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87. GERMANIC INFLUENCE ON SOCIETY
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE GERMANIC INVASIONS
Cla.s.sical civilization suffered a great shock when the Germans descended on the empire and from its provinces carved out their kingdoms. These barbarians were rude in manners, were very ignorant, and had little taste for anything except fighting and bodily enjoyments. They were unlike the Romans in dress and habits of life. They lived under different laws, spoke different languages, obeyed different rulers. Their invasions naturally ushered in a long period of confusion and disorder, during which the new race slowly raised itself to a level of culture somewhat approaching that which the Greeks and the Romans had attained.
RETROGRESSIVE FORCES
The Germans in many ways did injury to cla.s.sical civilization. They sometimes destroyed Roman cities and killed or enslaved the inhabitants.
Even when the invaders settled peaceably in the empire, they took possession of the land and set up their own tribal governments in place of the Roman. They allowed aqueducts, bridges, and roads to go without repairs, and theaters, baths, and other public buildings to sink into ruins. Having no appreciation of education, the Germans failed to keep up the schools, universities, and libraries. Being devoted chiefly to agriculture, they had no need for foreign wares or costly articles of luxury, and hence they permitted industry and commerce to languish. In short, large parts of western Europe, particularly Gaul, Spain, and Britain, fell backward into a condition of ignorance, superst.i.tion, and even barbarism.
PROGRESSIVE FORCES
But in closing our survey of the Germanic invasions we need to dwell on the forces that made for progress, rather than on those that made for decline. Cla.s.sical civilization, we have already found reason to believe, [17] had begun to decay long before the Germans broke up the empire. The Germans came, as Christianity had come, only to hasten the process of decay. Each of these influences, in turn, worked to build up the fabric of a new society on the ruins of the old. First Christianity infused the pagan world with its quickening spirit and gave a new religion to mankind.
Later followed the Germans, who accepted Christianity, who adopted much of Graeco-Roman culture, and then contributed their fresh blood and youthful minds and their own vigorous life.
STUDIES
1. On an outline map indicate the extent of Germany in the time of Tacitus.
2. Make a list of all the Germanic nations mentioned in this chapter, and give a short account of each.
3 Give dates for the following: battle of Chalons; sack of Rome by Alaric; battle of Adrianople; and end of the Roman Empire in the West.
4. What resemblances existed between the culture of the Germans and that of the early Greeks?
5. Why did the Germans progress more slowly in civilization than the Greeks and the Romans?
6. Comment on this statement: "The Germans had stolen their way into the very citadel of the empire long before its distant outworks were stormed."
7. Why is modern civilization, unlike that of antiquity, in little danger from barbarians?
8. Why has the battle of Adrianople been called "the Cannae of the fourth century"?
9. Why has Alaric been styled "the Moses of the Visigoths"?
10. What is the origin of the geographical names Andalusia, Burgundy, England, and France?
11. Why was Attila called the "scourge of G.o.d"?
12. Can you suggest a reason why some historians do not regard Chalons as one of the world's decisive battles?
13. In what sense does the date, 476 A.D., mark the "fall" of the Roman Empire?
FOOTNOTES
[1] Webster, _Readings in Ancient History_, chapter xxiii, "The Germans as Described by Tacitus."
[2] Tacitus, _Germania_, 19.
[3] See pages 224-226.
[4] See page 219.
[5] See page 223.
[6] See page 98.
[7] See page 178.
[8] See page 153.
[9] See page 303.
[10] See page 378.
[11] See page 303.
[12] See page 330.
[13] The invasion of Britain by the Anglo-Saxons was followed by the migration across the Channel of large numbers of the defeated islanders.
The district in France where they settled is called after them, Brittany.
[14] See page 241.
[15] Jordanes, _De rebus Geticis_, 35.
[16] See page 225.
[17] See page 224.
CHAPTER XII
CLa.s.sICAL CIVILIZATION [1]
88. THE CLa.s.sICAL CITY
THE CENTER OF CLa.s.sICAL LIFE
The history of the Greeks and Romans ought not to be studied only in their political development and the biographies of their great statesmen and warriors. We must also know something of ancient literature, philosophy, and art. Especially do we need to learn about the private life of the cla.s.sical peoples--their manners, customs, occupations, and amus.e.m.e.nts.
This life centered in the city.
