Through Scandinavia to Moscow Part 8

The Norwegian looks out upon the Twentieth Century and finds his inspiration in the example of free America and the universal equality of man. The Swede looks ever backward to the glorious days of Gustavus Vasa, Gustavus Adolphus and Charles XII, and sighs for a return of the good old times when the half of Europe trembled before Sweden's military might. The lofty mountains and profound valleys, the savage mystery of fathomless _fjords_, the wondrous immensity of the unknown and illimitable sea, which fired the brain and p.r.i.c.ked the energy of the Norseman, and made him poet, pirate, explorer and conqueror through a dozen successive centuries, were all unknown to the practical-minded Swede. His monotonous forests, his sandy levels and shallow gulfs, his pond-like and insignificant Baltic Sea, stirred no fibre of his imagination; nor when he crossed those narrow waters and set foot upon the flat and barren sh.o.r.es of Germanic and Slavic Europe, was there anything in their sombre forests and limitless plains and desolate marshes to arouse within him the fire of his soul.

War with the flaxen-haired savages, who swarmed upon these lands like myriad wolves, was his only exercise. He sailed up the Gulf of Bothnia till he entered the Arctic wastes where dwelt the Laps; he followed the sh.o.r.es of the Gulf of Finland, and explored the river Neva and Lake Ladoga and connecting streams, and even crossed to the waters of the mighty Volga, and entered Asia by the Caspian Sea; he ascended the lesser Russian rivers, and pitched fortified camps along their banks, founding Revel and Riga and Novogorod, whence the Swedish Ruriks gave to the Muskovites their earliest Czars. He ruled Finland and Esthonia and Livonia and Courland, and even begat Sigismund, the Polish King.

For centuries he warred with and ruled these Slavic tribes until at last, driven back to his narrow peninsula, the mainland knew him only as defeated and expelled. A practical, unimaginative fighting man was the Swede. He loved war for war's own sake, and when he had no longer reason to war for conquest or defense, he clung to pike and sword as permanent subst.i.tute for plow and seine, and hired himself to bickering Slav and German and grew famous as a "Mercenary," who spilled his blood for pay and the plunder of his master's foes. Thus have the cousin peoples swung wide apart. The one, free and open-minded; the other, still dazed by the faded glories of a long dead past, turns ever a wistful eye toward the military tyrannies of Czar and Kaiser, and finds in the inequalities of landed n.o.ble and landless yokel, in official and military caste and enthralled peasantry, the realization of his Fifteenth Century ideal.

[Ill.u.s.tration: A SWEDISH CHURCH.]

[Ill.u.s.tration: ANCIENT SWEDISH FORTRESS.]

Thus, as I have wended my way along the Vasa and Freds Gatans and neighboring streets, toward the fine Gustaf Adolf Torg, the chief public square, mixing among the jostling crowds, have I felt keenly the variant atmospheres of these Norse and Swedish lands, differences which finding their roots in the historical development of the kindred peoples make their present union beneath a single flag and King both artificial and constrained.

While on the surface and to the feeling there is apparently wide divergence in political sentiment between the Norwegian and Swedish peoples, yet there is in reality a closer and closer approachment between them. The democratic notions prevailing in Norway already stir the pulse of the Swedish peasantry and working cla.s.ses--the cla.s.ses which in Sweden have no votes. Already has the demand for universal suffrage been raised in Sweden, and sentiment inimical to aristocracy, yunkerdom and privilege, grows continually more aggressive. An intelligent and aristocratic Swede with whom I have discussed this question to-day, admits this rising tide of democracy, and admits, also, though ruefully, that not until universal suffrage shall become established in Sweden will it be possible to come to that understanding with the Norwegian people on which may be founded a lasting and united Scandinavian State. Thus in Sweden itself, I hear uttered sentiments very nearly akin to those which caught my ear when in Copenhagen: the possibility, nay, probability, of a common Scandinavian Union, when the peoples of Denmark and Norway and Sweden shall federate, and the obsolete system of kings.h.i.+p and privilege shall be set aside.

