The Spirit Lake Massacre Part 15

II, p. 590; Hughes's _The Treaty of Traverse des Sioux in 1851_ in the _Collections of the Minnesota Historical Society_, Vol. X, Pt. I, pp.

112, 113.

[17] Royce's _Indian Land Cessions_, p. 784; Kappler's _Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties_, Vol. II, pp. 591-593.

[18] "It was with great reluctance that the Sioux Indians consented to surrender this favorite hunting and camping ground to the whites, as they did by the treaty of 1851."--Gue's _History of Iowa_, Vol. I, p.

288.

CHAPTER II

[19] The Indian Chief Jagmani said of this treaty: "The Indians sold their lands at Traverse des Sioux. I say what we were told. For fifty years they were to be paid $50,000 per annum. We were also promised $300,000 that we have not seen."--Bryant and Murch's _A History of the Great Ma.s.sacre by the Sioux Indians, in Minnesota_, pp. 34, 35. See _House Executive Doc.u.ments_, 1st Session, 35th Congress, Vol. II, Pt.

I, p. 401.

[20] _Senate Doc.u.ments_, 1st Session, 32nd Congress, Vol. III, Doc.

No. 1, p. 414.

[21] Pond's _The Dakotas or Sioux in Minnesota as They Were in 1834_ in the _Collections of the Minnesota Historical Society_, Vol. XII, p.

377.

[22] Pond's _The Dakotas or Sioux in Minnesota as They Were in 1834_ in the _Collections of the Minnesota Historical Society_, Vol. XII, p.

376.

[23] "At Crow-wing [Minnesota] there are no less than five whiskey shops, and [they] are only five miles from this agency. Five whiskey shops and not half a dozen habitations beside!"--_Senate Doc.u.ments_, 1st Session, 35th Congress, Vol. II, Pt. I, pp. 339, 340, 342. See the _Letter of Governor Grimes to President Pierce_ in the _Roster and Record of Iowa Soldiers_, Vol. VI, p. 890; _Annals of Iowa_ (Third Series), Vol. III, p. 136.

[24] This treaty "did away with all the employes ... whereas, before, the agent had a force to a.s.sist him in finding, destroying, and preventing the introduction of whiskey; now, he is entirely alone."--_Senate Doc.u.ments_, 1st Session, 35th Congress, Vol. II, Pt.

I, p. 342.

[25] _Senate Doc.u.ments_, 1st Session, 35th Congress, Vol. II, Pt. I, p. 338.

[26] Hughes's _The Treaty of Traverse des Sioux in 1851_ in the _Collections of the Minnesota Historical Society_, Vol. X, Pt. I, pp.

106, 107.

[27] Murray's _Recollections of Early Territorial Days and Legislation_ in the _Collections of the Minnesota Historical Society_, Vol. XII, p. 120.

[28] Hughes's _The Treaty of Traverse des Sioux in 1851_ in the _Collections of the Minnesota Historical Society_, Vol. X, Pt. I, p.

107.

[29] Robinson's _History of the Dakota or Sioux Indians_ in the _South Dakota Historical Collections_, Vol. II, p. 210.

[30] Thomas Hughes, in his article on _The Treaty of Traverse des Sioux in 1851_, says concerning this: "The Indians, however, repudiated this agreement, and a.s.serted that it was a base fraud, that, as they were told and believed at the time, the paper they signed was represented to be only another copy of the treaty, and that they did not discover its real import, and the trick played upon them, until long afterward."--_Collections of the Minnesota Historical Society_, Vol. X, Pt. I, p. 114.

[31] Address of Greenleaf Clark on _The Life and Influence of Judge Flandrau_ in the _Collections of the Minnesota Historical Society_, Vol. X, Pt. II, p. 774; Daniels's _Reminiscences of Little Crow_ in the _Collections of the Minnesota Historical Society_, Vol. XII, p.

519.

CHAPTER III

[32] C. C. Carpenter's _Major William Williams_ in _Annals of Iowa_ (Third Series), Vol. II, p. 150; _Senate Executive Doc.u.ments_, 1st Session, 31st Congress, Vol. II, pp. 235, 242, 243.

[33] This fort was established by Brevet Major Samuel Woods, Sixth Infantry, with Company E of the same, from Ft. Snelling, Minnesota. It was established by General Orders No. 19, War Department, Adjutant General's Office, of May 31, 1850. Major Woods and men were detailed by Orders No. 22, 6th Military District, St. Louis, Missouri, July 14, 1850. Major Woods and men arrived on the site August 23, 1850. See _Fort Dodge, Iowa_, in the _Annals of Iowa_ (Third Series), Vol. IV, pp. 534, 535; Jacob Van der Zee's _Forts in the Iowa Country_ in _The Iowa Journal of History and Politics_, Vol. XII, pp. 197-199.

[34] _Fort Dodge, Iowa_, in the _Annals of Iowa_ (Third Series), Vol.

IV, p. 535.

[35] Flickinger's _Pioneer History of Pocahontas County, Iowa_, p. 27; Fulton's _Red Men of Iowa_, p. 288.

[36] Samuel J. Albright's _First Organized Government of Dakota_ in the _Collections of the Minnesota Historical Society_, Vol. VIII, p.

139; Fulton's _Red Men of Iowa_, p. 288.

