Summa Theologica Part IV (Tertia Pars) Part 7

_I answer that,_ As was said above (AA. 1, 2, 4), a.s.sumption implies two things, viz. the act of the one a.s.suming and the term of the a.s.sumption. Now the principle of the act is the Divine power, and the term is a Person. But the Divine power is indifferently and commonly in all the Persons. Moreover, the nature of Personality is common to all the Persons, although the personal properties are different. Now whenever a power regards several things indifferently, it can terminate its action in any of them indifferently, as is plain in rational powers, which regard opposites, and can do either of them.

Therefore the Divine power could have united human nature to the Person of the Father or of the Holy Ghost, as It united it to the Person of the Son. And hence we must say that the Father or the Holy Ghost could have a.s.sumed flesh even as the Son.

Reply Obj. 1: The temporal sons.h.i.+p, whereby Christ is said to be the Son of Man, does not const.i.tute His Person, as does the eternal Sons.h.i.+p; but is something following upon the temporal nativity.

Hence, if the name of son were transferred to the Father or the Holy Ghost in this manner, there would be no confusion of the Divine Persons.

Reply Obj. 2: Adoptive sons.h.i.+p is a certain partic.i.p.ation of natural sons.h.i.+p; but it takes place in us, by appropriation, by the Father, Who is the principle of natural sons.h.i.+p, and by the gift of the Holy Ghost, Who is the love of the Father and Son, according to Gal. 4:6: "G.o.d hath sent the Spirit of His Son into your hearts crying, Abba, Father." And therefore, even as by the Incarnation of the Son we receive adoptive sons.h.i.+p in the likeness of His natural sons.h.i.+p, so likewise, had the Father become incarnate, we should have received adoptive sons.h.i.+p from Him, as from the principle of the natural sons.h.i.+p, and from the Holy Ghost as from the common bond of Father and Son.

Reply Obj. 3: It belongs to the Father to be innascible as to eternal birth, and the temporal birth would not destroy this. But the Son of G.o.d is said to be sent in regard to the Incarnation, inasmuch as He is from another, without which the Incarnation would not suffice for the nature of mission.

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SIXTH ARTICLE [III, Q. 3, Art. 6]

Whether Several Divine Persons Can a.s.sume One and the Same Individual Nature?

Objection 1: It would seem that two Divine Persons cannot a.s.sume one and the same individual nature. For, this being granted, there would either be several men or one. But not several, for just as one Divine Nature in several Persons does not make several G.o.ds, so one human nature in several persons does not make several men. Nor would there be only one man, for one man is "this man," which signifies one person; and hence the distinction of three Divine Persons would be destroyed, which cannot be allowed. Therefore neither two nor three Persons can take one human nature.

Obj. 2: Further, the a.s.sumption is terminated in the unity of Person, as has been said above (A. 2). But the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost are not one Person. Therefore the three Persons cannot a.s.sume one human nature.

Obj. 3: Further, Damascene says (De Fide Orth. iii, 3, 4), and Augustine (De Trin. i, 11, 12, 13), that from the Incarnation of G.o.d the Son it follows that whatever is said of the Son of G.o.d is said of the Son of Man, and conversely. Hence, if three Persons were to a.s.sume one human nature, it would follow that whatever is said of each of the three Persons would be said of the man; and conversely, what was said of the man could be said of each of the three Persons.

Therefore what is proper to the Father, viz. to beget the Son, would be said of the man, and consequently would be said of the Son of G.o.d; and this could not be. Therefore it is impossible that the three Persons should a.s.sume one human nature.

_On the contrary,_ The Incarnate Person subsists in two natures. But the three Persons can subsist in one Divine Nature. Therefore they can also subsist in one human nature in such a way that the human nature be a.s.sumed by the three Persons.

_I answer that,_ As was said above (Q. 2, A. 5, ad 1), by the union of the soul and body in Christ neither a new person is made nor a new hypostasis, but one human nature is a.s.sumed to the Divine Person or hypostasis, which, indeed, does not take place by the power of the human nature, but by the power of the Divine Person. Now such is the characteristic of the Divine Persons that one does not exclude another from communicating in the same nature, but only in the same Person. Hence, since in the mystery of the Incarnation "the whole reason of the deed is the power of the doer," as Augustine says (Ep.

ad Volusianum cx.x.xvii), we must judge of it in regard to the quality of the Divine Person a.s.suming, and not according to the quality of the human nature a.s.sumed. Therefore it is not impossible that two or three Divine Persons should a.s.sume one human nature, but it would be impossible for them to a.s.sume one human hypostasis or person; thus Anselm says in the book De Concep. Virg. (Cur Deus h.o.m.o ii, 9), that "several Persons cannot a.s.sume one and the same man to unity of Person."

