The Part Borne by the Dutch in the Discovery of Australia 1606-1765 Part 25

The situation of the islands on whose outermost reef the s.h.i.+p Zeewijk has run aground, is shown by the annexed small chart [*]. They lie out of sight of the South-land, and are partly overgrown with brushwood, edible vegetables, etc...here have been discovered not only a number of wells dug by human hands, but also certain vestiges of a Dutch s.h.i.+p, presumably also lost on the reef aforesaid...

[* To the Netherlands were sent "two charts of the situation of the Reef, and of the islands aforementioned" (charts 16 and 17 _below_).]

[Map No. 16. Kaarte betreffende de schipbreuk der Zeewijk (Chart, concerning the s.h.i.+pwreck of the Zeewijk) 1727.]

[Map No. 17. Kaarte betreffende de schipbreuk der Zeewijk (Chart, concerning the s.h.i.+pwreck of the Zeewijk) 1727.]

B.

_Journal or daily register, kept [by the second steersman Adriaan (Van) de Graeff] on board the sho Zeewijk;_ after the miscarriage of the same, _on the wreck stuck fast on a rocky reef near the unknown Southland;_ and a few days after, _in the island [*]._

[* This journal is of no interest for our purpose, and I mention it _pro memoria_ only. The charts sufficiently record the results.]

C.

_Chart drawn by JAN STEIJNS. (No. 16)._

D.

_Chart drawn by ADRIAAN (VAN) DE GRAAF [*]. (No. 17.)_

[* Later in the XVIII century (_inter alia_ in 1755 and 1765) the West-coast of Australia was again visited by Dutch s.h.i.+ps, but what we know about this point is of no significance.]

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x.x.xVI.

(1756). EXPLORATORY VOYAGE OF THE s.h.i.+PS RIJDER. AND BUIS, COMMANDED BY LIEUTENANT JEAN ETIENNE GONZAL AND FIRST LAVIENNE LODEWIJK VAN a.s.sCHENS, TO THE GULF OF CARPENTARIA.

_Report of the "Master Cartographer" at Batavia, GERRIT DE HAAN, to the G.-G., and Counc. September 30, 1756._

Pursuant to Your Honourable Wors.h.i.+ps' highly honoured orders, the undersigned has the honour to submit to Your Honourable Wors.h.i.+ps a report concerning the voyage made by the small bark-s.h.i.+ps de Rijder and de Buijs to the South-land, so far as the same has been touched at by them, as Your Honourable Wors.h.i.+ps may be pleased further to gather from the annexed charts [*].

[* I have not found either these charts or any journals of this expedition.]

On the 8th of February, 1756 the two s.h.i.+ps set sail together from this roadstead...

