Privateers and Privateering Part 22

"On September 10th, being cruising near to Cape Blanco, on the Spanish Main, we chased a Spanish schooner on sh.o.r.e and destroyed her. Being close in with the land and becalmed, we discovered a schooner and three gunboats under Spanish colours making for us. A light breeze springing up, we were enabled to get clear of the land, when it fell calm, which enabled the schooner and gunboats, by the help of a number of oars, to gain fast upon us, keeping up at the same time a constant fire from their bow-guns, which we returned with two guns pointed from our stern; one of the gunboats did not advance to attack us. As the enemy drew near we engaged them with muskets and pistols, keeping with oars the stern of the _Rover_ towards them, and having all our guns well loaded with great and small shot, ready against we should come to close quarters. When we heard the commander of the schooner give orders to the two gunboats to board us, I waited to see how they meant to attack us, and, finding the schooner intended to board us on our starboard quarter, one of the gunboats on our larboard bow, and the other on our larboard waist, I suffered them to advance in that position until they came within about fifteen yards, still firing on them with small-arms and the stern-guns.

I then manned the oars on the larboard side, and pulled the _Rover_ round so as to bring her starboard broadside to bear athwart the schooner's bow, and poured into her a whole broadside of great and small shot, which raked her deck fore and aft, while it was full of men ready for boarding. I instantly s.h.i.+fted over on the other side [_i.e._ sent the men over] and raked both gunboats in the same manner, which must have killed and wounded a great number of those on board of them, and done great damage to their boats. I then commenced a close action with the schooner, which lasted three gla.s.ses [an hour and a half], and, having disabled her sails and rigging much, and finding her fire grew slack, I took advantage of a light air of wind to back my headsails, which brought my stern on board of the schooner, by which we were enabled to board and carry her, at which time the gunboats sheered off, apparently in a very shattered condition. We found her to be the _Santa Rita_, mounting ten 6-pounders and two 12-pounder carronades, with 125 men. She was fitted out the day before by the Governor of Porto Cavallo, with the gunboats, for the express purpose of taking us. Every officer on board of her was killed except the officers who commanded a party of 25 soldiers; there were 14 dead men on her deck when we boarded her, and 17 wounded; the prisoners, including the wounded, amounted to 71.

"My s.h.i.+p's company, including officers and boys, was only 45 in number, and behaved with that courage and spirit which British seamen always show when fighting the enemies of their country. It is with infinite pleasure I add that I had not a man hurt; from the best account I could obtain, the enemy lost 54 men. The prisoners being too numerous to be kept on board, on the 14th ult. I landed them all except eight, taking an obligation from them not to serve against his Majesty until regularly exchanged. I arrived with my s.h.i.+p's company in safety this day (October 17th) at Liverpool, having taken during my cruise the before-mentioned vessels, together with a sloop under American colours bound to Curacao, a Spanish schooner bound to Port Caballo, which have all arrived in this province; besides which I destroyed some Spanish launches on the coast."

A very successful four month's cruise. G.o.dfrey's crew of Nova Scotian fishermen would be very difficult to beat: they were stalwart, hard-bitten fellows, well used to hards.h.i.+p in their calling, and not afraid of anything; much the same type, in fact, as those Salem men who gave us so much trouble in the war of 1812.

To the initiated, Captain G.o.dfrey's handling of his craft on the approach of the three Spanish vessels will commend itself. It was an exceedingly pretty bit of seamans.h.i.+p, only possible at such a moment to a captain of consummate coolness, with his crew well in hand.

The Spaniards appear on this, as on so many other occasions, to have made the wildest practice with their firearms; G.o.dfrey had not a man touched, after an action of one hour and a half, with a hand-to-hand fight at the end of it!

[Footnote 17: An illegal and piratical act; she was bound to show her own colours before firing.]

[Footnote 18: Wale, or wales, sometimes termed "bends"; the thickest outside planking of the s.h.i.+p, at and above the water-line.]

[Footnote 19: There does not appear to be an island under this name on the west coast of South America, in any modern atlas. It must have been close to Callao, the sea-port of Lima, as he sent his prisoners on sh.o.r.e there next day.]

