The Nuttall Encyclopaedia Part 102

CALLIS'TRATUS, an Athenian orator, who kindled in Demosthenes a pa.s.sion for his art; his Spartan sympathies brought him to grief, and led to his execution as a traitor.

CALLOT, JACQUES, engraver and etcher, born at Nancy; his etchings, executed many of them at the instance of the Grand-duke of Tuscany and Louis XIII. of France, amounted to 1600 pieces, such as those of the sieges of Breda and Roch.e.l.le, which are much admired, as also those of the gipsies with whom he a.s.sociated in his youth (1593-1633).

CALMET, AUGUSTINE, a learned Benedictine and biblical scholar, born in Lorraine, but known in England by his "Historical, Critical, and Chronological Dictionary of the Bible," the first published book of its kind of any note, and much referred to at one time as an authority; he wrote also a "Commentary on the Bible" in 23 vols., and a "Universal History" in 17 vols. (1672-1757).

CALMS, THE, tracts of calm in the ocean, on the confines of the trade winds, and which lasts for weeks at a time.

CALOMAR'DE, DUKE, a Spanish statesman; minister of Ferdinand VII.; a violent enemy of liberal principles and measures, and a reactionary; obnoxious to the people; arrested for treachery, escaped into France by bribing his captors (1773-1842).

CALONNE, CHARLES ALEXANDRE DE, French financier under Louis XVI., born at Douay; a man of "fiscal genius; genius for persuading, before all things for borrowing"; succeeded Necker in 1783 as comptroller-general of the finances in France; after four years of desperate attempts at financial adjustment, could do nothing but convoke the Notables in 1787; could give no account of his administration that would satisfy them; was dismissed, and had to quit Paris and France; "his task to raise the wind and the winds," says Carlyle, "and he did it," referring to the Revolution he provoked; was permitted by Napoleon to return to France, where he died in embarra.s.sed circ.u.mstances (1734-1802).

CALORIC, the name given by physicists to the presumed subtle element which causes heat.

CALORIUS, ABRAHAM, a fiery Lutheran polemic, a bitter enemy of George Calixtus (1612-1686).

CALOTYPE, a process of photography invented by Fox Talbot in 1840, by means of the action of light on nitrate of silver.

CALPe, Gibraltar, one of the PILLARS OF HERCULES (q. v.).

CALPURNIA, the last wife of Julius Caesar, daughter of the consul Piso, who, alive to the danger of conspiracy, urged Caesar to stay at home the day he was a.s.sa.s.sinated.

CALTAGIRONE (28), a city 38 m. SW. of Catania; the staple industry is pottery and terra-cotta ware.

CAL'UMET, among the American Indians a pipe for smoking, which if accepted when offered, was an emblem of peace, and if rejected, a declaration of war.

CALVADOS (428), a maritime dep. in N. of France, skirted by dangerous rocks of the same name, with a fertile soil and a moist climate.

CALVAERT, DENIS, a painter, born at Antwerp; settled at Bologna, where he founded a school, from whence issued many eminent artists, among others Guidi Reni, Domenichino, and Albani; his masterpiece, "St.

Michael" in St. Peter's, Bologna (1555-1619).

CALVARY, the place of the crucifixion, identified with a hill on the N. of Jerusalem, looked down upon from the city, with a cliff on which criminals were cast down prior to being stoned; also name given to effigies of the crucifixion in Catholic countries, erected for devotion.

CALVERLEY, CHARLES STUART, a clever English parodist, Fellow of Christ's Church, Oxford; wrote "Fly-Leaves" and "Verses and Translations"; his parodies among the most amusing of the century, flavoured by the author's scholars.h.i.+p (1831-1884).

CALVERT, GEORGE and CECIL, father and son, Lords Baltimore; founders, under charter from James I., of Maryland, U.S.

CALVIN, JOHN, or CAUVIN, the great Reformer, born at Noyon, in Picardy; devoted for a time to the law, was sent to study at the university of Orleans, after having mastered Latin as a boy at Paris; became acquainted with the Scriptures, and acquired a permanently theological bent; professed the Protestant faith; proceeded to Paris; became the centre of a dangerous religious excitement; had to flee for his life from France; retired to Basel, where he studied Hebrew and wrote his great epoch-making book, the "Inst.i.tutes of the Christian Religion"; making after this for Stra.s.sburg, he chanced to pa.s.s through Geneva, was arrested as by the hand of G.o.d to stay and help on G.o.d's work in the place, but proceeded with such rigour that he was expelled, though recalled after three years; on his return he proposed and established his system of Church government, which allowed of no license in faith any more than conduct, as witness the burning of Servetus for denying the doctrine of the Trinity; for twenty years he held sway in Geneva, and for so long he was regarded as the head of the Reformed Churches in Scotland, Switzerland, Holland, and France. Besides his "Inst.i.tutes," he found time to write Commentaries on nearly all the books of the Bible; was a man of masculine intellect and single-hearted devotion to duty, as ever in the "Great Taskmaster's" eye. His greatest work was his "Inst.i.tutes,"

published in Basel in 1535-36. It was written in Latin, and four years after translated by himself into French. "In the translated form," says Prof. Saintsbury, "it is beyond all question the first serious work of great literary merit not historical in the history of French prose....