On March 26 they were overtaken by a violent storm off the Banda islands, so that they got separated, and the s.h.i.+p Buijs, finding it impossible to stand out to sea, entered the port of Banda on March 28; the s.h.i.+p Rijder held out with fore- and mizen-sails struck until the weather got better, and not knowing that the s.h.i.+p Buys had returned to port, continued her voyage. On April 4 those on board the s.h.i.+p Rijder sighted Cape Falso in Lat. 7 54' S., in 5 and 4 fathom; they then shaped their course to the S.E. and afterwards to the S.S.E., until on April 10 they saw the high land of Carpentaria, known by the name of hoog Eijland, near which they found an island not known to the chart, to which island they gave the name of Rijders Eijland. From the hooge Eyland a reef runs out to sea a distance of nearly three miles coming close to the Rijders Eyland...They then shaped their course along the land in order to get into the bay, in depths Of 8, 7, 7, 6 fathom sandy bottom, at which last depth they came to anchor on April the 16th, where they estimated themselves to be about two miles off sh.o.r.e. On the 17th do. they went ash.o.r.e with the boat for the first time in order to ascertain the nature of the coast. On landing they found a number of cabins constructed of the bark of trees; they also saw a man who fled into the wood at their approach, and a small prow or species of vessel also made of bark, together with some fis.h.i.+ng-tackle and a kind of a.s.sagays made of branches of trees, from 4 to 9 feet long, tipped at one end with a small piece of bone ground to a sharp point. The fis.h.i.+ng-lines seemed to be twisted out of fibrous bark, and, instead of hooks, had pointed claws of beasts fastened to them. The land was overgrown with tall gra.s.s, and they saw a number of fine dells or valleys, through which flowed various small rills of fresh water; the trees were very tall and straight, of regular growth and of different kinds, some of which would, as they presumed, furnish excellent timber for s.h.i.+ps' masts, yards, etc. The soil was very rich, and on the whole the country looked very promising. They remained there, making various landings, and taking in firewood and water, till the 26th of April, when they put to sea again...shaping their course E.N.E. close to the wind in depths Of 5, 6 or 7 fathom, following the trend of the coast till they had got into 10 30' S. Lat., where they cast anchor on April 28, in order to explore the land also in this lat.i.tude. They found nothing worth mentioning, however, {Page 93} except a few more cabins or huts of the kind before described, the inmates of which took to the wood as soon as our men appeared. They dragged the boat on the {Page 94} beach here, and repaired the same, remaining there till the 13th of May, waiting for the s.h.i.+p de Buys. On that day they resolved to continue their voyage, shaping their course along the land as high as they could in order to keep the same alongside; but they lost sight of the land all the same, and became aware that the said land lay at least one degree more to southward than the chart had led them to believe. On the 24th of May they again sighted the land in 12 18' S. Lat.; it showed as a very low-lying coast, whose trend they followed close insh.o.r.e. In Lat. 12 26' South they cast anchor in 10 fathom good anchoring-ground. As they were lying at anchor at about 1 or 1 mile's distance from the sh.o.r.e, they saw two of the prows above described paddle up to the s.h.i.+p, each of them containing two men, who, when they had got near the s.h.i.+p, by signs and cries began to signify to our men that they wished them to come ash.o.r.e. The following day, being the 26th of May, our men went ash.o.r.e at daybreak, and on landing found several persons there, who, however, all took to flight directly. They also saw two dogs, not unlike so-called Bengal jackals. The persons who had fled, shortly after returned to them, when they found them armed with the a.s.sagays above described. They were accompanied by a number of females who had their privities covered with a kind of small mats. The natives then all of them sat down on the beach near our men, who made signs to them that they were seeking fresh water; upon which the natives got up and signified to our men their willingness to show them the places where water was obtainable. Nor were our men deceived, for after walking on along the beach for some time, they were conducted to a pleasant valley with fine trees such as those above described. This seemed to be the dwelling-place of the natives, for our men saw here more women and children and also a number of primitive dwellings, merely consisting of sheltered places under the trees partly covered in with bark. The water which they found here, welled up out of the earth in pits dug by human hands. After having inspected the whole place, they went back to the beach, where they found the two prows in which the natives had previously approached the s.h.i.+p. As our men were seated on the beach, nineteen natives came up to them, all of them with bodies daubed over with red; when the said natives were by our men treated to some arrack with sugar, they began to make merry and even struck up a kind of chant, at the conclusion of which they retired to the wood again.

In the morning of the 27th our men went ash.o.r.e again for the purpose of attempting to get hold of one or two natives, but did not succeed in doing so that day, because they landed too late to lure the natives to the beach. Early in the morning of the 28th they again landed in order to execute their plan; on their arrival the natives came up to them dancing and singing, sat down close to them, laid aside their so-called a.s.sagays or weapons, and again enjoyed the liquor with which our men plied them.

While they were thus making merry, our men seized hold of two of them [*], upon which the others jumped to their feet, s.n.a.t.c.hed up their a.s.sagays and began to throw them at our people without, however, wounding any one; except that the s.h.i.+p's clerk, who in flying tried to seize one of the natives round the body, was in the scuffle slightly wounded in the hand; upon this, our men fired a volley, wounding one of the natives, who thereupon all of them fled into the bush. Our people then tried to drag to the boat the two men they had got hold of, but as they were tying their {Page 95} arms and legs together, one of them by frantic biting and tearing contrived to get loose and effect his escape. Shortly after upwards of fifty natives again made their appearance, throwing a.s.sagays, but they also took to their heels, when our people let off another volley of musketry, after which our men succeeded in carrying off their one prisoner to the boat.

[* A sorry return for kindness received!]

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On the 29th of May, the wind being S.E. and S.E. by E. with a top-gallant gale, they put to sea again, running S.S.W. close by the wind in from 10 to 11 fathom good anchoring-ground. At noon they found their lat.i.tude to be 12 31' South, and dropped anchor in 10 fathom good anchoring-ground, at about 1 or 1 mile's distance from the land, their compa.s.ses showing 3 49' north-easterly variation.

On the 3Oth of May, as they were lying at anchor, two small prows came to within half a mile of the s.h.i.+p and then paddled back to sh.o.r.e.