[Ill.u.s.tration: A BAND OF SWEDISH HORSES.]

XV.

Stockholm the Venice of the North--Life and Color of the Swedish Capital--Manners of the People and their King.

STOCKHOLM, _September 13, 1902_.

While wandering about the city I have not taken a guide. A guide or a courier is to me always a very last resort, but I have followed the movement of the crowd, and enjoyed the being lost in it, immersed in it, becoming one with it, while yet so separate. I could not read the signs, nor understand the speech. I could only see. My vision became my one guiding sense. My eyes became abnormally alert. Color and form and action,--I caught them all. And what I saw, my mind held fast.

Thus I wandered on through many quaint and ancient _Gatans_ (streets) past _Plats_ and _Torgs_ (open squares), and over _Bros_ (bridges), and yet I felt secure and well a.s.sured that, returning, I should find my way safely back. I knew each corner of a street, each square, each unusual sign, each building of strange design, even as at home I have often wandered alone among the wild mountains and forests with nothing for a guide but my eyes, the sun, and my knowledge of moss and tree.

Thus has my early training always served me well in foreign lands and cities, where speech was strange, and I myself unknowing and unknown.

[Ill.u.s.tration: THE Sh.o.r.e OF LAKE MAELAREN, STOCKHOLM.]

My first quest was a bookstore, a map, and an English or French or German-worded guide book, which would tell me of what I saw. By great good luck, I happened immediately upon the object of my search. I saw a window holding maps. I entered a small shop, and found it the "Bureau" of the "National Tourists' Union," with German spoken perfectly. This bureau is maintained by the enterprising citizens of Stockholm, and for most moderate cost gives information to tourists, and publishes a series of fine maps, showing every road and lake and mountain and town and inn in Sweden. I bought a set of the maps and one in particular of the city. Thus fortified I was now perfectly equipped.

Our few days' sojourn in Stockholm has taught me to like the Swede, although he is quite lacking in the hearty frankness of the Norsk.

Stockholm has always been a spot where men have congregated, and has been a city known as such these last eight centuries, ever since Birger Jarl made it the seat of his pirate power. It holds the pa.s.sage between the lakes Maelaren, which stretch far inland and now form the eastern section of the great Gotta system of ca.n.a.ls reaching across Sweden to the Kattegat and Atlantic Ocean, and the deeply indented waters of the Baltic Sea, thus being a natural place of rendezvous and commerce; it was a place easy of access before men had roads and mostly traveled by boats. Here the Kings of Sweden have always set their capital, and the history of Stockholm is the history of the Swede himself.

In past ages, disorders and ma.s.sacres and open murders have drenched with blood her streets and her great public squares, and Stockholm's dungeons have their tales of horror and wickedness to tell. She was cruel and turbulent when Sweden herself was harsh and savage, she is now equally serene and contented under the liberal rule of enlightened King Oscar II, and is become one of the best-ordered and most beautiful cities of the world. By reason of the many islands within her limits, she is called the "Venice of the North," and by reason of her cleanliness, the substantial character of her modern buildings, and the efficiency of her munic.i.p.al government she is termed the "Edinburgh of the Baltic." Stockholm is more scientifically advanced, and more modernly wide-awake than are the German and English cities of to-day. She has a fine and bountiful water supply, an elaborate and efficient telephone system, and is probably more thoroughly and effectively illuminated by electricity than any city in Europe. The older quarters of the city are well paved and scrupulously clean; in the newer sections are blocks of stately buildings of modern design, and wide boulevards and avenues paved with asphalt and squares of stone. Her public buildings, her numerous _Plats_ and _Torgs_ and lovely parks are all exquisitely kept.

