Logic: Deductive and Inductive - LightNovelsOnl.com
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I. TERMS, ETC.
1. What is a Term? Explain and ill.u.s.trate the chief divisions of Terms.
What is meant by the Connotation of a Term? Ill.u.s.trate. [S]
2. "The connotation and denotation of terms vary inversely." Examine this a.s.sertion, explaining carefully the limits within which it is true, if at all. [S]
3. Exemplify the false reasoning arising from the confusion of Contrary and Contradictory Terms. [S]
4. Discuss the claims of the doctrine of Terms to be included in a Logical System. Distinguish between a General and an Abstract Term. [S]
5. Explain and ill.u.s.trate what is meant by the Denotation and Connotation of a Term. What terms have both, and what have one only? [S]
6. Distinguish between Abstract and Concrete Names. To which of these cla.s.ses belong (a) adjectives, (b) names of states of consciousness? Are any abstract names connotative? [S]
7. Distinguish between (a) Proper and Singular Terms, (b) Negative and Privative, (c) Absolute and Relative. Ill.u.s.trate.
8. What connection is there between the Connotation and the Relativity of Names?
9. Examine the logical relations between the following pairs of terms: (a) happy and happiness; (b) happy and unhappy; (c) 'the juryman' and 'the jury'; (d) parent and offspring.
Explain the technical words used in your answer. [C]
10. Distinguish between _name_; _part of speech_; _term_: and ill.u.s.trate by reference to the following--use, useful, usefully. [C]
11. Describe the nature of _Collective_ terms; examine in particular any difficulties in distinguis.h.i.+ng between these and general or abstract terms. [C]
12. Distinguish between _positive_, _negative_, and _privative_ names.
Of what kind are the following, and why--parallel, alien, idle, unhappy?
What ambiguity is there in the use of such a term as "not-white"? [C]
II. PROPOSITIONS AND IMMEDIATE INFERENCE.
13. What is meant by (1) the Conversion, and (2) the Contra-position of a proposition? Apply these processes, as far as admissible, to the following:--
(a) All invertebrates have cold blood.
(b) Some cold-blooded animals are not invertebrates.
(c) No wingless birds are songsters.
(d) Some winged birds are not songsters.
What can you infer from (a) and (b) jointly, and what from (c) and (d) jointly? [S]
14. "The author actually supposes that, because Professor Fawcett denies that all wealth is money, he denies that all money is wealth." a.n.a.lyse the differences of opinion implied in the above pa.s.sage. [S]
15. Take any universal affirmative proposition; convert it by obversion (contraposition); attach the negative particle to the predicate, and again convert. Interpret the result exactly, and say whether it is or is not equivalent to the original proposition. [S]
16. What information about the term "solid body" can we derive from the proposition, "No bodies which are not solids are crystals"? [S]
17. Discuss the proposal to treat all propositions as affirmative.
18. Convert the proposition "A is probably B." What information does the proposition give us concerning B? [S]
19. Show in how many ways you can deny the following a.s.sertions: All cathedral towns are all cities; Canterbury is the Metropolitan see. [S]
20. Explain the nature of a _hypothetical_ (or conditional) proposition.
What do you consider the radical difference between it and a categorical? [S]
21. What is the function of the _copula_? In what different manners has it been treated? [S]
22. Convert "A killed C unjustly"; "All Knowledge is probably useful"; "The exception proves the rule"; "Birds of a feather flock together."
[S]
23. What is modality? How are modals treated by (a) formal logic and (b) by the theory of induction? [S]
24. What is the subject of an impersonal proposition? Give reasons for your answer. [S]
25. Is the categorical proposition sufficiently described as referring a thing or things to a cla.s.s? [S]
26. Enumerate the cases in which the truth or falsity of one proposition may be formally inferred from the truth or falsity of another.
Ill.u.s.trate these cases, and give to each its technical name. [S]
27. Ill.u.s.trate the relation of Immediate Inferences to the Laws of Thought.
28. Explain what is meant by (a) Symbolic Logic; (b) the Logic of Relatives. Describe some method of representing propositions by means of diagrams; and indicate how far any particular theory of the import of propositions is involved in such representation. [S]
29. Explain the exact nature of the relation between two _Contradictory_ propositions; and define Conversion by Contraposition, determining what kind of propositions admit of such conversion.
Give the contradictory and the contrapositive of each of the following propositions:--
(a) All equilateral triangles are equiangular;
(b) No vertebrate animal has jaws opening sideways;
(c) Wherever A and B are both present, either C or D is also present. [S]
30. Define Obversion and Inversion, and apply these processes also to the above three propositions.
31. Propositions can be understood either in extension or in intension.
Explain this, and discuss the relative value of the two interpretations.
[S]
32. Distinguish between real and verbal propositions; and explain the importance of the distinction.
33. Ill.u.s.trate the process called 'change of Relation.'