Considering that the whole of it was written before the author of it was seven-and-twenty, it is perhaps the most remarkable work of its particular kind to be anywhere found; the merits of it being those of full maturity and elaborate preparation rather than of youthful exuberance" (1509-1564).

CALVINISM, the theological system of Calvin, the chief characteristic of which is that it a.s.signs all in salvation to the sovereign action and persistent operation of Divine grace.

CALVO, CHARLES, an Argentine publicist, born at Buenos Ayres in 1824; author of "International Law, Theoretical and Practical."

CALYPSO, in the Greek mythology a nymph, daughter of Atlas, queen of the island of Ogygia, who by her fascinating charms detained Ulysses beside her for 7 of the 10 years of his wanderings home from Troy; she died of grief on his departure.

CAMARILLA, a name of recent origin in Spain for a clique of private counsellors at court, who interpose between the legitimate ministers and the crown.

CAMBACeReS, JEAN JACQUES ReGIS DE, Duke of Parma, born at Montpellier; bred to the legal profession, took a prominent part as a lawyer in the national Convention; after the Revolution of the 18th Brumaire, was chosen second consul; was sincerely attached to Napoleon; was made by him High Chancellor of the Empire as well as Duke of Parma; his "Projet de Code" formed the basis of the _Code Napoleon_ (1753-1824).

CAMBAY (31), a town and seaport N. of Bombay, on a gulf of the same name, which is fast silting up, in consequence of which the place, once a flouris.h.i.+ng port, has fallen into decay.

CAMBO'DIA (1,500), a small kingdom in Indo-China, occupying an area as large as Scotland in the plains of the Lower Mekong. The coast-line is washed by the Gulf of Siam; the landward boundaries touch Siam, Annam, and French Cochin-China; in the N. are stretches of forest and hills in which iron and copper are wrought; a branch of the Mekong flows backward and forms the Great Lake; most of the country is inundated in the rainy season, and rice, tobacco, cotton, and maize are grown in the tracts thus irrigated; spices, gutta-percha, and timber are also produced; there are iron-works at Kompong Soai; foreign trade is done through the port Kampot. The capital is Pnom-Penh (35), on the Mekong. The kingdom was formerly much more extensive; remarkable ruins of ancient grandeur are numerous; it has been under French protection since 1863.

CAMBRAI (17), a city in the dep. of Nord, in France, on the Scheldt; famous for its fine linen fabrics, hence called _cambrics_. Fenelon was archbishop here, in the cathedral of which is a monument to his memory.

CAMBRIA, the ancient name of Wales, country of the Kymry, a Celtic race, to which the Welsh belong.

CAMBRIDGE (44), county town of Cambridges.h.i.+re, stands in flat country, on the Cam, 28 m. NE. of London; an ancient city, with interesting archaeological remains; there are some fine buildings, the oldest round church in England, Holy Sepulchre, and a Roman Catholic church. The glory of the city is the University, founded in the 12th century, with its colleges housed in stately buildings, chapels, libraries, museums, &c., which shares with Oxford the academic prestige of England. It lays emphasis on mathematical, as Oxford on cla.s.sical, culture. Among its eminent men have been Bacon, Newton, Cromwell, Pitt, Thackeray, Spenser, Milton, Dryden, Wordsworth, and Tennyson.

CAMBRIDGE (70), a suburb of Boston, U.S., one of the oldest towns in New England; seat of Harvard University; the centre of the book-making trade; here Longfellow resided for many years.

CAMBRIDGE, FIRST DUKE OF, seventh and youngest son of George III.; served as volunteer under the Duke of York, and carried a marshal's baton; was made viceroy of Hanover, which he continued to be till, in 1837, the crown fell to the Duke of c.u.mberland (1774-1850).

CAMBRIDGE, SECOND DUKE OF, son of the preceding and cousin to the Queen, born in Hanover; served in the army; became commander-in-chief in 1856 on the resignation of Viscount Hardinge; retired in 1895, and was succeeded by Lord Wolseley; _b_. 1819.

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY contains 17 colleges: Peterhouse, founded 1257; Clare College, 1326; Pembroke, 1347; Gonville and Caius, 1348; Trinity Hall, 1350; Corpus Christi, 1352; King's, 1441; Queens', 1448; St.