Good Calories, Bad Calories - LightNovelsOnl.com
You're reading novel online at LightNovelsOnl.com. Please use the follow button to get notifications about your favorite novels and its latest chapters so you can come back anytime and won't miss anything.
"the adverse cardiovascular...": Susic et al. 2004.
"Current evidence points...": Peppa et al. 2003.
CHAPTER TWELVE:.
SUGAR.
Epigraph. "M. Delacroix...": Bril at-Savarin 1986:104.
Reaven initiated study of glycemic index: c.r.a.po et al. 1977 ("traditional y held tenet..."). Reaven more interested in insulin: Interview, Gerald Reaven.
Jenkins and Wolever's research: Jenkins et al. 1981. "tremendous": Interview, Thomas Wolever.
Vitriolic debate: Interviews, Gerald Reaven ("Ice cream has..."), David Jenkins, and Thomas Wolever. See also Coulston and Reaven 1997 and the response, Wolever 1997.
Fructose and the glycemic index: Mayes 1993.
"We see no reason...": Bantle et al. 1983. Official government position: Glinsmann et al. 1986:s6566. "sucrose or sucrose-containing foods...": ADA 2006.
"no conclusive evidence...": Glinsmann et al. 1986:s15.
Surgeon General's Report: USDHHS 1988:111. Diet and Health: NRC 1989:9.
HFCS and climbing sugar consumption: Putnam et al. 2002:8.
Sugar and starch consumption over the twentieth century: USDA 2000; Putnam et al. 2002. Sugar as dietary nuisance: See, for instance, Mayer 1976.
Fructose content of fruit: "Sweetener" entry, Encyclopaedia Brittanica. Fructose perceived as healthy: See, for instance, Brody 1983b; Donohue 1988.
Metabolism of glucose and fructose: Shafrir 1991. "const.i.tutes a metabolic load...": Interview, Eleazar Shafrir. Footnote. Higgins 1916.
"In the 1980s...": Interview, Judith Hal frisch. Sugar raises cholesterol: Swanson et al. 1992. For unbiased reviews of metabolic effects of fructose, see Hol enbeck 1993; IOM 2002:297303.
"pattern of fructose metabolism": Mayes 1993. Fructose causes insulin resistance: Shafrir 1985. Reiser observed in humans: Reiser et al. 1981.
Fructose-induced hypertension: See Hodges and Rebel o 1983; Hw.a.n.g et al. 1987.
"This is real y the harmful...": Interview, Peter Mayes.
Fructose and AGEs: Bunn and Higgins 1981; Dil s 1983. Ten times more effective: McPherson et al. 1988; Suarez et al. 1989. More resistant AGEs: Suarez et al. 1995. Increases LDL oxidation: Mowri et al. 2000.
The COMA report: U.K. Department of Health 1989:43.
"The panel concluded...": Ibid.
Dedicated an entire issue: ACJN, November 1993. "Further studies...": Tappy and Jequier 1993.
Inst.i.tute of Medicine spent twenty pages: IOM 2002:295324 ("insufficient evidence," 323; no reason to pursue research, 32324).
Half a dozen research projects: NIH CRISP database search, keywords "fructose" and "sucrose." 203 "no conclusive evidence...": Glinsmann et al.
1986:s6566.
CHAPTER THIRTEEN:.
DEMENTIA, CANCER, AND AGING.
Epigraph. "The bottom line...": Tanzi and Parson 2000:201.
NIH funding of Alzheimer's research 1970s and 1980s: NIH CRISP database search, keywords "Alzheimer's" and "dementia." 205 Apo E4 and Alzheimer's: Strittmatter et al. 1993. Alzheimer's researchers blame cholesterol and saturated fat: See, for instance, Mattson 2004. Footnote. See, for instance, Marx 2001 ("link between").
j.a.panese Americans vs. j.a.panese: Graves et al. 1996. African Americans vs. rural Africans: Hendrie et al. 2001.