[Footnote 20: That is, to the north-westward of the northernmost of the Windward Islands, in the West Indies.]

CHAPTER XXIII

THE AFFAIR OF THE "BONAPARTE"

In the year 1804 there was a very formidable French privateer cruising in the West Indies, by name the _Bonaparte_, carrying 18 guns and a crew of over 200. This vessel encountered, in the month of August, the British s.h.i.+p of war _Hippomenes_--a capture from the Dutch at the surrender of Demerara in the previous year--of 18 guns, commanded by Captain Kenneth McKenzie, who had in some measure disguised his s.h.i.+p in order to entrap privateers. The Frenchman was so far deceived as to invite a conflict, believing the _Hippomenes_ to be a "Guineaman," or African slave-trader, which were almost always armed, but which the _Bonaparte_ would have no cause to fear.

Having caught a tartar, the French captain did not on that account endeavour to avoid battle, and a sharp action ensued. After some time, the French s.h.i.+p fell aboard the _Hippomenes_, upon which Captain McKenzie instantly had the two s.h.i.+ps lashed together, and, calling upon his men to follow him, sprang on board the _Bonaparte_. He appears, however, to have been very unfortunate in his crew, many of whom, it is said, were foreigners, and only eight men had the stomach to follow him. This little band, however, under their captain's gallant leaders.h.i.+p, actually drove the Frenchmen from their quarters for a time, no doubt under the impression that this was merely the vanguard of a formidable force of boarders. Finding themselves opposed by such insignificant numbers, however, they rallied, and the plucky Englishmen were terribly cut up, McKenzie receiving no less than fourteen wounds, while the first lieutenant and purser were killed and the master wounded. There was nothing for it but to scramble back on board their own s.h.i.+p, which they barely succeeded in doing when the las.h.i.+ngs gave way, and the vessels swung apart, Captain McKenzie almost missing his leap, and falling senseless into the "chains" of his own s.h.i.+p. The Frenchman had had enough, so the action ended indecisively, and the _Bonaparte_ was free to continue her depredations. Had the whole of the English crew been of the same kidney as the gallant eight her career in the French service would certainly have been ended then and there.

A month or two later the _Bonaparte_ fell in with three British armed merchantmen, to wit the _Thetis_, _Ceres_, and _Penelope_, which had sailed in company from Cork in October, John Charnley, captain of the Thetis, being commodore of the little squadron.

The _Bonaparte_ was sighted at 7 a.m. on November 8th, to windward of Barbadoes, and the three English s.h.i.+ps at once hauled their wind and prepared for action. What ensued shall be told in the language of the three captains, as ill.u.s.trating the curious diversity of views which may result from distorted vision in the heat of action--for that one or other of these captains had his vision so distorted there can be no doubt. All three letters are dated November 10th, 1804, from Bridge Town, Barbadoes, and are addressed to the owners--though whether all three s.h.i.+ps were owned by one firm does not appear.

The captain of the _Ceres_ writes:

"I am happy to inform you of my safe arrival here, in company with the _Penelope_ and _Thetis_. The day we came in we fell in with the _Bonaparte_, French privateer, of twenty guns, which bore down upon us, and commenced a very heavy fire, which we returned as warm as possible.

She attempted to board the _Thetis_, and, in the act, lost her bowsprit, and soon after her foremast went over the side--a fortunate circ.u.mstance, as I understand she was the terror of the West Indies. She sent a challenge here by an American, the day before we arrived, to any of our sloops of war to fight her. We understand she had beaten off one of them. The action was very smart for about two hours; we began firing at nine o'clock in the morning, and did not leave off till half after twelve. My s.h.i.+p was on fire three times by neglect of the people with their cartridges. She once got on fire in the cabin; but, by the exertions of the crew, it was soon extinguished. They behaved with the greatest spirit; and, I believe, would have fought to the last, though half of them were foreigners. I had several shots in the hull and my rigging and sails were very much cut. The small shot and grape came on board us like hail, though they did not hit one man. I had two men blown up by the cartridges taking fire, who are very much burnt."