On the 31st of May, the wind being East and E.S.E., with a top-gallant gale, they set sail close to the wind on a southerly course. At noon they took the lat.i.tude of 12 44' South, having pa.s.sed depths of 10 and 10 fathom. At sunset the countercurrent forced them to drop anchor before the Mosselbaaij.

On the 1st of June, the wind being E.S.E. and S.E. by E. with a weak top-gallant gale, they set sail over depths of 10, 11, 12 and latterly 10 fathom again, good anchoring ground, upon which they dropped anchor in the forenoon. At noon it fell a calm, and they took the lat.i.tude of 12 51' South, the compa.s.ses showing 3 3' north-easterly variation.

In the morning of June 2 the wind varied between East, E.S.E., and S.E., and then went round to S.W. by S.; they sent the boat ash.o.r.e in search of fresh water, since in the lat.i.tude they had now reached the chart showed a fresh-water river. When the boat returned alongside, they were informed that there was an excellent watering-place close by, where the water came rus.h.i.+ng down the rocks, and also a fine inland lake, near which the men had seen a great number of birds of various kinds, together with certain foot-prints of large animals. In the drawing or chart this spot has been named Rijders waterplaats situated in 12 57' S. Lat.

On the 3rd of June, the wind blowing from the East to E.S.E. with a fresh breeze, they set sail for the watering-place aforesaid in 11, 10, 11, 9, 9 and 8 fathom, good anchoring ground and muddy sand, in which they dropped anchor at two gla.s.ses in the afternoon.

From the 4th to the 12th of June they overhauled the s.h.i.+p, took in water and firewood, and repaired the boat. During this time no natives were seen by them.

On the 13th of June, the wind being E.S.E. and S.E. by E. with a weak top-gallant gale, they put to sea again, following the trend of the coast on a course between W.S.W. and S. by E...over depths of 8, 8, 9, and 10 fathom, good anchoring-ground with pebbles and small sh.e.l.ls. At noon they took the lat.i.tude of 12 2' South, and in the afternoon the head-current forced them to come to anchor.

On the 14th of June, the wind varying between S.E. by E. and South, they set sail running close by the wind on a southerly and S. by E. course in 9, 9, 10 and 11 fathom sandy bottom. At noon their estimated course and distance performed since sunrise were S.S.W. half a point westerly, and 2 miles, the lat.i.tude taken being 13 8' South. In the afternoon the wind was S.S.W. by W. with a weak breeze and occasional calms; they sounded from 11 to 8 fathom sandy bottom with black spots and pebbles; at the depth last mentioned they came to anchor at the first gla.s.s of the dog-watch, slightly to southward of de Rijdershoek, about 1 or 1 mile off sh.o.r.e, the compa.s.ses showing 3 45' north-easterly variation.

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On the 15th of June the wind blew from the S.E. to the E.S.E. in the morning and during the day, with a moderate and fresh breeze. At sunrise they went ash.o.r.e with the boat in search of whatever might be worth noting. At noon they took the lat.i.tude of 13 South. Towards sunset the boat returned alongside, reporting that, as they were pulling ash.o.r.e, and were at about a quarter of a mile's distance from the land, a canoe in shape like those before described came paddling up to them, containing two men who made signs for them to come ash.o.r.e; and when with great difficulty they had got ash.o.r.e through the surf, the two natives of the canoe had already fled into the bush; shortly after, however, eleven men and five females again came running up to them, armed with the a.s.sagays hereinbefore described, who directly tried to take our men's hats off their heads, and on being prevented from doing so, forthwith prepared to throw their weapons; but when our men fired a shot, they all fled except a youth, whom our people carried on board along with the canoe aforesaid, this man being the younger of the two natives brought hither. Our men had also come upon a large pond containing fresh water, which, however, was difficult to get to the s.h.i.+p. On the whole the country looked promising enough, and when cultivated would probably prove very fertile. The natives mainly subsist on the roots of trees and wild fruits such as batatas or oubis, together with small quant.i.ties of fish which they catch in their canoes. They also seemed to have some knowledge of gold, when lumps of the same were shown them. Round by the south the natives are somewhat more tractable than those farther to northward. Between the 11th and 12th degrees the trend of the coast is S.W. by S. and N.E. by N., next S.S.W. and N.N.E. down to the 13th degree; then running on due south as far as the eye reaches. The coast is mainly level without any reefs, and may be approached sounding.

On the 16th of June...they resolved to depart from there, since the season was pa.s.sing, and they could only with great difficulty make any headway or run higher, while, besides, they had only two anchors and cables left. They then shaped their course to westward for Aarnems land.

At noon they took the lat.i.tude of 13 3' South course held as before.

