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Montcalm and Wolfe Part 54

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Many pages might be filled with extracts like the above. These, with most of the other French doc.u.ments used in Chapter 4, are taken from the Archives de la Marine et des Colonies.

Appendix C

Chapter 5. Was.h.i.+ngton

_Was.h.i.+ngton and the Capitulation at Fort Necessity_.--Villiers, in his Journal, boasts that he made Was.h.i.+ngton sign a virtual admission that he had a.s.sa.s.sinated Jumonville. In regard to this point, a letter, of which the following is an extract, is printed in the provincial papers of the time. It is from Captain Adam Stephen, an officer in the action, writing to a friend five weeks after.

"When Mr. Vanbraam returned with the French proposals, we were obliged to take the sense of them from his mouth; it rained so heavy that he could not give us a written translation of them; we could scarcely keep the candle lighted to read them by; they were written in a bad hand, on wet and blotted paper, so that no person could read them but Vanbraam, who had heard them from the mouth of the French officer. Every officer there is ready to declare that there was no such word as _a.s.sa.s.sination_ mentioned. The terms expressed were, _the death of Jumonville_. If it had been mentioned we would by all means have had it altered, as the French, during the course of the interview, seemed very condescending, and desirous to bring things to an issue." He then gives several other points in which Vanbraam had misled them.

Dinwiddie, recounting the affair to Lord Albemarle, says that Was.h.i.+ngton, being ignorant of French, was deceived by the interpreter, who, through poltroonery, suppressed the word a.s.sa.s.sination.

Captain Mackay, writing to Was.h.i.+ngton in September, after a visit to Philadelphia, says: "I had several disputes about our capitulation; but I satisfied every person that mentioned the subject as to the articles in question, that they were owing to a bad interpreter, and contrary to the translation made to us when we signed them."

At the next meeting of the burgesses they pa.s.sed a vote of thanks for gallant conduct to Was.h.i.+ngton and all his officers by name, except Vanbraam and the major of the regiment, the latter being charged with cowardice, and the former with treacherous misinterpretation of the articles.

Sometime after, Was.h.i.+ngton wrote to a correspondent who had questioned him on the subject: "That we were wilfully or ignorantly deceived by our interpreter in regard to the word _a.s.sa.s.sination_ I do aver, and will to my dying moment; so will every officer that was present. The interpreter was a Dutchman little acquainted with the English tongue, therefore might not advert to the tone and meaning of the word in English; but, whatever his motives for so doing, certain it is that he called it the _death_ or the _loss_ of the Sieur Jumonville. So we received and so we understood it, until, to our great surprise and mortification, we found it otherwise in a literal translation." Sparks, _Writings of Was.h.i.+ngton_, II. 464, 465.

Appendix D

Chapter 7. Braddock

It has been said that Beaujeu, and not Contrecoeur, commanded at Fort Duquesne at the time of Braddock's expedition. Some contemporaries, and notably the chaplain of the fort, do, in fact, speak of him as in this position; but their evidence is overborne by more numerous and conclusive authorities, among them Vaudreuil, governor of Canada, and Contrecoeur himself, in an official report. Vaudreuil says of him: "Ce commandant s'occupa le 8 [_Juillet_] a former un parti pour aller au devant des Anglois;" and adds that this party was commanded by Beaujeu and consisted of 250 French and 650 Indians (_Vaudreuil au Ministre, 5 Aout, 1755_). In the autumn of 1756 Vaudreuil asked the Colonial Minister to procure a pension for Contrecoeur and Ligneris. He says: "Le premier de ces Messieurs a commande longtemps au fort Duquesne; c'est luy qui a ordonne et dirige tous les mouvements qui se sont faits dans cette partie, soit pour faire abandonner le premier etabliss.e.m.e.nt des Anglois, soit pour les forcer a se retirer du fort Necessite, et soit enfin pour aller au devant de l'armee du General Braddock qui a ete entierement defaite" (_Vaudreuil au Ministre, 8 Nov. 1756_.) Beaujeu, who had lately arrived with a reinforcement, had been named to relieve Contrecoeur (_Dumas au Ministre, 24 Juillet, 1756_), but had not yet done so.

As the report of Contrecoeur has never been printed, I give an extract from it (_Contrecceur a Vaudreuil, 14 Juillet, 1755_, in Archives de la Marine):--

"Le meme jour [_8 Juillet_] je formai un party de tout ce que je pouvois mettre hors du fort pour aller a leur rencontre. Il etoit compose de 250 Francois et de 650 sauvages, ce qui faisoit 900 hommes. M. de Beaujeu, capitaine, le commandoit. Il y avoit deux capitaines qui estoient Mrs. Dumas et Ligneris et plusieurs autres officiers subalternes. Ce parti se mit en marche le 9 a 8 heures du matin, et se trouva a midi et demie en presence des Anglois a environ 3 lieues du fort. On commenca a faire feu de part et d'autre. Le feu de l'artillerie ennemie fit reculer un peu par deux fois notre parti. M. de Beaujeu fut tue a la troisieme decharge.

