History of American Socialisms Part 17

In this view we can reduce Communism and Joint-stockism to one principle. The object of both is to secure property to life. Communism looks after the rights of the unitary life--call it _afflatus_ if you please--which organizes families and spiritual corporations.

Joint-stockism attends to the rights of individuals. Both these forms of life have rights; and as all true rights can certainly be harmonized, Communism and Joint-stockism should find a way to work together. But the question returns after all, Which is primary and which is secondary? and so we are in the old quarrel again. Our opinion, however, is, that the long quarrel between afflatus and personality will be decided in favor of afflatus, and that personality will pa.s.s into the secondary position in the ages to come.

Practically, Communism is a thing of degrees. With a small amount of vital unity, Communism is possible only in the limited sphere of familism. With more unity, public inst.i.tutions of harmony and benevolence make their appearance. With another degree of unity, Communism of external property becomes possible, as among the Shakers.

With still higher degrees, Communism may be introduced into the s.e.xual and propagative relations. And in all these cases the correlative principle of Joint-stockism necessarily takes charge of all property that Communism leaves outside.

Other differences of theory, besides this fundamental contrast of Communism and Joint-stockism, have been insisted upon by the respective partizans of Owen and Fourier; but they are less important, and we shall leave them to be exhibited incidentally in our memoirs of the Phalanxes.

CHAPTER XVIII.

LITERATURE OF FOURIERISM.

The exposition of Fourierism in this country commenced with the publication of the "_Social Destiny of Man_," by Albert Brisbane, in 1840. It is very probable that the excitement propagated by this book, turned the thoughts of Dr. Channing and the Transcendentalists toward a.s.sociation, and led to the Ma.s.sachusetts experiments which we have reported. Other influences prepared the way. Religious Liberalism and Anti-slavery were revolutionizing the world of thought, and predisposing all lively minds to the boldest innovations. But it is evident that the positive scheme of reconstructing society came from France through Brisbane. Brook Farm, Hopedale, the Northampton Community and the Skaneateles Community struck out, each on an independent theory of social architecture; but they all obeyed a common impulse; and that impulse, so far as it came by literature, is traceable to Brisbane's importation and translation of the writings of Charles Fourier.

The second notable movement, preparatory to the great Fourier revival of 1843, was the opening of the _New York Tribune_ to the teachings of Brisbane and the Socialists. That paper was in its first volume, but already popular and ascending towards its zenith of rivalry with the _Herald_, when one morning in the spring of 1842, it appeared with the following caption at the top of one of its columns:

"a.s.sOCIATION; OR, PRINCIPLES OF A TRUE ORGANIZATION OF SOCIETY.

"This column has been purchased by the Advocates of a.s.sociation, in order to lay their principles before the public. Its editors.h.i.+p is entirely distinct from that of the _Tribune_."

By this contrivance, which might be called a paper within a paper, Brisbane became the independent editor of a small daily, with all the _Tribune's_ subscribers for his readers; and yet that journal could not be held responsible for his inculcations. It was known, however, that Horace Greeley, the editor-in-chief, was much in sympathy with Fourierism; so that Brisbane had the help of his popularity; though the stock-company of the _Tribune_ was not implicated. Whether the _Tribune_ lifted Fourierism or Fourierism lifted the _Tribune_, may be a matter of doubt; but we are inclined to think the paper had the best of the bargain; as it grew steadily afterward to its present dimensions, and all the more merrily for the _Herald's_ long persistence in calling it "our Fourierite cotemporary;" while Fourierism, after a year or two of glory, waned and disappeared.

Brisbane edited his column with ability for more than a year. Our file (which is defective), extends from March 28, 1842, to May 28, 1843. At first the socialistic articles appeared twice a week; after August 1842, three times a week; and during the latter part of the series, every day.

This was Brisbane's great opportunity, and he improved it. All the popularities of Fourierism--"Attractive Industry," "Compound Economies," "Democracy of a.s.sociation," "Equilibrium of the Pa.s.sions"--were set before the _Tribune's_ vast public from day to day, with the art and zest of a young lawyer pleading before a court already in his favor. Interspersed with these topics were notices of socialistic meetings, reports of Fourier festivals, toasts and speeches at celebrations of Fourier's birthday, and all the usual stimulants of a growing popular cause. The rich were enticed; the poor were encouraged; the laboring cla.s.ses were aroused; objections were answered; prejudices were annihilated; scoffing papers were silenced; the religious foundations of Fourierism were triumphantly exhibited.