We spent one delightful morning crossing the wide stone bridge of Norrbro, and viewing the Royal Palace, the State Apartments, and Royal Library, and the fine old church of Riddarsholm, which is the Westminster Abbey of Sweden, her Pantheon, where lie entombed the bones of Gustavus Adolphus and the ashes of Charles XII, and members of the House of Vasa, along with other ill.u.s.trious Swedes. The old church is of red brick, topped by a curious wrought-iron steeple, and is the shrine to which come all patriotic Swedes, there to contemplate the departed glories of their fatherland.

[Ill.u.s.tration: THE CATHEDRAL OF RIDDARSHOLM.]

Of an afternoon, we visited the famous Djurgaard (deer park) and then went on to the park called Skansen, where are gathered a most interesting collection ill.u.s.trative of the ancient Swedish way of living, as well as examples of the ancient industries, exemplified by charming lively peasant girls clad in their divers Provincial costumes. We then also climbed the tower set upon the hill, whence spread out before us a superb vista of the city and its many islands and surrounding waters, and wide-sweeping woods and forests. We also crossed among the islands upon dapper electric launches which ferry between, and then came back to dine in a fas.h.i.+onable restaurant under the Grand Hotel near the quay, where were small tables, and where sat men in dress coats and handsome women in evening dress--generally high-necked--and we were given fresh strawberries--this September 13th--and savory mutton chops and fresh-grown peas, and fruits and ices.

The streets at all hours of the day and evening were astir and gay.

The many officers in blue and gray uniforms, patterned after the German styles, the Dalecarlian girls in their picturesque bright barred ap.r.o.ns and braided hair, carrying packages and bundles--the messenger boys of the North--the blue-eyed and yellow-haired men and women neatly and soberly clad, and the absence of all beggars--we did not come across a single one,--the mult.i.tude of boats, great and small, constantly moving rapidly up and down and across the many lanes of water, all these gave animation to the city.

The streets of Stockholm are filled with women, more like the German towns, while, just as there, scores of st.u.r.dy men stand idly around decked out in soldier's uniform. Rosy-cheeked young women wait upon you in the restaurants; women armed with big brooms sweep at the crossings; women come in from the country driving carts loaded with produce of the farm; and women also largely "man" the small boats that ply along the waters between the islands. Woman is here as greatly in evidence as she is in Boston, but of a huskier, heartier type.

Visiting the markets, I found a great profusion of strawberries, whortleberries, blueberries and others I did not know, and withal, most of the vegetables my Kanawha garden would yield in June. These fruits of tree and soil are brought into the city by chunky native horses. .h.i.tched to little two-wheeled carts, which horses, when they reach their destination, are securely halted by a strap or line pa.s.sed around their two fore fetlocks, tying the feet tight together, a treatment an American horse would scarcely endure.

[Ill.u.s.tration: NORRBRO, STOCKHOLM.]

Another day H and I wandered across the Norrbro and beyond the Palace and down near the Storkyrko Brink, and discovered a curious little coffeehouse, tucked away up a flight of creaking stairs, in an ancient building which seemed to be a counting-house below and offices above.

Here were set against the walls little mahogany tables holding three and four, where plates were laid without a cloth, and ale and beer were served in tall pewter mugs. We called for the foaming brown brew and asked for _roed spoette_, our old Danish joy, and lunched delightfully. The room was filled with big, burly, red-cheeked men, merchants and sea captains, H thought, from what bits of conversation she could pick up. A most substantial company they were, who evidently came here to strike weighty bargains as well as to eat and drink and smoke. We were doubtless lunching in a well-known and most ancient rendezvous, much like the historic grill room I discovered in London, called "Toms," where d.i.c.kens' and Mr. Pickwick's chairs are shown to the visitor, and the waiter will inform you on just what sort of kidney broil and roasted sausage each made his daily meal.