The _Penelope_ account comes next:

"I arrived here safe, after a pa.s.sage of thirty-three days, in company with the _Ceres_ and _Thetis_, and shall be detained here some time to refit: having on the 8th inst., in lat. 13.26 N., long. 57.30 W. had an engagement with the _Bonaparte_ privateer, of 22 guns and 250 men, for three hours; in which engagement we had ten of our guns dismounted, which I must repair here, and likewise replenish our powder. I suppose I shall be ready for sea by the 13th. I am sorry to say Mr. Lindo was killed in the engagement, and his poor wife is very disconsolate. I wish her to return home from hence, but she refuses. I send this by the _Burton_, of Liverpool, who is now under weigh, or otherwise would be more particular. The action commenced at 9 a.m., and we engaged until half-past meridian, when we left off chase. The privateer lost her bowsprit and foremast in attempting to board the _Thetis_, who had two men killed and five wounded."

Captain Charnley's report is as follows:

"MESSRS. STUART, HEESMAN, & CO."

"GENTLEMEN,

"I arrived here, in company with the _Ceres_ and _Penelope_, last evening. On the 8th instant, at 7 a.m., seeing a strange sail and a suspicious one (being commodore), I made a signal for an enemy, and to haul our wind on the larboard tack to meet her. At nine we met; she kept English colours flying till after firing two broadsides.

Seeing him attempt to lay us alongside to leeward, thought it better to have him to windward, so wore s.h.i.+p on the other tack. He was then on our quarter, and lashed himself to our mizzen chains; the contest then became desperate for one hour. They set us on fire twice on the quarter-deck with stink-pots and other combustibles, and made four very daring attempts to board, with at least eighty men, out of their rigging, foretop, and bowsprit, but were most boldly repulsed by every man and boy in the s.h.i.+p. At the conclusion, a double-headed shot, from our aftermost gun, carried away his foremast by the board; that took away his bowsprit and maintopgallant-mast. He then thought it was time to cast us off. No less than fifty men fell with the wreck. We then hauled our wind as well as we could, to knot, splice, and repair our rigging for the time, which gave the other s.h.i.+ps an opportunity to play upon the enemy; but, being a little to leeward, had not so good an effect. A short time afterwards wore s.h.i.+p for him again, with the other s.h.i.+ps, and engaged him for about an hour more; but, finding it impossible to take him, owing to his number of men, and no surgeon to dress our wounded, I thought it best to steer our course for this island. Her name is the _Bonaparte_, of 20 9-pounders and upwards of 200 men. I had 18 6-pounders and 45 men, 19 never at sea before, boys and landsmen. As to the behaviour of my whole crew, to a man they were steady, and determined to defend the s.h.i.+p whilst there was one left alive. I had two killed and nine wounded. On our arrival Commodore Hood paid us every attention, sent the surgeon and mate to dress the wounded, also men to a.s.sist the s.h.i.+p to anchor, and gave me a written protection for my crew.[21] I cannot conclude without mentioning the gallant and spirited conduct of Mr. Dobbs, a mids.h.i.+pman (pa.s.senger with me), who acted as Captain of Marines, and during the action fought like a brave fellow, as well as exciting in the minds of the crew unconquerable zeal. We are much shattered in our hull, sails, and rigging; it will take us two days before we can be ready for sea."

"I remain, in haste, gentlemen, "Your very obedient servant, "JOHN CHARNLEY."

In another letter to a friend, a day or two later, Charnley says:

"The _Bonaparte_ privateer is the completest s.h.i.+p in these seas. She made too certain of us. Freers, my first mate, behaved most gallantly, and fought like a lion; so did Lambert, my second mate. Indeed, I cannot say enough for every man and boy in the s.h.i.+p. The greatest part of them stripped and fought naked, and I am sure would have died sooner than have been carried. There was one hour's hard work, I a.s.sure you. I was near going frequently, as they fired several musket-b.a.l.l.s through my clothes."

This appears to be a straightforward account, and though it differs from the others, in respect of the parts played by them in the action, Captain Charnley does not attach any blame to them for lack of zeal or enterprise.

The Barbadoes _Mercury_ headed the account of the action--"Defeat of _Bonaparte_! _not_ the Great, but celebrated privateer of Guadaloupe!"