To show how gloriously things were going, it would be announced on one day that "Mr. Bennett has promised us the insertion of an article in this day's _Herald_, in vindication of our doctrines;" on the next, that "_The Democratic_ and _Boston Quarterly Reviews_, are publis.h.i.+ng a series of articles on the system from the pen of A. Brisbane;" on the next, that "we have obtained a large Hall, seventy-seven feet deep by twenty-five feet wide, in Broadway, for the purpose of holding meetings and delivering lectures."

Perhaps the reader would like to see a specimen of Brisbane's expositions. The following is the substance of one of his articles in the _Tribune_, dated March, 1842; subject--"Means of making a Practical Trial:"

"Before answering the question, How can a.s.sociation be realized?

we will remark that we do not propose any sudden transformation of the present system of society, but only a regular and gradual subst.i.tution of a new order by local changes or replacement.

One a.s.sociation must be started, and others will follow, without overthrowing any true inst.i.tutions in state or church, such as universal suffrage or religious wors.h.i.+p.

"If a few rich could be interested in the subject, a stock company could be formed among them with a capital of four or five hundred thousand dollars, which would be sufficient. Their money would be safe: for the lands, edifices, flocks, &c., of the a.s.sociation, would be mortgaged to secure it. The sum which is required to build a small railroad, a steams.h.i.+p, to start an insurance company or a bank, would establish an a.s.sociation.

Could not such a sum be raised?

"A practical trial of a.s.sociation might be made by appropriation from a State Legislature. Millions are now spent in constructing ca.n.a.ls and railroads that scarcely pay for repairs. Would it endanger the const.i.tution, injure the cause of democracy, or shock the consciences of politicians, if a Legislature were to advance for an a.s.sociation, half a million of dollars secured by mortgage on its lands and personal estate? We fear very much that it might, and therefore not much is to be hoped from that source.

"The truth of a.s.sociation and attractive industry could also be proved by children. A little a.s.sociation or an industrial or agricultural inst.i.tution might be established with four hundred children from the ages of five to fifteen. Various lighter branches of agriculture and the mechanical arts, with little tools and implements adapted to different ages, which are the delight of children, could be prosecuted. These useful occupations could, if organized according to a system which we shall later explain, be rendered more pleasing and attractive than are their plays at present. Such an a.s.sociation would prove the possibility of attractive industry, and that children could support themselves by their own labor, and obtain at the same time a superior industrial and scientific education. The Smithsonian bequest might be applied to such a purpose, as could have been Girard's n.o.ble donation, which has been so shamefully mismanaged.

"The most easy plan, perhaps, for starting an a.s.sociation would be to induce four hundred persons to unite, and take each $1,000 worth of stock, which would form a capital of $400,000. With this sum, an a.s.sociation could be established, which could be made to guarantee to every person a comfortable room in it and board for life, as interest upon the investment of $1,000; so that whatever reverses might happen to those forming the a.s.sociation, they would always be certain of having two great essentials of existence--a dwelling to cover them, and a table at which to sit. Let us explain how this could be effected.

"The stockholders would receive one-quarter of the total product or profits of the a.s.sociation; or if they preferred, they would receive a fixed interest of eight per cent. At the time of a general division of profits at the end of the year, the stockholders would first receive their interest, and the balance would be paid over to those who performed the labor. A slight deviation would in this respect take place from the general law of a.s.sociation, which is to give one-quarter of the profits to capital, whatever they may be; but additional inducements of security should be held out to those who organize the first a.s.sociation.

