Sea Monsters Unmasked and Sea Fables Explained Part 16

[88] aeneas Sylvius gives us information concerning the personal appearance of his royal host, whom he describes as, "_hominem quadratum et multa pinguedine gravem_,"--literally, "a square-built man, heavy with much fat."

Notwithstanding the suspicious fact that the prodigy receded like Will o' the Wisp, whenever it was persistently followed up, Sebastian Munster, who relates[89] the foregoing anecdote of aeneas Sylvius, appears to have entertained no doubt of the truth of the report, for he writes:--

[89] 'Cosmographia Universalis,' p. 49, 1572.

[Ill.u.s.tration: FIG. 34.--THE GOOSE TREE. _Copied from Gerard's 'Herball,' 1st edition._[90]]

[90] The original of this picture is a small wood-cut in Matthias de Lobel's 'Stirpium Historia,' published in 1870. The birds within the sh.e.l.ls were added by Gerard. Aldrovandus, in copying it, gave leaves to the tree, as shown on page 110.

"In Scotland there are trees which produce fruit, conglomerated of their leaves; and this fruit, when in due time it falls into the water beneath it, is endowed with new life, and is converted into a living bird, which they call the 'tree-goose.' This tree grows in the Island of Pomonia, which is not far from Scotland, towards the north. Several old cosmographers, especially Saxo Grammaticus, mention the tree, and it must not be regarded as fict.i.tious, as some new writers suppose."

Julius Caesar Scaliger[91] (1540) gives another reading of the legend, in which it is a.s.serted that the leaves which fall from the tree into the water are converted into fishes, and those which fall upon the land become birds.

[91] Exercit. 59, sect. 2.

Thus this extraordinary belief held sway, and remained strong and invincible, although from time to time some man of sense and independent thought attempted to turn the tide of popular error. Albertus Magnus (who died 1280) showed its absurdity, and declared that he had seen the bird referred to lay its eggs and hatch them in the ordinary way. Roger Bacon (who died in 1294) also contradicted it, and Belon, in 1551, treated it with ridicule and contempt. Olaus Wormius[92] seems to have believed in it, though he wrote cautiously about it. Olaus Magnus (1553) mentions it, and apparently accepts it as a fact, occurring in the Orkneys, on the authority of "a Scotch historian who diligently sets down the secrets of things," and then dismisses it in three lines.

[92] 'Museum,' p. 257.

Pa.s.sing over many other writers on the subject, we come to the time of the reign of Queen Elizabeth, when (in 1597) "John Gerarde, Master in Chirurgerie, London," published his "Herball, or Generall Historie of Plants gathered by him," and in the last chapter thereof solemnly declared, that he had actually witnessed the transformation of "certaine sh.e.l.l fish" into Barnacle Geese, as follows.

_Of the Goose tree, Barnacle tree, or the tree bearing Geese._

_Britanicae Conchae anatiferae._

THE BREED OF BARNACLES.

-- _The Description._

Hauing trauelled from the Gra.s.ses growing in the bottome of the fenny waters, the Woods, and mountaines, euen vnto Liba.n.u.s itselfe; and also the sea, and bowels of the same, wee are arriued at the end of our History; thinking it not impertinent to the conclusion of the same, to end with one of the maruels of this land (we may say of the World). The history whereof to set forth according to the worthinesse and raritie thereof, would not only require a large and peculiar volume, but also a deeper search into the bowels of Nature, then my intended purpose will suffer me to wade into, my sufficiencie also considered; leauing the History thereof rough hewen, vnto some excellent man, learned in the secrets of nature, to be both fined and refined; in the meane s.p.a.ce take it as it falleth out, the naked and bare truth, though vnpolished. There are found in the North parts of Scotland and the Islands adjacent, called Orchades, certaine trees whereon do grow certaine sh.e.l.ls of a white colour tending to russet, wherein are contained little liuing creatures: which sh.e.l.ls in time of maturity doe open, and out of them grow those little liuing things, which falling into the water do become fowles, which we call Barnacles; in the North of England, brant Geese; and in Lancas.h.i.+re, tree Geese: but the other that do fall vpon the land perish and come to nothing. Thus much by the writings of others, and also from the mouthes of people of those parts, which may very well accord with truth.