Reply Obj. 1: In the hypothesis that three Persons a.s.sume one human nature, it would be true to say that the three Persons were one man, because of the one human nature. For just as it is now true to say the three Persons are one G.o.d on account of the one Divine Nature, so it would be true to say they are one man on account of the one human nature. Nor would "one" imply unity of person, but unity in human nature; for it could not be argued that because the three Persons were one man they were one simply. For nothing hinders our saying that men, who are many simply, are in some respect one, e.g. one people, and as Augustine says (De Trin. vi, 3): "The Spirit of G.o.d and the spirit of man are by nature different, but by inherence one spirit results," according to 1 Cor. 6:17: "He who is joined to the Lord is one spirit."

Reply Obj. 2: In this supposition the human nature would be a.s.sumed to the unity, not indeed of one Person, but to the unity of each Person, so that even as the Divine Nature has a natural unity with each Person, so also the human nature would have a unity with each Person by a.s.sumption.

Reply Obj. 3: In the mystery of the Incarnation, there results a communication of the properties belonging to the nature, because whatever belongs to the nature can be predicated of the Person subsisting in that nature, no matter to which of the natures it may apply. Hence in this hypothesis, of the Person of the Father may be predicated what belongs to the human nature and what belongs to the Divine; and likewise of the Person of the Son and of the Holy Ghost.

But what belongs to the Person of the Father by reason of His own Person could not be attributed to the Person of the Son or Holy Ghost on account of the distinction of Persons which would still remain.

Therefore it might be said that as the Father was unbegotten, so the man was unbegotten, inasmuch as "man" stood for the Person of the Father. But if one were to go on to say, "The man is unbegotten; the Son is man; therefore the Son is unbegotten," it would be the fallacy of figure of speech or of accident; even as we now say G.o.d is unbegotten, because the Father is unbegotten, yet we cannot conclude that the Son is unbegotten, although He is G.o.d.

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SEVENTH ARTICLE [III, Q. 3, Art. 7]

Whether One Divine Person Can a.s.sume Two Human Natures?

Objection 1: It would seem that one Divine Person cannot a.s.sume two human natures. For the nature a.s.sumed in the mystery of the Incarnation has no other suppositum than the suppositum of the Divine Person, as is plain from what has been stated above (Q. 2, AA. 3, 6).

Therefore, if we suppose one Person to a.s.sume two human natures, there would be one suppositum of two natures of the same species; which would seem to imply a contradiction, for the nature of one species is only multiplied by distinct supposita.

Obj. 2: Further, in this hypothesis it could not be said that the Divine Person incarnate was one man, seeing that He would not have one human nature; neither could it be said that there were several, for several men have distinct supposita, whereas in this case there would be only one suppositum. Therefore the aforesaid hypothesis is impossible.

Obj. 3: Further, in the mystery of the Incarnation the whole Divine Nature is united to the whole nature a.s.sumed, i.e. to every part of it, for Christ is "perfect G.o.d and perfect man, complete G.o.d and complete man," as Damascene says (De Fide Orth. iii, 7). But two human natures cannot be wholly united together, inasmuch as the soul of one would be united to the body of the other; and, again, two bodies would be together, which would give rise to confusion of natures. Therefore it is not possibly for one Divine Person to a.s.sume two human natures.

_On the contrary,_ Whatever the Father can do, that also can the Son do. But after the Incarnation the Father can still a.s.sume a human nature distinct from that which the Son has a.s.sumed; for in nothing is the power of the Father or the Son lessened by the Incarnation of the Son. Therefore it seems that after the Incarnation the Son can a.s.sume another human nature distinct from the one He has a.s.sumed.