"The investment of $1,000 would yield $80 annual interest. With this sum the a.s.sociation must guarantee a person a dwelling and living; and this could be done. The edifice could be built for $150,000, the interest upon which, at 10 per cent., would be $15,000. Divide this sum by 400, which is the number of persons, and we have $37.50 per annum, for each person as rent. Some of the apartments would consist of several rooms, and rent for $100, others for $90, others for $80, and so on in a descending ratio, so that about one-half of the rooms could be rented at $20 per annum. A person wis.h.i.+ng to live at the cheapest rates would have, after paying his rent, $60 left. As the a.s.sociation would raise all its fruit, grain, vegetables, cattle, &c., and as it would economize immensely in fuel, number of cooks, and every thing else, it could furnish the cheapest priced board at $60 per annum, the second at $100, and the third at $150. Thus a person who invested $1,000 would be certain of a comfortable room and board for his interest, if he lived economically, and would have whatever he might produce by his labor in addition.

He would live, besides, in an elegant edifice surrounded by beautiful fields and gardens.

"If one-half of the persons taking stock did not wish to enter the a.s.sociation at first, but to continue their business in the world, reserving the chance of so doing later, they could do so.

Experienced and intelligent agriculturists and mechanics would be found to take their places; the buildings would be gradually enlarged, and those who remained out could enter later as they wished. They would receive, however, in the mean time their interest in cash upon their capital. A family with two or three children could enter upon taking from $2,000 to $2,500 worth of stock.

"We have not s.p.a.ce to enter into full details, but we can say that the advantages and economies of combination and a.s.sociation are so immense, that if four hundred persons would unite, with a capital of $1,000 each, they could establish an a.s.sociation in which they could produce, by means of economical machinery and other facilities, four times as much by their labor as people do at present, and live far cheaper and better than they now can; or which, in age or in case of misfortune, would always secure them a comfortable home.

"There are mult.i.tudes of persons who could easily withdraw $1,000 from their business and invest it in an establishment of this kind, and secure themselves against any reverses which may later overtake them. In our societies, with their constantly recurring revulsions and ruin, would they not be wise in so doing?"

With this specimen, we trust the imagination of the reader will be able to make out an adequate picture of Brisbane's long work in the _Tribune_. That work immediately preceded the rush of Young America into the Fourier experiments. He was beating the drum from March 1842 till May 1843; and in the summer of '43, Phalanxes by the dozen were on the march for the new world of wealth and harmony.

On the fifth of October 1843, Brisbane entered upon his third advance-movement by establis.h.i.+ng in New York City, an independent paper called THE PHALANX, devoted to the doctrines of Fourier, and edited by himself and Osborne Macdaniel. It professed to be a monthly, but was published irregularly the latter part of its time. The volume we have consists of twenty-three numbers, the first of which is dated October 5, 1843, and the last May 28, 1845. In the first number Brisbane gives the following condensed statement of practical experiments then existing or contemplated, which may be considered the results of his previous labors, and especially of his fourteen months _reveille_ in the _Tribune_:

"In Ma.s.sachusetts, already there are three small a.s.sociations, viz., the Roxbury Community near Boston, founded by the Rev.

George Ripley; the Hopedale Community, founded by the Rev. Adin Ballou; and the Northampton Community, founded by Prof. Adam and others. These a.s.sociations, or Communities, as they are called, differ in many respects from the system of Fourier, but they accept some of his fundamental practical principles, such as joint-stock property in real and movable estate, unity of interests, and united domestic arrangements, instead of living in separate houses with separate interests. None of them have community of property. They have been founded within the last three years, and two of them at least, under the inspiration of Fourier's doctrine.

"In the state of New York, there are two established on a larger scale than those in Ma.s.sachusetts: the Jefferson County Industrial a.s.sociation, at Watertown, founded by A.M. Watson, Esq.; and another in Herkimer and Hamilton Counties (on the line), called the Moorhouse Union, and founded by Mr. Moorhouse.

A larger a.s.sociation, to be called the Ontario Phalanx, is now organizing at Rochester, Monroe County.

"In Pennsylvania there are several: the princ.i.p.al one is the Sylvan in Pike County, which has been formed by warm friends of the cause from the cities of New York and Albany; Thomas W.