But what our eies haue seene, and hands haue touched we shall declare. There is a small Island in Lancas.h.i.+re, called the Pile of Foulders, wherein are found the broken pieces of old and bruised s.h.i.+ps some whereof haue beene cast thither by s.h.i.+pwracke, and also the trunks and bodies with the branches of old and rotten trees, cast vp there likewise; whereon is found a certaine spume or froth that in time breedeth vnto certaine sh.e.l.ls, in shape like those of the Muskle, but sharper pointed, and of a whitish colour; wherein is contained a thing in forme like a lace of silke finely wouen as it were together, of a whitish colour, one end whereof is fastened vnto the inside of the sh.e.l.l, euen as the fish of Oisters and Muskles are: the other end is made fast vnto the belly of a rude ma.s.se or lumpe, which in time commeth to the shape and forme of a Bird: when it is perfectly formed the sh.e.l.l gapeth open, and the first thing that appeareth is the foresaid lace or string; next come the legs of the bird hanging out, and as it groweth greater it openeth the sh.e.l.l by degrees, til at length it is all come forth, and hangeth onely by the bill: in short s.p.a.ce after it commeth to full maturitie, and falleth into the sea, where it gathereth feathers, and groweth to a fowle bigger than a Mallard, and lesser than a Goose, hauing blacke legs and bill or beake, and feathers blacke and white, spotted in such manner as is our Magpie, called in some places a Pie-Annet, which the people of Lancas.h.i.+re call by no other name than a tree Goose: which place aforesaid, and all those parts adjoyning do so much abound therewith, that one of the best is bought for three pence. For the truth hereof, if any doubt, may it please them to repaire vnto me, and I shall satisfie them by the testimonie of good witnesses.

Moreover, it should seeme that there is another sort hereof; the History of which is true, and of mine owne knowledge; for trauelling vpon the sh.o.r.e of our English coast betweene Douer and Rumney, I found the trunke of an old rotten tree, which (with some helpe that I procured by Fishermen's wiues that were there attending their husbands' returne from the sea) we drew out of the water vpon dry land; vpon this rotten tree I found growing many thousands of long crimson bladders, in shape like vnto puddings newly filled, before they be sodden, which were very cleere and s.h.i.+ning; at the nether end whereof did grow a sh.e.l.l fish, fas.h.i.+oned somewhat like a small Muskle, but much whiter, resembling a sh.e.l.l fish that groweth vpon the rockes about Garnsey and Ga.r.s.ey, called a Lympit: many of these sh.e.l.ls I brought with me to London, which after I had opened I found in them liuing things without forme or shape; in others which were neerer come to ripenesse I found liuing things that were very naked, in shape like a Bird: in others, the Birds couered with soft downe, the sh.e.l.l halfe open, and the Bird ready to fall out, which no doubt were the Fowles called Barnacles.

I dare not absolutely auouch euery circ.u.mstance of the first part of this history, concerning the tree that beareth those buds aforesaid, but will leaue it to a further consideration; howbeit, that which I haue seene with mine eies, and handled with mine hands, I dare confidently auouch, and boldly put downe for verity.

Now if any will object that this tree which I saw might be one of those before mentioned, which either by the waues of the sea or some violent wind had beene ouerturned as many other trees are; or that any trees falling into those seas about the Orchades, will of themselves bear the like Fowles, by reason of those seas and waters, these being so probable conjectures, and likely to be true, I may not without prejudice gainsay, or endeauour to confute.

-- _The Place._

The bordes and rotten plankes whereon are found these shels breeding the Barnakle, are taken vp in a small Island adioyning to Lancas.h.i.+re, halfe a mile from the main land, called the Pile of Foulders.

-- _The Time._

They sp.a.w.n as it were in March and Aprill; the Geese are formed in May and June, and come to fulnesse of feathers in the moneth after.

