, or drinking cup, with watered wine from the mixing bowl at a symposium, c c. 490 BC (Musee du Louvre, Paris) 14. White-ground lekythos lekythos, or oil-flask showing a lady musician, with the caption 'Helicon', mountain of the Muses. She plays to a second lady, round the flask, who appears to gesture to the music. The implication, perhaps, is that the dead Athenian ladyhonoured bythis flask is 'like a Muse': certainly, well-born Athenian women learned music. Achilles Painter, c. c. 440 BC (Antikensammlungen, Munich) 440 BC (Antikensammlungen, Munich) 15. Marble relief showing a pensive Athena in front of what is probably a grave monument, rather than a boundarymarker. It might be inscribed with the names of Athenian casualties, recently dead in war, c c. 460 BC (Acropolis Museum, Athens) 16. Grave monument of Sosias and Kephisodorus whose names are inscribed above, from the left to beyond centre. It seems, then, that these two are the two left-hand figures, the left one wearing a priestly robe, the other hoplite armour and a pointed helmet, shaking hands with a third hoplite on the right. Are they the only dead men, one of whom takes a fond farewell of a fellow hoplite? Or, less plausibly, are all three dead? They fell in the Peloponnesian War: c c. 410 BC (Antikensammlungen, Berlin) 17. Attic red-figure jug, or pelike pelike, showing a baby learning to crawl, c c. 430520 BC (British Museum, London) 18. Copy of the portrait-statue by Polyeuctus of the great Athenian orator and democrat Demosthenes, which was set up by admiring democrats in Athens in 28079 BC, forty years after his death. It stood in the Agora near the Altar of the Twelve G.o.ds. In the original, his hands were clasped simply, without a scroll. The style is admirably cla.s.sical, in a 'severe' style, and the face and the position of the hands are apt for the expression of grief: the great Demosthenes, then, is mourning the city's loss of freedom to King Philip, and was put up in 280 on the proposal of his nephew Demochares at a time of renewed patriotic and democratic fervour against Macedon. The last great cla.s.sical Greek statue, looking back to a cla.s.sical hero, but made in a post-cla.s.sical age (Ny Carlsberg Glyptothek) 19. Byzantine wall painting from the church of St Thomas at Kastoria in the north-west of Alexander's Macedon, showing the great king with King Porus of India, whose elephants he conquered but whose person he greatly honoured, King Cyrus, founder of the Persian Empire and King Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon, each of them two centuries older than Alexander. Great Alexander and the kings of these three Eastern empires meet here for the Last Judgement. Late Byzantine, fourteenth century BC (Photo: J. L. Lightfoot) 20. Grave stele of Thraseas and Euandria, husband and wife. She sits while he fondly clasps her hand and the head of a girl, surelya slave, looks on, pensively. A married Athenian scene, with a domestic onlooker, but we do not know which of the two had died. Athens, c c. 350 BC (Antikensammlungen, Berlin) 21. Modern drawing to reconstruct a major Macedonian hunting scene, known in a mosaic copy, perhaps c c. 150 BC, which survives in the Piazza Vittoria, Palermo. The original painting showed a hunt in Asia, confirmed by the vegetation on the right side: perhaps it is a famous hunt in Syria, in 332/1 BC. The mounted huntsman, rescuing the fallen warrior from a lion, replicates the pose of the figure to be identified as Alexander in figure 20.1. The fallen warrior was, arguably, identified with Lysimachus, one of Alexander's Bodyguards and an eventual Successor in western Asia. To the right, a partic.i.p.ant in Oriental dress runs away from a hunted boar: he chickens out symptomatically, so unlike the brave Macedonian 'lion kings'. The original is similar to parts of the Vergina hunt painting and probably comes from the same circle, or artist, at an uncertain date, but surely in Alexander's own lifetime, close to the memorable lion-hunting of 332/1 BC (Reconstruction, drawing and photo by William Wootton) 22. Ptolemy I, silver tetradrachm, c c. 310305 BC. Head of Alexander (Heberden Coin Room, Ashmolean Museum, Oxford) 23. Indo-Greek silver tetradrachm, c c. 170145 BC. Bust of Eucratides (Heberden Coin Room, Ashmolean Museum, Oxford) 24. Indo-Greek silver tetradrachm, 160145 BC. Bust of Menander (Heberden Coin Room, Ashmolean Museum, Oxford) 25. Silver tetradrachm from Sardis, c c. 213190 BC. Head of Antiochus III (Heberden Coin Room, Ashmolean Museum, Oxford) 26. Cast of a Roman bronze portrait bust of Seleucus I, commander of Alexander's Royal s.h.i.+eld-bearers, then a Successor King in Asia (he wears the royal diadem here) and founder of the Seleucid dynasty to which Antiochus III in figure 11.4 belonged. From the Villa of the Papyri, Herculaneum, Roman copy c c. 50 BC of a lost marble original. Cast from Copenhagen Glyptotek (Photo: Professor Marianne Bergmann) 27. Big Corinthian column-capitals excavated at Ai Khanum, the Greek city on the Oxus and Kokcha rivers in northern Afghanistan, probably an Alexandria, subsequentlyenlarged. Reused as the main city-site was pillaged and ruined during the wars of the 1980s and 1990s: they now support the roof of a nearbymodern tea-house (Photo: Delegation Archelogique Francaise en Afghanistan: R. Besenval) 28. Cast of a Roman copy of a contemporary marble portrait of Demetrius the Besieger, the most handsome and most flamboyant of Alexander's Successors. Born in 336 BC, year of Alexander's accession, he was son of Anti-gonus the one-eyed and is sculpted here with small bull's horns in his hair, attributes of the G.o.d Dionysus with whom he liked to be compared. He also wears a narrow diadem, symbol of royalty for Alexander's Successors since 306/5 BC. Cast, from Copenhagen Glyptotek. (Photo: Professor Marianne Bergmann).