On the 17th of June in the forenoon the wind was E. by S. and E.S.E. with a moderate and fresh top-gallant gale, stiffening to a reefed topsail gale. At noon their estimated course and distance performed in the last 24 hours were W. by N. 25 miles; estimated Lat.i.tude 12 44' South; Lat.i.tude taken 12 36' South; course held as before; no land in sight.

From the 18th to the 23rd their course was mainly westerly, with variable winds and good weather.

On the 24th of June the wind was S.E. by S., E.S.E. and S.E. by E. in the morning and forenoon, with a stiff reefed topsail-gale. Shortly after noon they sighted the mainland of Nova Hollandia, S.S.W. of them, showing as a very low-lying coast; they pa.s.sed over depths of 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, and 8 fathom, good anchoring ground and muddy sand, keeping a N.W. by W. course, since the shallows prevented them from running nearer to the land than where they could just sight it from the s.h.i.+p's deck; they next got into 9, 10 and 11 fathom again as before, and dropped anchor at sunset.

On the 25th of June the wind was S.S.E. to S.E. in the morning and forenoon with a moderate top-gallant gale, a brightening sky and good weather. At daybreak, as they were weighing anchor, the cable snapped off, and the buoy having disappeared, they thus lost their third anchor, so that they had only one left. They therefore resolved to call at the island of Timor, and shaped their course to N.W. by W. over {Page 98} depths of 11, 10, 10 and 8 fathom; they next steered higher in order to get into deeper water, and thus pa.s.sed over 12, 7, 8, 15, 9, 10, 12, 14, 13, 7, 5, 3, 4, 5, 6, afterwards running up to 20 fathom, muddy bottom.

At noon their estimated course and distance performed were N.W. by W.

slightly Northerly, 5 Miles; their estimated lat.i.tude 11 30' South; Lat.i.tude taken 11 37' South; estimated distance from the land 9 or 9 miles.

They next shaped their course to north-west in these known waters, and on the 3rd of July following sighted the island of Rottie to westward of them...

The s.h.i.+p de Buys, having, as hereinbefore mentioned, put into the port of Banda on the 28th of March, and having there again been provided with all necessaries, set sail from there again on April 1, shaping her course to eastward. On April 23 she sighted the land of Carpentaria, and the so-called Cape Keerweer, when she was in the observed lat.i.tude Of 12 58'

South, so that the land was found to be at least 12 miles more to eastward than it was believed to be. They had sounded depths of 20, 18, 15, 13, 12, and 11 fathom, sandy bottom, at which last depth they came to anchor shortly after sunset.

On the 24th of April the wind was E.S.E. by S. in the morning and forenoon with a weak top-gallant gale and fine weather; at daybreak they got their boat ready and made her sail ahead of them in order to take soundings; they then weighed anchor and set sail, keeping an E.N.E. and N.E. course close to the wind in 11, 12, 13, 12, and 11 fathom, sharp sandy bottom with small pebbles. At noon their estimated lat.i.tude was 12 54' South, and their estimated distance from the land 4 or 4 miles. At sunset they observed Cape Keerweer E. point N. of them, and the interior point looking to the river E.N.E. They had sounded depths of 11, 10, 11, and 12 fathom sandy bottom, at which last depth they came to anchor just after sunset. In the course of the day they had seen a good deal of smoke ascend from the land.

On April the 25th the wind was E., E.N.E., and N.N.E. in the morning and forenoon, with a weak breeze and fine weather. They weighed anchor at daybreak and set sail on a northern course close by the wind over depths of 12, 14, 15 and 17 fathom sandy bottom. At noon their estimated lat.i.tude was 12 42' South; the wind continued variable with occasional calms; the land here showed level with a red and white beach; the interior seemed to be covered with straight, tall trees as far as the eye reached. At sunset they came to anchor and during the night had a moderate top-gallant gale with good weather.

On the 26th of April the wind was E. and E. by S. in the morning and forenoon, with a fresh breeze and fine weather. At daybreak they weighed anchor and set sail, shaping their course between N.N.W. and N.N.E.; in the forenoon they observed a pretty high hill N.E. by N. point N. and a red point N.N.E. point E. of them. They also came upon a deep bay or bight named Vliegenbaay, in which the trees on sh.o.r.e were hardly visible from the top-mast. The N. corner of the said bay is here known by the name of Aschens hoek. At noon their estimated lat.i.tude was 12 16' South.

They also saw columns of smoke rising up, and thought they could discern men and cabins. At sunset they came to anchor in 12 fathom. During the night the wind was variable.