_I answer that,_ What has power for one thing, and no more, has a power limited to one. Now the power of a Divine Person is infinite, nor can it be limited by any created thing. Hence it may not be said that a Divine Person so a.s.sumed one human nature as to be unable to a.s.sume another. For it would seem to follow from this that the Personality of the Divine Nature was so comprehended by one human nature as to be unable to a.s.sume another to its Personality; and this is impossible, for the Uncreated cannot be comprehended by any creature. Hence it is plain that, whether we consider the Divine Person in regard to His power, which is the principle of the union, or in regard to His Personality, which is the term of the union, it has to be said that the Divine Person, over and beyond the human nature which He has a.s.sumed, can a.s.sume another distinct human nature.

Reply Obj. 1: A created nature is completed in its essentials by its form, which is multiplied according to the division of matter. And hence, if the composition of matter and form const.i.tutes a new suppositum, the consequence is that the nature is multiplied by the multiplication of supposita. But in the mystery of the Incarnation the union of form and matter, i.e. of soul and body, does not const.i.tute a new suppositum, as was said above (A. 6). Hence there can be a numerical mult.i.tude on the part of the nature, on account of the division of matter, without distinction of supposita.

Reply Obj. 2: It might seem possible to reply that in such a hypothesis it would follow that there were two men by reason of the two natures, just as, on the contrary, the three Persons would be called one man, on account of the one nature a.s.sumed, as was said above (A. 6, ad 1). But this does not seem to be true; because we must use words according to the purpose of their signification, which is in relation to our surroundings. Consequently, in order to judge of a word's signification or co-signification, we must consider the things which are around us, in which a word derived from some form is never used in the plural unless there are several supposita. For a man who has on two garments is not said to be "two persons clothed,"

but "one clothed with two garments"; and whoever has two qualities is designated in the singular as "such by reason of the two qualities."

Now the a.s.sumed nature is, as it were, a garment, although this similitude does not fit at all points, as has been said above (Q. 2, A. 6, ad 1). And hence, if the Divine Person were to a.s.sume two human natures, He would be called, on account of the unity of suppositum, one man having two human natures. Now many men are said to be one people, inasmuch as they have some one thing in common, and not on account of the unity of suppositum. So likewise, if two Divine Persons were to a.s.sume one singular human nature, they would be said to be one man, as stated (A. 6, ad 1), not from the unity of suppositum, but because they have some one thing in common.

Reply Obj. 3: The Divine and human natures do not bear the same relation to the one Divine Person, but the Divine Nature is related first of all thereto, inasmuch as It is one with It from eternity; and afterwards the human nature is related to the Divine Person, inasmuch as it is a.s.sumed by the Divine Person in time, not indeed that the nature is the Person, but that the Person of G.o.d subsists in human nature. For the Son of G.o.d is His G.o.dhead, but is not His manhood. And hence, in order that the human nature may be a.s.sumed by the Divine Person, the Divine Nature must be united by a personal union with the whole nature a.s.sumed, i.e. in all its parts. Now in the two natures a.s.sumed there would be a uniform relation to the Divine Person, nor would one a.s.sume the other. Hence it would not be necessary for one of them to be altogether united to the other, i.e.

all the parts of one with all the parts of the other.

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EIGHTH ARTICLE [III, Q. 3, Art. 8]

Whether it was more fitting that the Person of the Son rather than any other Divine Person should a.s.sume human nature?

Objection 1: It would seem that it was not more fitting that the Son of G.o.d should become incarnate than the Father or the Holy Ghost. For by the mystery of the Incarnation men are led to the true knowledge of G.o.d, according to John 18:37: "For this was I born, and for this came I into the world, to give testimony to the truth." But by the Person of the Son of G.o.d becoming incarnate many have been kept back from the true knowledge of G.o.d, since they referred to the very Person of the Son what was said of the Son in His human nature, as Arius, who held an inequality of Persons, according to what is said (John 14:28): "The Father is greater than I." Now this error would not have arisen if the Person of the Father had become incarnate, for no one would have taken the Father to be less than the Son. Hence it seems fitting that the Person of the Father, rather than the Person of the Son, should have become incarnate.

Obj. 2: Further, the effect of the Incarnation would seem to be, as it were, a second creation of human nature, according to Gal. 6:15: "For in Christ Jesus neither circ.u.mcision availeth anything, nor uncirc.u.mcision, but a new creature." But the power of creation is appropriated to the Father. Therefore it would have been more becoming to the Father than to the Son to become incarnate.