Studies in large populations: Ott et al. 1999 (Rotterdam: "direct or indirect"); Leibson et al. 1997 (Minnesota); Luchsinger et al. 2001 (Manhattan); Arvanitakis et al. 2004 (Midwest); Peila et al. 2002 (Honolulu). Hyperinsulinemia and metabolic syndrome: Kuusisto et al. 1997; Vanhanen et al. 2006.
Confusion of Alzheimer's with vascular dementia: See Kalaria 2002; Zekry et al. 2002; Korczyn 2002.
Snowdon's nun study: Snowdon 2003.
Acc.u.mulation of vascular dementia accelerates Alzheimer's: See, for instance, Ravona-Springer et al. 2003.
Amyloid precursor protein exists natural y: Interview, Rudolph Tanzi.
AGEs in plaques and tangles: Yan et al. 1994; Smith et al. 1994; Vitek et al. 1994. In immature plaques: Sasaki et al. 1998.
The AGEs-Alzheimer's hypothesis: Grossman 2003; Obrenovich and Monnier 2004; Moreira et al. 2005.
Involvement of insulin: Qiu et al. 1998.
Animal experiments: Farris et al. 2003; Mil er et al. 2003; Farris et al. 2004. Footnote. Kim et al. 2007.
Boosting insulin enhances memory: Craft et al. 1996. In 2003, Craft reported: Watson et al. 2003. "We're not saying...": Interview, Suzanne Craft.
Selkoe and Tanzi on "attendant therapeutic implications...": Farris et al. 2004.
Higginson's studies of cancer incidence: Reviewed in Higginson 1981; Higginson 1997. "It would seem, therefore...": Quoted in Dol and Peto 1981:1197.
At least 75 to 80 percent: Dol and Peto 1981:125660.
Role of man-made chemicals minimal, diet maximal: Ibid.:1256 (table 20).
"extrinsic" and "environmental factors": See Maugh 1979 and Dol and Peto 1981:1197. "carcinogenic soup": Greenberg 1979. "It appears that...": Higginson 1983. Geneva vs. Birmingham, Sweden vs. j.a.pan: Maugh 1979. Footnote. Quoted in Maugh 1979.
Cold Spring Harbor talks: Hiatt et al. 1977:605956.
"gross aspects..." and "ingestion of traces...": Dol and Peto 1981:1258. Cancer in Seventh-day Adventists: Phil ips 1975.
Cancer in Mormons: Lyon and Sorenson 1978; Lyon et al. 1980. "among the biggest...": Dol and Armstrong 1981:103. For the next twenty years: See, for instance, Wynder et al. 1983; Carrol and Kritchevsky 1993; U.K. Department of Health 1998.
Failed to identify diet-related carcinogens: Interviews, W. Robert Bruce, Richard Dol and Robert Weinberg. Cancer epidemiologists made little attempt: See, for instance, World Cancer Research Fund and American Inst.i.tute for Cancer Research 1997: 50919; U.K. Department of Health 1998:189207.
Cleave had suggested: Cleave 1975:2838. Yudkin on five nations: Yudkin 1986:137. Diet and Health on carbohydrates: NRC 1989:28283.
"strikingly similar": Giovanucci 2001.
Rous's semi-starvation research: Rous 1914. McCay reported: McCay et al. 1935. Tannenbaum's research: Reviewed in Tannenbaum 1959 ("many types of tumors...," 530; "pathologic changes...," 523).
Hormone-dependent factors linked to cancers: Armstrong 1977. Increase in cancer incidence with weight gain: Dol and Peto 1981:1234; World Cancer Research Fund and American Inst.i.tute for Cancer Research 1997:37173. Obesity, cancer, and estrogen production: See, for instance, Bal ard-Barbash 1999.
Warburg's fermentation work: See Warburg 1956. Tumors starved of fuel: Tannenbaum 1959:530. Footnote. Tannenbaum 1959:524.
Early observations of glucose intolerance in cancer patients: Glicksman et al. 1956. See also Kessler 1971. Unless insulin was added: Temin 1967; Temin 1968. Adrenal and liver-cel cancers: Koontz and Iwahas.h.i.+ 1981. For a review of this research, see Del Giudice et al. 1998. "intensely stimulated...": Heuson et al. 1967:359. "exquisitely sensitive...": Osborne et al. 1976:4539.