Whitley, President, and Horace Greeley, Treasurer. In the same county there is another small a.s.sociation, called the Social Unity, formed princ.i.p.ally of mechanics from New York and Brooklyn. There is a large a.s.sociation of Germans in McKean County, Pennsylvania, commenced by the Rev. George Ginal of Philadelphia. They own a very extensive tract of land, over 30,000 acres we are informed, and are progressing prosperously: the shares, which were originally $100, have been sold and are now held at $200 or more. At Pittsburg steps are taking to establish another.

"A small a.s.sociation has been commenced in Bureau County, Illinois, and preparations are making to establish another in Lagrange County, Indiana, which will probably be done this fall, upon quite an extensive scale, as many of the most influential and worthy inhabitants of that section are deeply interested in the cause.

"In Michigan the doctrine has spread quite widely. An excellent little, paper called _The Future_, devoted exclusively to the cause, published monthly, has been established at Ann Arbor, where an a.s.sociation is projected to be called the Washtenaw Phalanx.

"In New Jersey an a.s.sociation, projected upon a larger scale than any yet started, has just been commenced in Monmouth County: it is to be called the North American Phalanx, and has been undertaken by a company of enterprising gentlemen of the city of Albany.

"Quite a large number of practical trials are talked of in various sections of the United States, and it is probable that in the course of the next year, numbers will spring into existence. These trials are upon so small a scale, and are commenced with such limited means, that they exhibit but a few of the features of the system. They are, however, very important commencements, and are small beginnings of a reform in some of the most important arrangements of the present social order; particularly its system of isolated households or separate families, its conflicts of interest, and its uncombined and incoherent system of labor."

The most important result of Brisbane's eighteen month's labor in the _Phalanx_ was the conversion of Brook Farm to Fourierism. William H.

Channing's magazine, the _Present_, which commenced nearly at the same time with the _Phalanx_, closed its career at the end of seven months, and its subscription list was transferred to Brisbane. In the course of a year after this, Brook Farm confessed Fourierism, changed its const.i.tution, a.s.sumed the t.i.tle of the _Brook Farm Phalanx_, and on the 14th of June 1845 commenced publis.h.i.+ng the _Harbinger_, as the successor of the _Phalanx_ and the heir of its subscription list. So that Brisbane's fourth advance was the transfer of the literary responsibilities of his cause to Brook Farm. This was a great move. A more brilliant attorney could not have been found. The concentrated genius of Unitarianism and Transcendentalism was at Brook Farm. It was the school that trained most of the writers who have created the newspaper and magazine literature of the present time. Their work on the _Harbinger_ was their first drill. Fourierism was their first case in court. The _Harbinger_ was published weekly, and extended to seven and a half semi-annual volumes, five of which were edited and printed at Brook Farm, and the last two and a half at New York, but by Brook Farm men. Its issues at Brook Farm extend from June 14, 1845 to October 30, 1847; and at New York from November 6, 1847 to February 10, 1849. The _Phalanx_ and _Harbinger_ together cover a period of more than five years.

Other periodicals of a more provincial character, and of course a great variety of books and pamphlets, were among the issues of the Fourier movement; but the main vertebrae of its literature were the publications of which we have given account--Brisbane's _Social Destiny of Man_, his daily column in the _Tribune_, the monthly _Phalanx_, and the weekly _Harbinger_.

CHAPTER XIX.

THE PERSONNEL OF FOURIERISM.

Albert Brisbane of course was the central man of the brilliant group that imported and popularized Fourierism. But the reader will be interested to see a full tableau of the persons who were prominent in this movement. We will bring them to view by presenting, first, a list of the contributors to the _Phalanx_ and _Harbinger_, and secondly, a condensed report of one of the National Conventions of the Fourierists.

The indexes of the _Phalanx_ and _Harbinger_ (eight volumes in all), have at their heads the names of the princ.i.p.al contributors; and their initials, in connection with the articles in the indexes, enable us to give the number of articles written by each contributor. Thus the reader will see at a glance, not only the leading men of the movement, but proximately the proportion of influence, or at least of literature, that each contributed. Several of the names on this list are now of world-wide fame, and many of them have attained eminence as historians, essayists, poets, journalists or artists. A few of them have reached the van in politics, and gained public station.

WRITERS FOR THE PHALANX AND HARBINGER.

Names. No. of articles.