Four months later Captain Charnley deemed it necessary to publish, in the _Bristol Journal_ of March 16th, 1805, the following justification of himself:

"On our arrival in this port, observing a paragraph in the London papers respecting a late action between the _Bonaparte_, French privateer, and the s.h.i.+ps _Thetis_, _Ceres_, and _Penelope_, off Barbadoes, which makes it appear to the public that the two latter did wonders, and the _Thetis_ little or nothing; I now think it inc.u.mbent on me, and a duty I owe to my crew, as commander of the _Thetis_, to state a few facts, and confute any reports that have been made of the action; which would have been pa.s.sed over in silence by me, had they not resorted to the means they have of obtaining unmerited credit at the expense of others. The three s.h.i.+ps sailed in company from Cork, the _Thetis_ to act as commodore. Nothing material occurred till November 8th, when at 7 a.m.

the man at our masthead called out, 'A sail!' It soon appearing a suspicious one, I made a signal for an enemy, and to haul our wind on the larboard tack to meet her; which was answered by our consorts. At nine the privateer and the _Thetis_ met; the other s.h.i.+ps not sailing so fast, were at this time about one mile astern in her wake. The privateer hailed us in English twice, with English colours flying; the latter we answered with a broadside from our larboard guns. Seeing him determined to board us, we wore s.h.i.+p and sailed large; in the act of doing which she raked us twice, ran up alongside under a press of sail, and made herself fast to our mizzen-chains. By this time the other s.h.i.+ps were nearly up; but, instead of coming into action on the enemy's quarter, which ought to have been their station, bore up before they reached us, fired five or six guns (the contents of which we shared with the enemy); and during the whole time (upwards of one hour) we were lashed together they were sailing ahead of us at about half a mile distance, although the crew of the _Penelope_ went aft to their commander and told him it was a shame to see the _Thetis_ so mauled and render no a.s.sistance: this was their report on board his Majesty's s.h.i.+p _Centaur_. At the conclusion of the fight a fortunate double-headed shot from our aftermost gun carried away the enemy's foremast, bowsprit, and maintopgallant-mast; upon which he cut us adrift, when we hauled our wind to the northward, with an intention to gain so far to windward as to get on his weather-side, where all the wreck was lying. On examining my crew, I found two killed and seven wounded, our sails and rigging so much cut that the s.h.i.+p was ungovernable; however, by uncommon exertions, we got her wore on the other tack, but only fetched under the enemy's lee, when we pa.s.sed almost shaving her, and gave her two broadsides, at the same time receiving one from her which wounded two more men and disabled four guns. Afterwards spoke the _Ceres_, whose commander inquired into the state of our s.h.i.+p and men; he and his pa.s.sengers drank my health, and he expressed himself more than once (through his trumpet), that he was very sorry it was not in his power to give us any a.s.sistance. I then urged a wish to further annoy the enemy, as she would be an easy capture. His answer was, "It is impossible; she has too many men." During this time, for about half an hour, the enemy was lying a complete log, while our consorts had received no damage. However, at length all three of us made sail together for her again, and engaged her at a distance for about an hour. My wounded being in great agony, I shaped a course for Barbadoes, where we all arrived next evening.

"When we anch.o.r.ed I was visited by Captain Richardson, of his Majesty's s.h.i.+p _Centaur_, who immediately sent for a surgeon, Mr. Martin, who has my thanks for his particular attention to the wounded. Commodore Hood very handsomely gave me a protection for my crew, and took the wounded into the Royal Hospital.

"So little credit was given to the account of the action given by the captains of the _Ceres_ and _Penelope_ at Barbadoes, that they resorted to the means of obtaining the captain of the _Bonaparte's_ signature to a letter, in direct contradiction of his statement to a naval officer who captured him, which was in the fullest manner corroborated by the surgeon who was stopped at Dominica on his way to Guadaloupe.

"The action speaks for itself. Neither of the vessels, the _Ceres_ or _Penelope_, was in the smallest degree injured, although one of them reported he expended _six barrels_ of gunpowder. Double that quant.i.ty might have been expended with equal effect, as a large proportion of it was set fire to in the barrels. The _Penelope_, I understand, lost a pa.s.senger by a chance shot, yet I believe was equally as fortunate as the _Ceres_ in escaping without damage.