Greater number of insulin receptors: Giorgino et al. 1991 ("selective growth...," 452).
The Darwinian model of cancer development: Weinberg 2007: 41324.
Ten thousand tril ion and "enormous opportunity:" Weinberg 1996:252.
Insulin and IGF: For reviews of their roles in cancer development, see Giovannucci 1995; Kaaks 1996; Burroughs et al. 1999; Kaaks and Lukanova 2001; LeRoith and Roberts 2003; Baserga et al. 2003; Pol ak et al. 2004. This section was also informed by interviews with Renato Baserga, Edward Giovannucci, Rudolf Kaaks, Derek LeRoith, Bruce Roberts, and Robert Weinberg.
"stumbled" upon: Interview, Renato Baserga. 216 "strong inhibition...": Baserga 2004.
LeRoith's experiments with IGF-deficient mice: Wu et al. 2002; Wu et al. 2003.
Cheresh has demonstrated: Brooks et al. 1997; interview, David Cheresh.
2003 meeting in London: Interview, Derek LeRoith; Novartis Foundation 2004. Studies linking hyperinsulinemia and IGF to cancer: See Kaaks and Lukanova 2001.
"People were thinking..." and "When applied simultaneously...": Interview, Rudolf Kaaks.
"an environment that favored...": Pol ak et al. 2004.
Live 30 to 50 percent longer: See, for instance, Masoro et al. 1982. For a good review of the history of the calorie-restriction science, see Masoro 2003.
Two possibilities: Masoro 2003.
Harrison's experiments: Harrison et al. 1984 ("Longevities were related"). Whenever these experiments are done: See, for instance, Bertrand et al. 1980.
Oxidative stress, antioxidants, and longevity: Tuma 2001; Weinert and Timiras 2003.
Characteristics of long-lived organisms: Bartke 2002; Davenport 2003.
Genetic studies of yeast: Lin et al. 2000. Worms: Lin et al. 1997. Fruit flies: Clancy et al. 2001. Mice: Holzenberger et al. 2003; Bluher et al. 2003.
"When reduced to essentials...": Bishop 1989.
Longevity mutations regulate dauer state: Kenyon et al. 1993. "The way these worms work...": Interview, Cynthia Kenyon.
Ruvkun reported: Kimura et al. 1997; interview, Gary Ruvkun. Long-lived fruit-fly mutants: Clancy et al. 2001. See also Kenyon 2001.
Gene knockout experiments in mice: Holzenberger et al. 2003. Kahn's research: Bluher et al. 2003; interview, C. Ronald Kahn.
"When food becomes limiting...": Kenyon 2001:168.
Kenyon began a series of experiments: Interview, Cynthia Kenyon.
"Could a low-carb...": Kenyon's slide from her conference presentation. I'm grateful to Professor Kenyon for providing the slides.
Kenyon's restriction of carbohydrate consumption: Interview, Cynthia Kenyon.
"...attendant therapeutic implications...": Farris et al. 2004:1432. "dream of 60 mil ion...": Joslin Diabetes Center 2003. Diabetologists take the same tack: See, for instance, LeRoith 2004 ("normalize" and "intensive...").
NCEP merges both tacks: NCEP 2002 ("atherogenic diet," I -20; "pharmaceutical modification...," I -26).
"Weight sits like a spider...": Wil ett 2001:35. "Excess weight...": Stamler 1962:57.
PART THREE: OBESITY AND THE REGULATION OF WEIGHT.
Epigraphs. "How may the medical...": Stunkard and McClaren-Hume 1959. "To cultivate the faculty...": Tanner 1869a:1.
CHAPTER FOURTEEN:.
THE MYTHOLOGY OF OBESITY.
Epigraph. "A col eague once defined...": Cohen 1989:viii.
"To have our first idea...": Bernard 1957:3233.
"overweight and obesity result...": USDHHS 2001:1.