The Grammar of English Grammars Part 277

_Or_, as expressing an alternation of terms, (Lat., _sive_.) --in Eng., is frequently equivocal; the ambiguity how avoided --_Or_, perh. contracted from _other_ --_Or_ and _nor_ discriminated --_Or, nor_, grammarians dispute which of these words should be adopted after an other negative than _neither_ or _nor_; MURR., following PRIESTL., teaches that either word may be used with equal propriety; BURN'S doctrine; BROWN, after revising CHURCH., attempts to settle the question, --_Or ever_, ("OR EVER _the earth was_,") the term explained.

_Or_ or _our_, terminat., number of Eng. words in; how many of these may be written with _our_; BROWN'S practice and views in respect to this matter.

_Oral_ spelling, the advantage of, to learners.

_Order_ of things or events, the natural, PREC. directing the observance of, in the use of lang.

_Orders of verse_, see _Verse_.

_Ordinal_ numeral, (see _Numerals._) --_Ordinal_ adjectives may qualify card. numbers; cannot properly be _qualified by_ do.

_Orthoepy_, see _p.r.o.nunciation_.

ORTHOGRAPHY --_Orthography_, of what treats --difficulties attending it in Eng.

--DR. JOHNSON'S improvements in --DR. WEBSTER'S do., in a different direction --ignorance of, with respect to any word used, what betokens in the user (See also _Spelling._) _Orthography_, figures of, MIMESIS and ARCHAISM --its substantive or p.r.o.nominal character; (with _one._) how cla.s.sed by some; may be preceded by the articles --requires _than_ before the latter term of an exclusive comparison; yet sometimes perhaps better takes the prep. _besides. Each other one an other_, import and just application of, --misapplication of, frequent in books, --DR. WEBST. erron. explanation of _other_, as "a correlative to _each_,"

--_One_ and _other_, frequently used as terms relative and part.i.tive, appar. demanding a plur. form, --_An other_, in stead of _another_. _Somehow_ or _other, somewhere_ or _other_, how _other_ is to be disposed of.

_Ought_, princ.i.p.al verb, and not auxiliary, as called by MURR. _et al._, --originally part of the verb _to_ OWE; now used as defec. verb, --its tense, as limited by the infin. which follows.

_Ourself_, anomalous form peculiar to the regal style, --peculiar construc. of.

_Own_, its origin and import; its cla.s.s and construc., --strangely called a _noun_ by DR. JOH.

P.

P, its name and plur. numb., --its sound, --when silent, --_Ph_, its sounds.

_Pairs_, words in, punct. of.

_Palatals_, what consonants so called.

_Parables_, in the Scriptures, see _Allegory_.

_Paragoge_, explained.

_Paragraph_ mark, for what used.

_Paralipsis_, or _apophasis_, explained.

_Parallels_, as marks of reference.

_Parenthesis_, signif. and twofold application of the term, --_Parenthesis_, marks of, (see _Curves_.) --What clause to be inclosed within the curves as a PARENTHESIS, and what should be its punct., --_Parentheses_, the introduction of, as affecting unity.

_Parsing_, defined.

--_Parsing_, its relation to grammar, --what must be considered in, --the distinction between etymological and syntactical, to be maintained, against KIRKH. _et al._, --character of the forms of etymological adopted by BROWN, --what implied in the right performance of, --whether different from a.n.a.lysis, --what to be supplied in.

--_Parsing_, of a prep., how performed, --of a phrase, implies its separation, --the RULES OF GOVERNM., how to be applied in, --of words, is not varied by mere transposition.

--_Parsing_, etymological and syntactical, in what order to be taken, --the SENSE, why necessary to be observed in; what required of the pupil in syntactical, --syntactical, EXAMPLE of.

--_Parsing_ or CORRECTING, which exercise perh. the more useful.

_Participial adjectives_, see _Adjectives, Participial_.

_Participial_ or _verbal noun_, defined, --how distinguished from the participle.

--_Participial noun_ and participle, the distinction between, ill preserved by MURR. and his amenders.

--_Participial noun_, distinc. of VOICE in, sometimes disregarded, ("_The day of my_ BURYING,") --_with_ INFIN. _following_, strictures on MURR., LENN., and BULL., with respect to examples of.

PARTICIPLES, Etymol. of.

--_Participle_, defined.

--_Participles_, whether they ought to be called verbs, --appropriate _naming_ of the kinds of, --often become adjectives, --become adjectives by composition with something not belonging to the verb, --number of, simp. and comp., --imply _time_, but do not divide it, --retain the _essential_ meaning of their verbs, but differ from them in the _formal_, --in Eng., from what derived, --H. TOOKE'S view of the time of; with whom BROWN differs.

--_Participles_, Cla.s.ses of, named and defined, --(See _Imperfect Participle_ and _Perfect Part_.) --_Participles_, grammarians differ in their opinion with respect to the time and voice of, --how have been called and treated by some, --explanation of the different, --how distinguished from particip. nouns, --elegantly taken as plur. nouns, ("_All his_ REDEEMED,") --appar. used for adverbs, --some become prepositions.

