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The results of the work of this Commission are well summed up in Ind.
Com. Rep., Vol. I, Pt. I, p. 39, by Professor Jenks; and the waste eliminated by trusts still more compendiously treated in "Government,"
Vol. II, p. 543, by the author.
[27] See N.Y. _Tribune_, Jan. 1, 1905, p. 2, column 2. Ibid., Jan. 2, 1905, p. 11, column 1.
[28] "Socialism and Social Reform," by R.T. Ely, p. 134.
[29] See N.Y. _Tribune_, Jan. 1, 1905, p. 2, column 2. Ibid., Jan. 2, 1905, p. 11, column 1.
[30] Report of the Industrial Commission, 1900. Vol. I, p. 199.
[31] Report of the Industrial Commission, Vol. I, 1900, p. 121.
[32] _Monde Economique_, Feb. 20, 1897.
[33] July 19, 1909.
[34] "Unemployment: A Problem of Industry," by W.H. Beveridge and others. (Longmans.)
[35] Ibid., p. 61.
[36] "Unemployment: A Problem of Industry," by W.H. Beveridge and others.
[37] Ibid., p. 63.
[38] N.Y. _Times_, Oct. 2, 1908.
[39] "Unemployment." W.H. Beveridge, p. 87.
[40] Ibid., p. 91.
[41] "Unemployment." W.H. Beveridge, p. 87.
[42] Ibid., p. 98. See also "Problems of Unemployment in the London Building Trades." N.B. Dearles (1908, J.M. Dent). Cf. pp. 87-8.
[43] Book II, Chapter I.
[44] Mr. Beveridge denies this in one place, p. 21; but himself produces proof of it later, p. 35.
[45] _Financial Chronicle_, Sept. 26, 1908.
[46] August, 1908.
[47] Beveridge, "Unemployment," p. 21.
[48] Ibid., p. 35.
[49] Beveridge, "Unemployment," p. 65.
[50] The managers of Trusts have pointed out that in order to keep their highly skilled men, they have to sell often at a loss; and they give this as the reason for what is called "dumping" their goods into foreign markets. In other words, in order not to lower prices in America during periods of depression due to overproduction, they sell their goods at a loss abroad.--Industrial Commission, Vol. I, p. 282,
[51] Beveridge, "Unemployment," p. 182.
[52] Mr. Roosevelt in the _Outlook_, 1909, p. 622.
[53] P. 24.
[54] Americana, Vol. I, Subj. Adulteration.
[55] Encyclopaedia Britannica, Vol. I, p. 51.
[56] An act to amend the laws of adulteration of food, drinks, and drugs, 1872.
[57] "Ma.s.s and Cla.s.s," by W.J. Ghent, p. 180-200.
[58] "The Health Department." A pamphlet published by the City Club (1903), p. 23.
[59] Eighteenth Annual Report of the Ohio Dairy and Food Commission (1903), p. 8.
[60] Address of Dr. W.C. Mitch.e.l.l of the Colorado State Board of Health, before the Portland Pure Food Convention (1902). Journal of Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Convention of the National a.s.sociation of State Dairy and Food Departments, held at Portland, Ore., pp.
378-383.
[61] "Portland Proceedings," p. 469.
[62] Ohio Report (1898), p. 10.
[63] "The Study of Textiles," by Miss Nellie Crooks, Teachers College, Columbia University, 1908.
[64] Encyclopaedia Britannica, Vol. I, Subj. Adulteration.
CHAPTER II
CAPITALISM IS WASTEFUL
Under the system of free compet.i.tion in the beginning and middle of the last century, every investor who saw a profit in refining oil or sugar, or making steel, put up a refinery or factory. The aim of every factory was to manufacture the largest amount possible and sell it at the highest price possible; and this is what Herbert Spencer[65] and the Manchester School regard as the ideal system of production. Now let us see just what happens as a result of this system of unlimited compet.i.tion.
-- 1. GETTING THE MARKET
Every manufacturer and refiner has to find purchasers for his product.
This effort to find purchasers is called in the trade, "getting the market."
The expression "getting the market" covers all the expenses attending the bringing of goods to the attention of the public, and they may be roughly divided into two princ.i.p.al categories--advertising and commercial travellers. The public little appreciates the enormous cost which attends the work of finding a purchaser. Mr. Bradley, after a careful calculation, estimates that "somewhere between the distiller and the consumer in this country forty millions of dollars are lost; this goes primarily to the attempt to secure trade."[66] Mr. Dowe[67]
the President of the Commercial Travellers' National League, testifies that 35,000 salesmen have been thrown out of employment by the organization of trusts, and 25,000 reduced to two-thirds of their previous salaries. This would represent a loss of $60,000,000 in salaries on a basis of $1200 each. He cites, as instances of trusts that have dismissed salesmen, the baking powder, bicycle, chair, paper-bag, rubber, tin-plate, steel and rod, sugar, coffee, thread and type-founders' combinations. Not only do trusts dismiss salesmen, they subst.i.tute for salesmen who, prior to the organization of the trust had been earning $4000 to $5000 a year, cheaper salesmen who receive $18 a week. He also estimates that the dismissal of commercial travellers means a loss to railways of about $250 per day, 240 days in the year; in all, $25,000,000. The loss to hotels is about as much, and "many hotels are likely to become bankrupt if any more travellers are taken off."