Obj. 3: Further, the Incarnation is ordained to the remission of sins, according to Matt. 1:21: "Thou shalt call His name Jesus. For He shall save His people from their sins." Now the remission of sins is attributed to the Holy Ghost according to John 20:22, 23: "Receive ye the Holy Ghost. Whose sins you shall forgive, they are forgiven them." Therefore it became the Person of the Holy Ghost rather than the Person of the Son to become incarnate.

_On the contrary,_ Damascene says (De Fide Orth. iii, 1): "In the mystery of the Incarnation the wisdom and power of G.o.d are made known: the wisdom, for He found a most suitable discharge for a most heavy debt; the power, for He made the conquered conquer." But power and wisdom are appropriated to the Son, according to 1 Cor. 1:24: "Christ, the power of G.o.d and the wisdom of G.o.d." Therefore it was fitting that the Person of the Son should become incarnate.

_I answer that,_ It was most fitting that the Person of the Son should become incarnate. First, on the part of the union; for such as are similar are fittingly united. Now the Person of the Son, Who is the Word of G.o.d, has a certain common agreement with all creatures, because the word of the craftsman, i.e. his concept, is an exemplar likeness of whatever is made by him. Hence the Word of G.o.d, Who is His eternal concept, is the exemplar likeness of all creatures. And therefore as creatures are established in their proper species, though movably, by the partic.i.p.ation of this likeness, so by the non-partic.i.p.ated and personal union of the Word with a creature, it was fitting that the creature should be restored in order to its eternal and unchangeable perfection; for the craftsman by the intelligible form of his art, whereby he fas.h.i.+oned his handiwork, restores it when it has fallen into ruin. Moreover, He has a particular agreement with human nature, since the Word is a concept of the eternal Wisdom, from Whom all man's wisdom is derived. And hence man is perfected in wisdom (which is his proper perfection, as he is rational) by partic.i.p.ating the Word of G.o.d, as the disciple is instructed by receiving the word of his master. Hence it is said (Ecclus. 1:5): "The Word of G.o.d on high is the fountain of wisdom."

And hence for the consummate perfection of man it was fitting that the very Word of G.o.d should be personally united to human nature.

Secondly, the reason of this fitness may be taken from the end of the union, which is the fulfilling of predestination, i.e. of such as are preordained to the heavenly inheritance, which is bestowed only on sons, according to Rom. 8:17: "If sons, heirs also." Hence it was fitting that by Him Who is the natural Son, men should share this likeness of sons.h.i.+p by adoption, as the Apostle says in the same chapter (Rom. 8:29): "For whom He foreknew, He also predestinated to be made conformable to the image of His Son."

Thirdly, the reason for this fitness may be taken from the sin of our first parent, for which the Incarnation supplied the remedy. For the first man sinned by seeking knowledge, as is plain from the words of the serpent, promising to man the knowledge of good and evil. Hence it was fitting that by the Word of true knowledge man might be led back to G.o.d, having wandered from G.o.d through an inordinate thirst for knowledge.

Reply Obj. 1: There is nothing which human malice cannot abuse, since it even abuses G.o.d's goodness, according to Rom. 2:4: "Or despisest thou the riches of His goodness?" Hence, even if the Person of the Father had become incarnate, men would have been capable of finding an occasion of error, as though the Son were not able to restore human nature.

Reply Obj. 2: The first creation of things was made by the power of G.o.d the Father through the Word; hence the second creation ought to have been brought about through the Word, by the power of G.o.d the Father, in order that restoration should correspond to creation according to 2 Cor. 5:19: "For G.o.d indeed was in Christ reconciling the world to Himself."

Reply Obj. 3: To be the gift of the Father and the Son is proper to the Holy Ghost. But the remission of sins is caused by the Holy Ghost, as by the gift of G.o.d. And hence it was more fitting to man's justification that the Son should become incarnate, Whose gift the Holy Ghost is.

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QUESTION 4

OF THE MODE OF UNION ON THE PART OF THE HUMAN NATURE (In Six Articles)

We must now consider the union on the part of what was a.s.sumed. About which we must consider first what things were a.s.sumed by the Word of G.o.d; secondly, what were co-a.s.sumed, whether perfections or defects.

Now the Son of G.o.d a.s.sumed human nature and its parts. Hence a threefold consideration arises. First, with regard to the nature; secondly, with regard to its parts; thirdly, with regard to the order of the a.s.sumption.

Under the first head there are six points of inquiry:

(1) Whether human nature was more capable of being a.s.sumed than any other nature?