--_Participle_ and ADJUNCTS, as forming "one name," and as such, _governing the poss._, whence the doctrine; PRIESTL. criticised; MURR. _et al_. adopt PRIESTL. doctrine, which they badly sustain; teachers of do. disagree among themselves, --governm. of possessives by, how BROWN generally disposes of; how determines with respect to such governm.

--_Participles_, Synt. of, --regular synt. of, twofold; nature of the two constructions; OTHER _less regular_ constructions; which two constructions of all, are legitimate uses of the participle; which constructions are of doubtf.

propriety.

--_Participles_, to what RELATE, or in what state GOVERNED.

--_Participle_, as relating to a phrase or sentence, --taken abstractly, --irregularly used in Eng. as subst.i.tute for infin. mood, --in irreg. and mixed construc.

--_Participle_, transitive, what case governs, --nom. absol. with, to what equivalent, --each requires its appropriate FORM, --questionable uses of, admitted by MURR. _et al_.; why BROWN is disposed to condemn these irregularities.

--_Participle_ and particip. noun, distinction between, with respect to governm.

--_Participle_ in _ing_, multiplied uses of, lawful and forced, ill.u.s.trated, --equivalence of do. to infin. mood, instances of, --every mixed construc. of, how regarded by BROWN, --the "double nature" of, CROMB. on; his views, how accord with those of MURR. _et al._, HILEY'S treatment of; BROWN'S strictures on do.

--_Participles_, place of: --active, governm. of.

--_Participle_, trans., converted to a noun: --converted, _when_ the expression should be changed: --followed by an adj., its conversion into a noun appar. improper: --comp. converted, how managed: --not to be used for infin., or other more appropriate term: --use of, for a nominative after _be, is, was_, &c., faulty: --following a verb of _preventing_, how to be managed.

--_Participles_, converted, disposal of their adverbs: --must be construed with a regard to the leading word in sense: --should have a clear reference to their subjects: --needless use of, for nouns, to be avoided: --punct. of: --derivation of: --poet. peculiarities in the use of.

_Parts of speech_, meaning of the term: --_Parts of speech_, named and defined: --what explanations may aid learners to distinguish the different: --why needful that learners be early taught to make for themselves the prop. distribution of: --WILS. on the distribution of: --the preferable _number_ with respect to; the office of, specifically stated.

--The _parts of speech_, pa.s.sage exemplifying all.

--Examples of a partic. _part of speech_ acc.u.mulated in a sentence.

--Etymol. and Synt. of the different _parts of speech_, see _Article, Noun, Adjective_, &c.

_Pa.s.sions_ of the mind, by what tones to be expressed.

_Pa.s.sive verb_, defined.

--_Pa.s.s. verbs_ contrasted with active-trans, verbs, in respect to the object or the agent of the action; their compos, and construc.: --their FORM in Eng.

--_Pa.s.s. verb_ BE LOVED, conjug. affirmatively.

--_Pa.s.s. verbs_, how distinguished from neuters of the same form: --having active forms nearly equivalent to them, (_is rejoiced, rejoices_; _am resolved, know_, &c.,): --erroneously allowed by some to govern the obj. case in Eng.; CROMB.

in this category, cited, canon, pseudo-canons.

--_Pa.s.s. verb_, what should always take for its subj. or nom.: --takes the same case after as before it, when both words refer to the same thing: --between two nominatives, with which should be made to agree, ("_Words_ ARE wind,"). See _Unco-Pa.s.sive_, &c.

_Pa.s.sive_ form of an active-intrans. verb followed by a prep. and its objective, ("_He_ WAS LAUGHED AT,"). _Pa.s.sive_ sense of the act. form of the verb, ("_The books continue_ SELLING,").

_Past for future_, see _Prophecy_.

_Pauses_, term defined.

--_Pauses_, kinds of, named and explained: --the distinctive, duration of: --after what manner should be formed: --forced, unintentional, their effect: --emphatic or rhetorical, applicat. and office of: --harmonic, kinds of; these, essential to verse.

--_Pauses_, abrupt, punct.: --emphatic, do.

_Pedantic_ and sense-dimming style of charlatans &c., as offending against purity.

_Pentameter_ line, _iambic_, examples of: --is the regular Eng. HEROIC; its quality and adaptation: --embraces the _elegiac stanza_: --_trochaic_, example of, said by MURR. _et al_. to be very uncommon; was unknown to DR. JOH. and other old prosodists: --the two examples of. in sundry grammars, whence came; a couplet of these scanned absurdly by HIL.; HART mistakes the metre of do.: --_dactylic_, example of, ("_Salutation to America_,").

_Perfect_, adj., whether admits of comparison; why its comparis. by adverbs not wholly inadmissible.