M. Dumas prit le commandement et s'en acquitta au mieux. Nos Francois, pleins de courage, soutenus par les sauvages, quoiqu'ils n'eussent point d'artillerie, firent a leur tour plier les Anglois qui se battirent en ordre de bataille et en bonne contenance. Et ces derniers voyant l'ardeur de nos gens qui foncoient avec une vigeur infinie furent enfin obliges de plier tout a fait apres 4 heures d'un grand feu. Mrs. Dumas et Ligneris qui n'avoient plus avec eux q'une vingtaine de Francois ne s'engagerent point dans la poursuite.

Ils rentrerent dans le fort, parceq'une grande partie des Canadiens qui n'estoient malheureus.e.m.e.nt que des enfants s'estoient retires a la premiere decharge."

The letter of Dumas cited in the text has been equally unknown.

It was written a year after the battle in order to draw the attention of the minister to services which the writer thought had not been duly recognized. The following is an extract (_Dumas au Ministre, 24 Juillet, 1756_, in Archives de la Marine):--

"M. de Beaujeu marcha donc, et sous ses ordres M. de Ligneris et moi. Il attaqua avec beaucoup d'audace mais sans nulle disposition; notre premiere decharge fut faite hors de portee; l'ennemi fit la sienne de plus pres, et dans le premier instant du combat, cent miliciens, qui faisaient la moitie de nos Francais lacherent honteus.e.m.e.nt le pied en criant 'Sauve qui peut.' Deux cadets qui depuis ont ete faits officiers autorisaient cette fuite par leur exemple. Ce mouvement en arriere ayant encourage l'ennemi, il fit retentir ses cris de Vive le Roi et avanca sur nous a grand pas. Son artillerie s'etant preparee pendant ce temps la commenca a faire feu ce qui epouvanta tellement les Sauvages que tout prit la fuite; l'ennemi faisait sa troisieme decharge de mousqueterie quand M. de Beaujeu fut tue."

"Notre deroute se presenta a mes yeux sous le plus desagreable point de vue, et pour n'etre point charge de la mauvaise manoeuvre d'autrui, je ne songeai plus qu'a me faire tuer. Ce fut alors, Monseigneur, qu'excitant de la voix et du geste le peu de soldats qui restait, je m'avancai avec la contenance qui donne le desespoir.

Mon peloton fit un feu si vif que l'ennemi en parut etonne; il grossit insensiblement et les Sauvages voyant que mon attaque faisait cesser les cris de l'ennemi revinrent a moi. Dans ce moment j'envoyai M. le Chev'r. Le Borgne et M. de Rocheblave dire aux officiers qui etaient a la tete des Sauvages de prendre l'ennemi en flanc. Le canon qui batt.i.t en tete donna faveur a mes ordres.

L'ennemi, pris de tous cotes, combatt.i.t avec la fermete la plus opiniatre. Des rangs entiers tombaient a la fois; presque tous les officiers perirent; et le desordre s'etant mis par la dans cette colonne, tout prit la fuite."

Whatever may have been the conduct of the Canadian militia, the French officers behaved with the utmost courage, and shared with the Indians the honors of the victory. The partisan chief Charles Langlade seems also to have been especially prominent.

His grandson, the aged Pierre Grignon, declared that it was he who led the attack (Draper, _Recollections of Grignon_, in the _Collections of the Wisconsin Historical Society,_ III.). Such evidence, taken alone, is of the least possible weight; but both the traveller Anbury and General John Burgoyne, writing many years after the event, speak of Langlade, who was then alive, as the author of Braddock's defeat. Hence there can be little doubt that he took an important part in it, though the contemporary writers do not mention his name. Compare Ta.s.se, _Notice sur Charles Langlade_. The honors fell to Contrecoeur, Dumas, and Ligneris, all of whom received the cross of the Order of St Louis (_Ordres du Roy et Depeches des Ministres_, 1755).

Appendix E

Chapter 14. Montcalm

To show the style of Montcalm's familiar letters, I give a few examples. Literal translation is often impossible.

a MADAME DE MONTCALM, a MONTReAL, 16 AVRIL, 1757.

