Proportional Representation: A Study in Methods of Election - LightNovelsOnl.com
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"Surplus" means the number of votes which a candidate has obtained, at any stage of the scrutiny, over and above the quota:
"First choice recorded for a candidate" means a voting-paper on which the number 1 is placed in the square opposite the name:
"Second choice recorded for a candidate" means a voting paper on which the number 2 is placed in the square opposite his name:
"Transfer value" means that portion of a vote which is unused by--
(a) an elected candidate who has obtained a surplus,
(b) a candidate excluded on account of his being lowest on the poll, and which is therefore transferred to the candidate next in the order of the voter's preference. The transfer value of all votes is either 1 or some fraction of 1.
METHOD OF COUNTING VOTES
_First choice of each candidate to be counted_.]
1. The number of first choices recorded for each candidate shall be counted, and all informal voting papers shall be rejected.
_To find the quota_.
2. The aggregate number of such first choices shall be divided by one more than the number of candidates required to be elected, and the quotient increased by one, disregarding any remainder, shall be the quota, and (except as hereinafter provided in Rule 10) no candidate shall be elected until he obtains a number of votes equal to or greater than the quota.
_Candidates who have the quota to be declared elected._
3. Any candidate who has, upon the first choices being counted, a number of such votes equal to or greater than the quota shall be declared elected.
_If first choices exactly equal to quota, voting papers to be set aside_.
4. Where the number of such votes obtained by any candidate is equal to the quota, the whole of the voting papers on which a first choice is recorded for such elected candidate shall be set aside as finally dealt with.
_If a surplus, surplus to be transferred._
5. Where the number of such votes obtained by any candidate is in excess of the quota, the proportion of votes in excess of the quota shall be transferred to the other candidates not yet declared elected, next in the order of the voters' respective preferences, in the following manner:--
_Voting papers reexamined and second choices counted._
(i) All the voting papers on which a first choice is recorded for the elected candidate shall be re-examined, and the number of second choices, or (in the case provided for in Rule 12) third or next consecutive choices, recorded for each unelected candidate thereon shall be counted:
_Find the transfer value._ (ii) The surplus of the elected candidate shall be divided by the total number of votes obtained by him on the counting of the first choices, and the resulting fraction shall be the transfer value:
_Multiply second choices by transfer value._
(iii) The number of second or other choices, ascertained in paragraph i, to be recorded second for each unelected candidate, shall be multiplied by the transfer value:
_Add result on._
(iv) The resulting number, disregarding any fractional remainder, shall be credited to each unelected candidate, and added to the number of votes obtained by him on the counting of the first choices.
_If more than one surplus, largest to be first dealt with._
6.--(a) Where, on the counting of the first choices or on any transfer, more than one candidate has a surplus, the largest surplus shall be first dealt with. If then more than one candidate has a surplus, the then largest surplus shall be dealt with, and so on: Provided that, if one candidate has obtained a surplus at a count or transfer previous to that at which another candidate obtains a surplus, the surplus of the former shall be first dealt with.
_If surpluses equal, last difference to decide._
(b) Where two or more surpluses are equal, the surplus of the candidate who was the highest on the poll at the count or transfer at which they last had an unequal number of votes shall be first dealt with; and if they have had an equal number of votes at all preceding counts or transfers, the returning officer shall decide which candidate's surplus shall be first dealt with.
_If transfer raises candidate up to or above quota, he is to be declared elected._
7.--(a) Where the number of votes obtained by a candidate is raised up to or above the quota by a transfer as aforesaid, he shall thereupon be declared elected. And in such case, notwithstanding the fact that he may have reached the quota, such transfer shall be completed, and all the votes to which he is ent.i.tled there from shall be transferred to him, but no votes of any other candidate shall be transferred to him.
_If votes exactly equal quota, voting papers to be set aside._
(b) Where the number of votes obtained by a candidate is raised up to, but not above, the quota by a transfer as aforesaid, the whole of the voting papers on which such votes are recorded shall be set aside as finally dealt with.
_If surplus created, surplus to be transferred._
(c) Where the number of votes obtained by a candidate is raised above the quota by a transfer as aforesaid, his surplus shall be transferred to the candidates next in the order of the voters' respective preferences, in the following manner:--
_Voting paper of last transfer re-examined and third choices counted._
(i) The voting papers on which are recorded the votes obtained by the elected candidate in the last transfer shall be reexamined, and the number of third, or (in the case provided for in Rule 12) next consecutive choices recorded for each unelected candidate thereon counted:
_ Find the transfer value._
(ii) The surplus of the elected candidate shall be divided by the total number of voting papers mentioned in paragraph i, and the resulting fraction shall be the transfer value:
_Multiply third choices by transfer value._
(iii) The number of second (or other) choices, ascertained in paragraph i, to be recorded for each unelected candidate, shall be multiplied by the last-mentioned transfer value:
_Add result on._
(iv) The resulting number, disregarding any fractional remainder, shall be credited to each unelected candidate, and added to the number of votes previously obtained by him.
_When all surpluses dealt with candidate lowest on poll to be excluded, and his votes transferred._ 8.--(a) Where, after the first choices have been counted and all surpluses (if any) have been transferred as hereinbefore directed, no candidate, or less than the number of candidates required to be elected, has or have obtained the quota, the candidate who is lowest on the poll shall be excluded, and all the votes obtained by him shall be transferred to the candidates next in the order of the voters' respective preferences, in the same manner as is directed in Rule 5.
_First choices to be transferred first._
(b) The votes obtained by such excluded candidate as first choices shall first be transferred, the transfer value of each vote in this case being 1.
_Then other votes in order._
(c) The other votes of such excluded candidate shall then be dealt with in the order of the transfers in which, and at the transfer value at which, he obtained them.
_Each transfer deemed a separate transfer._
(d) Each of the transfers which takes place under the two previous clauses of this rule shall be deemed for all purposes to be a separate transfer.
_If transfer raises candidate up to quota, he is to be declared elected._