29. South facade of the court of Tomb I in Moustapha Pasha necropolis, Alexandria, Egypt, with a reconstructed altar in front and traces of fine painting, including Macedonian cavalrymen pouring libations with one hand and ladies standing between. Probably c c. 280260 BC, Alexandria (Photo: Professor Marianne Bergmann) 30. The most remote Ionic Greek column-capital yet known: locally carved for the big temple-portico of the largely Asiatic-style temple to the river Oxus at Takht-i-Sangin where the Oxus and Waksh rivers meet. The capital recalls details of late fourththird century BC Ionic capitals back in Ionia, but the site is on the Oxus's northern bank, in Tadjikistan. After Alexander, perhaps c c. 300280 BC under Seleucus (Photo: Delegation Archelogique Francaise en Afghanistan: R. Besenval) 31. Foot of a colossal Greek acrolith statue, surely of a G.o.d, c c. 250150 BC, from the Greek city at Ai Khanum, Afghanistan (Delegation Archelogique Francaise en Afghanistan, courtesy of Prof. Paul Bernard) 32. Imperial Roman copy of a marble portrait head of Pompey, combining the realism of small eyes and expression with a hairstyle recalling the great Alexander with whom Pompey was at times, optimistically, compared (Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen) 33. Portrait head of Julius Caesar, probablyposthumous: c c. 4030 BC (Vatican Museum, Rome) 34. Marble portrait generally a.s.sumed to represent Cicero. 30s BC (Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence) 35. The Portland Vase, brilliantly crafted blue and white cameo-gla.s.s. The uncaptioned figures have attracted many interpretations, of which the mythological ones are most likely. In our left-hand picture, the seated lady, holding a sea-monster, may be Thetis, G.o.ddess of the sea, watched pensively by the sea-G.o.d Poseidon, shown in a famous pose based on his statue by Lysippus, Alexander's favoured sculptor. She draws fondly to her the nearly naked Peleus whom she will marry. A 'Cupid' with a flaming torch leads him on. The tree above may be a myrtle, although it has been compared with a budding peach, erotically more apt. Our right-hand picture is more disputed. I suggest a (slightly) regretful Aeneas, looking to the distressed Dido whom he has 'reluctantly' abandoned. She sits on a heap of marble plaques, possibly symbolizing a 'broken home', and her torch of 'love' is lowered. She will kill herself on a bonfire, perhaps implied here. To the far right, Venus, Aeneas' mother, looks on with a sceptre. The tree is probably a fig tree, symbolizing barrenness. On the one side, then, the vase shows love leading to marriage, and to the future child Achilles. On the other side, love is abandoned and instead Aeneas will found a new home in Italy. As the supposed ancestors of Julius Caesar, Venus (and Aeneas) were Octavian's ancestors. So, there may be a hint of Octavian-Augustus in the choice of themes. There is now a theory that on the left, the figures are Mark Antony, a seated Cleopatra, and Anton (a Heracles-figure and a supposed ancestor of Antony). On the right, Octavian is suggested as looking at his poor sister Octavia, Antony's abandoned wife, while Venus and her sceptre a.s.sure him all will be well. The problems here are that Cleopatra is not naturally a.s.sociated with a sea-monster (although she came by s.h.i.+p to meet Antony) nor with Poseidon, certainly the figure to her right. A half-naked pose for Octavia would also be surprising. The figures are surely mythological, not historical. Any reference to Octavian-Augustus is partial, and indirect, although the vase was made between c c. 35 and 10 BC (British Museum, London) 36. Amphitheatre mosaic from a house floor at Smirat in Tun