Stockholm divides with Copenhagen the honors of being the metropolis of the Scandinavian world, boldly a.s.serting her superiority over Kristiania, for she is the larger city. She is easily first in Sweden in all save scholars.h.i.+p and learning--in that, Upsala, the Cornell and Harvard of the North, holds unrivaled lead.

The fine stores and shops, along such streets as the Dronning Gatan and Regerings Gatan and adjacent thoroughfares, H declares quite equal to those of Copenhagen; while in an ancient and narrow alleyway she discovered a perfect mint of embroideries and linens, articles of feminine apparel which rejoice her heart.

On our last evening we attended the Royal Opera, occupying a box quite to ourselves, where we heard good singing and well-rendered music by the Royal Band, beheld a fas.h.i.+onably-dressed and intelligent-looking audience, and were stared at by old King Oscar who sat rigid in his box, and glared at us with a mighty black opera-gla.s.s until he had studied each feature of the stranger guests, and by his persistence thereby directed upon us the curiosity of every other pair of opera gla.s.ses in the house. The example of the King was quite in accordance with Continental custom, where the glare of opera-gla.s.ses is astonis.h.i.+ngly bold. Nor does the impudent stare stop at that, but in Stockholm, just as in Paris and Berlin, between the acts very many of the men rise up, put on their hats, turn their backs to the stage, and deliberately focus their gla.s.ses upon the faces of every attractive woman in the theater, no matter how near she may be, nor how annoying this treatment may appear; and often two or three young men will then compare notes, and unite in a common stare, bold and insolent. To avoid this unpleasant ordeal, ladies very generally rise from their seats, leave the theater and promenade in the foyers until the curtain rises and the impudent gla.s.ses are put down.

We have secured tickets and berths for the voyage to St. Petersburg across the Baltic Sea and Gulf of Finland. We sail to-night, and are to arrive on Tuesday morning, a voyage of three nights and two days, a distance of six hundred miles.

We have now visited the three capitals of Scandinavia, Copenhagen, Kristiania and Stockholm, and have spent a month among these kindred peoples.

While I had learned in America to esteem the vigor, the intelligence and the worth of our Scandinavian immigration, no finer race contributing to the citizens.h.i.+p of the Republic, yet it has been only when I have met the Dane and Norsk and Swede upon their native soil, and beheld their n.o.ble cities, so alert and clean and modern, and traversed their hills and valleys, and climbed their mountain heights and floated upon their _fjords_, that I have learned fitly to admire and appreciate the grandeur and greatness of Scandinavia.

XVI.

How We Entered Russia--The Pa.s.sport System--Difficult to Get Into Russia and More Difficult to Get Out.

ST. PETERSBURG, RUSSIA, _September 16, 1902_.

It is not easy to get into Russia; it is yet more difficult to get out.

Before leaving the United States, I had taken due precautions and secured a pa.s.sport from the State Department, signed by Secretary Hay, with the Great Seal of the United States upon it. In that pa.s.sport I was described. I had also provided myself with a special letter from the State Department, in which all consuls and officials of the United States in foreign lands had been bidden to pay particular heed to my welfare, for I was vouched for as a worthy and respected citizen of the Republic.

I presumed that, armed with these credentials, I should find all doors and gateways open to my pa.s.sage. I a.s.sumed that the autocracy of the Russian Empire would be delighted to welcome a citizen of the great Republic, so well accredited. Imagine my surprise, when I presented myself at the ticket office of the Russian steams.h.i.+p line, by which we would travel to St. Petersburg, and was refused a ticket because I did not then have my pa.s.sport in hand, so that the ticket-seller might duly scrutinize it! An hour later, when I again presented myself with the pa.s.sport and laid down the coin, I was a second time refused. The pa.s.sport had not been certified by the American Minister in Stockholm, our port of departure, nor had it been _viseed_ by the Russian Consul General of the port.