"The steady behaviour of the _Thetis's_ officers and crew in this action, and their conduct during the voyage, demand my highest esteem, and will be for ever imprinted on my memory."

The inhabitants of the island of Dominica, in presenting Captain Charnley with a handsome sum of money and a piece of plate, allude to his gallant defeat of the _Bonaparte_ as "thereby protecting two valuable s.h.i.+ps under your convoy": which is significant of the version of the affair which had got abroad, either through Charnley or the French captain.

However, it was not done with yet, for Daniel Bousfield, captain of the _Ceres_, arrived in England in April and immediately proceeded to enlighten the editor of the _Bristol Journal_ as to the "true facts" of the case, enclosing a copy of the letter which he had received from the captain of the _Bonaparte_, and which readers are requested "to compare with the partial and pompous account of the action inserted, on the authority of Mr. Charnley, in the public papers."

"Sir, I have been astonished at the account given against you of the engagement we had together; the manner in which you conducted yourself obliges me, upon my honour, to inform the public of the fact. On my arrival here, I was surprised to find that the captain of the _Thetis_ took to himself all the merit of having fought with me. It is true that, during the heat of the action, he was the nearest s.h.i.+p to me, but that was from necessity, as it was him that I attacked first, and which I did because I saw that he was the best armed of the three. He commenced the fire, which was soon followed up by you and the other letter of marque.

The courage you have all three shown cannot be too much admired. Your manoeuvres convince me that they were the result of reflection and experience; and the national character which you have manifested certainly merits the eulogium of the public.

"Your fire was tremendous for me; and I can with truth affirm that it was you who did me most damage, and who dismasted my vessel, which was the reason that I was unable to capture the _Thetis_. A single s.h.i.+p, then, has not all the honour of the fight, but certainly all three. In short, sir, I thank the accident that has procured me the pleasure of your acquaintance, and to express the satisfaction that I feel in my heart in writing this letter. I leave you full liberty to make it public among your countrymen. In proving my particular esteem for your person, it will no doubt, at the same time, ensure you the public approbation, and preserve you from those malicious tongues who shall dare attack your respectable character.

"I have the honour to be, with consideration and esteem, sir, your obedient servant,

"PAINPENY."

The Frenchman declares that it was the _Ceres_ which dismasted his s.h.i.+p, though both the captains state in their letters that she lost her foremast, etc., in boarding the _Thetis_. Captain Charnley says the two other s.h.i.+ps stood off, and came out of the fight undamaged, whereas they both report considerable injury, and the captain of the _Penelope_ states that ten of her guns were disabled. The only casualty, however, appears to have been one pa.s.senger killed, while the _Ceres_ had only two men injured, through their own careless handling of the ammunition--though "the small-shot and grape came on board like hail."

Now, when we are told that a s.h.i.+p has ten guns disabled in action, and that the only person touched was a pa.s.senger, presumably not stationed at a gun, the question inevitably presents itself--where were the guns'

crews? Also, when grape and case are coming on board like hail, it seems odd that n.o.body is. .h.i.t. Every one who has any experience or knowledge of battle is aware, of course, that the saying that "every bullet has its billet" is rank romance; a vast majority of bullets discharged in hot action find no other billet than the bottom of the sea--unless, indeed, they are swallowed by inquisitive fish while sinking--or the nearest hillside. Still, these two good men do not appear to make out their case very well; let us hope that they did not deliberately lie to their owners. The Frenchman was, of course, interested in demonstrating that he was beaten off by three, rather than by one s.h.i.+p; still, he was perhaps a very truthful man: and there we must leave it. The only thing quite clear is that the _Bonaparte_ made rather sure of catching three good prizes, and was considerably sold.

[Footnote 21: That is, indemnity from having the crew pressed by any man-of-war which was short of hands. As a regular privateer, she would be exempt from this; but apparently she and her consorts were merchantmen, armed and probably provided with what were loosely termed letters of marque for protection in case of attack.]

[Ill.u.s.tration: CAPTURE OF THE FRENCH PRIVATEER "JEUNE RICHARD"]