[37] Fort Clarke, by General Orders No. 34, Army Headquarters, on June 25, 1851, had been changed in name to Fort Dodge. By Order No. 9, Sixth Military Department Headquarters, St. Louis, Missouri, on March 30, 1853, the abandonment of Fort Dodge was ordered. By the same order, Major Woods was directed to establish the new post.--See _Fort Dodge, Iowa_, in the _Annals of Iowa_ (Third Series), Vol. IV, pp.

536, 537; Carpenter's _Major William Williams_ in the _Annals of Iowa_ (Third Series), Vol. II, pp. 148, 149; Van der Zee's _Forts in the Iowa Country_ in _The Iowa Journal of History and Politics_, Vol. XII, p. 199.

[38] Flickinger's _Pioneer History of Pocahontas County, Iowa_, p. 26.

[39] Carpenter's _Major William Williams_ in the _Annals of Iowa_ (Third Series), Vol. II, p. 151.

[40] While Major Woods' detail was on its way from Fort Snelling en route to the future site of Fort Dodge it was joined on the Iowa River by Major Williams who became later the post sutler and was destined to play a large part in the history of northwestern Iowa. This was in 1850.--Carpenter's _Major William Williams_ in the _Annals of Iowa_ (Third Series), Vol. II, p. 147.

[41] Carpenter's _Major William Williams_ in the _Annals of Iowa_ (Third Series), Vol. II, p. 151; letter from William Williams to Governor Hempstead, September 1, 1854, in the Public Archives, Des Moines, Iowa.

[42] Letters from Governor Grimes to Secretary of State, George W.

McCleary, February 14, November 5, and December 1, 1855, and to Congressman S. R. Curtis, February 28, 1855, in the Public Archives, Des Moines, Iowa.

[43] Letter from Governor Grimes to the Iowa Congressional Delegation, January 3, 1855, in the _Annals of Iowa_ (Third Series), Vol. II, pp.

627-630.

[44] Letter from Governor Grimes to the Iowa Congressional Delegation, January 3, 1855, in the _Annals of Iowa_ (Third Series), Vol. II, p.

629.

[45] Letter of Governor Grimes to Congressman S. R. Curtis, February 28, 1855, in the Public Archives, Des Moines, Iowa.

[46] Letter of Governor Grimes to President Pierce, December 3, 1855, in the _Annals of Iowa_ (Third Series), Vol. III, pp. 135-137; _Roster and Record of Iowa Soldiers_, Vol. VI, pp. 889, 890.

[47] Smith's _The Iowa Frontier During the War of the Rebellion_ in the _Proceedings of the Pioneer Lawmakers' a.s.sociation of Iowa_ for 1898, p. 59.

[48] "He [Secretary of State in Iowa, Geo. W. McCleary] also writes me that these Indians are manifestly making preparations for war, and have been and are now making great efforts to induce all the Mississippi River Sioux to unite with them in hostilities upon the whites. I hear from various sources that several runners have been sent by the Sioux west of the Missouri river, to those in this State, and in Minnesota, with war belts, urging the latter to make common cause with them. The result of all this is a great state of alarm along the whole frontier."--Letter of Governor Grimes to President Pierce, December 3, 1855, in the _Annals of Iowa_ (Third Series), Vol.

III, p. 136. Charles Aldrich in an editorial in the _Annals of Iowa_ (Third Series), Vol. III, p. 566, remarked that "Had the earnest appeals of Gov. Grimes been heeded, the Spirit Lake Ma.s.sacre would not have occurred."

[49] The notable depredations charged to Indian outlawry at this time were in Buena Vista County where whole settlements were routed; at Dakota City in Humboldt County; near Algona and Bancroft in Kossuth County. In fact both the spring and summer of 1855 and 1856 were never free from depredations somewhere. For further information consult _The Spirit Lake Ma.s.sacre and Relief Expedition_ in the _Roster and Record of Iowa Soldiers_, Vol. VI, pp. 889, 890; Ingham's _Ink-pa-du-tah's Revenge_ in the _Midland Monthly_, Vol. IV, p. 272.

[50] Hughes's _The Treaty of Traverse des Sioux in 1851_ in the _Collections of the Minnesota Historical Society_, Vol. X, Pt. I, p.

117.

[51] Albright's _The First Organized Government of Dakota_ in the _Collections of the Minnesota Historical Society_, Vol. VIII, p. 138.

[52] "It is a matter of history that whiskey is, and has been since the advent of white men in this country, the 'bane of the Indians,'

and that there is scarcely a tribe or an individual Indian but that would at times give all his possessions for whiskey. When under its influence he knows not what he does. All of the depredations committed by them upon the whites; all murders among themselves; or personal injuries inflicted by them upon each other, are perpetrated while under the influence of that destructive bane, or to revenge acts done while laboring under intoxication ... men will wonder why the agent will let whiskey go into the Indian country, as has been heretofore reported, '_without let or hindrance_.' The same men, being in the Indian country ostensibly, solely for the good of the 'poor Indian,'

will pa.s.s an Indian with a five or ten gallon keg on his back, and not attempt to destroy it; knowing at the same time that he has an equal authority for so doing as the agent, and just as much money furnished for expenses of prosecutions."--_Report of D. B. Herriman, Chippewa Agent_, September 15, 1857, in _Senate Doc.u.ments_, 1st Session, 35th Congress, Vol. II, Pt. I, pp. 341, 342.