I immediately drove to the American Ministry, a mile away, where the Swedish clerk endorsed my pa.s.sport as being genuine, and gave me a note to the Russian official. A drive of another mile brought me to a tall stone building, above the door of which reposed the Imperial Eagle. Ascending two flights of stairs, I was shown into a small ante-room, and, after waiting some time, was ushered into a large, well-lighted chamber, where a big, round-headed, bearded man, in Russian uniform, sat at a long table. He was writing. He did not deign to look up. After standing some moments before this important personage, I called his attention in my best French, to the fact that I was there. Still he made no reply, but kept on writing. I noticed that he was nearly to the bottom of the page; when he had finished it, he looked up and inquired in German what I wanted. I replied in German that I called upon him to have my pa.s.sport _viseed_, and handed him the doc.u.ment and the note. He read the latter and looked at the former, but the description of my person was in English and he was evidently stumped. He gazed at me and the paper, took up a metal stamp, pressed it on an ink pad, made on the pa.s.sport the imprint of some Russian characters, signed his name to them, and advised me that I was his debtor to the extent of twenty _kroners_ (about five dollars). He then turned again to his writing.

I had thus spent three hours in driving about the city, visiting these officials, and now hurried to the steams.h.i.+p office, where on presenting my pa.s.sport duly _viseed_, I at last obtained the tickets.

Upon boarding the s.h.i.+p, at a later hour, we were notified to call at the Captain's office and surrender our pa.s.sports, which were then once more verified, along with our tickets, before we cast off from the pier.

We left Stockholm about eight o'clock in the evening. We were a party of four,--H and myself, and the two delightful friends whom we met that day at Maristuen, at the head of the Laera Dal, in Norway. The suggestions then first made had ripened into a definite plan, and we agreed to join forces for our journey through Russia. Our friends were Mr. and Mrs. Condit, of Chicago, and we found their ready western wit and genial fellows.h.i.+p on more than one occasion of most signal aid.

We crossed the Baltic Sea in the night, and touched at the Russian port of Hangoe, in Finland, early Sunday morning. Here I noticed a messenger in uniform leave the s.h.i.+p bearing a long iron box heavily padlocked, and was informed that this box contained the pa.s.sports of the pa.s.sengers, which he was to take to St. Petersburg by a special Imperial train that would put him there in twenty-three hours, when the pa.s.sports would be immediately filed with the police department, verified, recorded and given to certain other officials who would meet our s.h.i.+p on its arrival at the mouth of the river Neva on Tuesday morning, and who would examine and scrutinize us and then return them to us. If in the meantime, we should happen to change our minds and want to remain a few days in Finland, say at Helsingfors, we would be liable to arrest for not having our pa.s.sports now gone to St.

Petersburg. We might not change our minds or alter our itinerary. It was now St. Petersburg or jail.

The twilight was just fading into night when we cast off from the pier and slowly made our way among the islands. The sail down the narrow channel to the sea was in the light of the full moon. The myriad electric lights of the city were blazing behind us. We pa.s.sed the black hulls of many vessels anch.o.r.ed in the harbor, and in turn were pa.s.sed by scores of little boats, with a big light on the foremast, which were scurrying about carrying pa.s.sengers between the islands.

Along the wooded sh.o.r.es were villas and country-seats, and ever and anon, there seemed to be open clearings and farms, and then we came into the blackness of wide waters. We were out upon the Baltic Sea.

In the morning we were among more islands; the Aaland Archipelago; we had had only two hours of the open sea. The sun was behind a ma.s.s of scudding clouds, gray and threatening; and great banks of blacker clouds were rolling up from the south. A gale was blowing--a furious gale--which drove the waters and whirling foam wherever open s.p.a.ce allowed. The wind was bitterly cold, and grew ever colder, while higher and higher rose the tempest. We were in great danger, although at the time I did not know it.

The steering of the Swedish pilots was skillful, and the little s.h.i.+p obeyed the helm perfectly, swinging round sharp points, and traversing narrow channels where, even in quiet waters, it is dangerous to navigate.