(_Extrait._)

"Ma sante a.s.sez bonne, malgre beaucoup de travail, surtout d'ecriture. Esteve, mon secretaire, se marie. Beau caractere. Bon autographe, ecrivant vite. Je lui procure un emploi et le moyen de faire fortune s'il veut. Il fait un meilleur mariage que ne lui appartient; malgre cela je crains qu'il ne la fa.s.se pas comme un autre; fat, frivole, joueur, glorieux, pet.i.t-maitre, depensier. J'ai toujours Marcel, des soldats copistes dans le besoin....Tous les soldats de Montpellier se portants bien, hors le fils de Pierre mort chez moi. Tout est hors de prix. Il faut vivre honorablement et je le fais, tous les jours seize personnes. Une fois tous les quinze jours chez M. le Gouverneur general et Mr. le Chev. de Levis qui vit aussi tres bien. Il a donne trois beaux grands bals.

Pour moi jusqu'au careme, outre les diners, de grands soupers de dames trois fois la semaine. Le jour des devotes prudes, des concerts.

Les jours des jeunes des violons d'hazard, parcequ'on me les demandait, cela ne menait que jusqu'a deux heures du matin et il se joignait l'apres-souper compagnie dansante sans etre priee, mais sure d'etre bien recue a celle qui avait soupe. Fort cher, peu amusant, et souvent ennuyeux.... Vous connaissiez ma maison, je l'ai augmentee d'un cocher, d'un frotteur, un garcon de cuisine, et j'ai marie mon aide de cuisine; car je travaille a peupler la colonie: 80 mariages de soldats cet hiver et deux d'officiers. Germain a perdu sa fille. Il a epouse mieux que lui; bonne femme mais sans bien, comme toutes...."

a MADAME DE MONTCALM, a MONTReAL, 6 JUIN, 1757.

(_Extrait_.)

"J'addresse la premiere de cette lettre a ma mere. Il n'y a pas une heure dans la journee que je ne songe a vous, a elle, et a mes enfants. J'embra.s.se ma fille; je vous adore, ma tres chere, ainsi que ma mere. Mille choses a mes soeurs. Je n'ai pas le temps de leur ecrire, ni a Naujac, ni aux abbesses.... Des compliments au chateau d'Arbois, aux Du Cayla, et aux Givard. P.S. N'oubliez pas d'envoyer une douzaine de bouteilles d'Angleterre de pinte d'eau de lavande; vous en mettrez quatre pour chaque envoi."

a BOURLAMAQUE, a MONTReAL, 20 FeVRIER, 1757.

(_Extrait_.)

"Dimanche j'avais ra.s.semble les dames de France hors Mad.

de Parfouru qui m'a fait l'honneur de me venir voir il y a trois jours et en la voyant je me suis appercu que l'amour avait des traits de puissance dont on ne pouvait pas rendre raison, non pas par l'impression qu'elle a faite sur mon coeur, mais bien par celle qu'elle a faite sur celui de son epoux. Mercredi une a.s.semblee chez Mad.

Varin. Jeudi un bal chez le Chev. de Levis qui avait prie 65 Dames ou demoiselles; Il n'y en avait que trente--autant d'hommes qu'a la guerre. Sa salle bien eclairee, aussi grand que celle de l'Intendance, beaucoup d'ordre, beaucoup d'attention, des rafraichiss.e.m.e.nts en abondance toute la nuit de tout genre et de toute espece et on ne se retira qu'a sept heures du matin. Pour moi qui ay quitte le sejour de Quebec, Je me couchai de bonne heure. J'avais eu ce jour-la huit dames a souper et ce souper etait dedie a Mad. Varin. Demain j'en aurai une demi douzaine. Je ne sais encore a qui il est dedie, Je suis tente de croire que c'est a La Roche Beaucourt Le galant Chev'r. nous donne encore un bal."

Appendix F

Chapter 15. Fort William Henry

WEBB TO LOUDON, FORT EDWARD, 11 AUG. 1757.

_Public Record Office._ (_Extract._)

"On leaving the Camp Yesterday Morning they [_the English soldiers_] were stript by the Indians of everything they had both Officers and Men the Women and Children drag'd from among them and most inhumanly butchered before their faces, the party of about three hundred Men which were given them as an escort were during this time quietly looking on, from this and other circ.u.mstances we are too well convinced these barbarities must have been connived at by the French. After having destroyed the women and children they fell upon the rear of our Men who running in upon the Front soon put the whole to a most precipitate flight in which confusion part of them came into this Camp about two o'Clock yesterday morning in a most distressing situation, and have continued dropping in ever since, a great many men and we are afraid several Officers were ma.s.sacred."

The above is independent of the testimony of Frye, who did not reach Fort Edward till the day after Webb's letter was written.

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