And thus hauing through G.o.d's a.s.sistance discoursed somewhat at large of Gra.s.ses, Herbes, Shrubs, Trees, and Mosses, and certaine Excrescenses of the Earth, with other things moe, incident to the historie thereof, we conclude and end our present Volume, with this wonder of England. For the which G.o.d's name be euer honored and praised.

Gerard was probably a good botanist and herbalist; but Thomas Johnson, the editor of a subsequent issue of his book, tells us that

"He, out of a propense good will to the publique advancement of this knowledge, endeavoured to performe therein more than he could well accomplish, which was partly through want of sufficient learning; but," he adds, "let none blame him for these defects, seeing he was neither wanting in pains nor good will to performe what hee intended: and there are none so simple but know that heavie burthens are with most paines vndergone by the weakest men; and although there are many faults in the worke, yet iudge well of the Author; for, as a late writer well saith:--'To err and to be deceived is human, and he must seek solitude who wishes to live only with the perfect.'"

It is difficult to comply with the request to think well of one who, writing as an authority, deliberately promulgated, with an affectation of piety, that which he must have known to be untrue, and who was, moreover, a shameless plagiarist; for Gerard's ponderous book is little more than a translation of Dodonaeus, whole chapters having been taken verbatim from that comparatively unread author without acknowledgment.

After this series of erroneous observations, self-delusion, and ignorant credulity, it is refres.h.i.+ng to turn to the pages of the two little thick quarto volumes of Gaspar Schott.[93] This learned Jesuit made himself acquainted with everything that had been written on the subject, and besides the authors I have referred to, quotes and compares the statements of Majolus, Abrahamus Ortelius, Hieronymus Carda.n.u.s, Eusebius, Nierembergius, Deusingius, Odoricus, Gerhardus de Vera, Ferdinand of Cordova, and many others. He then gives, firmly and clearly, his own opinion that the a.s.sertion that birds in Britain spring from the fruit or leaves of trees, or from wood, or from fungus, or from sh.e.l.ls, is without foundation, and that neither reason, experience, nor authority tend to confirm it. He concedes that worms may be bred in rotting timber, and even that they may be of a kind that fly away on arriving at maturity (referring probably to caterpillars being developed into moths), but that birds should be thus generated, he says, is simply the repet.i.tion of a vulgar error, for not one of the authors whom he has examined has seen what they all affirm; nor are they able to bring forward a single eye-witness of it. He asks how it can be possible that animals so large and so highly-organised as these birds can grow from puny animalcules generated in putrid wood. He further declares that these British geese are hatched from eggs like other geese, which he considers proved by the testimony of Albertus Magnus, Gerhardus de Vera, and of Dutch seamen, who, in 1569, gave their written declaration that they had personally seen these birds sitting on their eggs, and hatching them, on the coasts of Nova Zembla.

[93] 'Physica Curiosa, sive Mirabilia Naturae et Artis,' 1662, lib.

ix. cap. xxii. p. 960.

[Ill.u.s.tration: FIG. 35.--THE BARNACLE GOOSE TREE. _After Aldrovandus._]

In marked and disgraceful contrast with this careful and philosophical investigation and its author's just deductions from it, is 'A Relation concerning Barnacles by Sir Robert Moray, lately one of His Majesty's Council for the Kingdom of Scotland,' read before the Royal Society, and published in the 'Philosophical Transactions,' No. 137, January and February, 1677-8.

[Ill.u.s.tration: FIG. 36.--DEVELOPMENT OF BARNACLES INTO GEESE. _After Aldrovandus._]

Describing "a cut of a large Firr-tree of about two and a half feet diameter, and nine or ten feet long," which he saw on the sh.o.r.e in the Western Islands of Scotland, and which had become so dry that many of the Barnacle sh.e.l.ls with which it had been covered had been rubbed off, he says:--

"Only on the parts that lay next the ground there still hung mult.i.tudes of little Sh.e.l.ls, having within them little Birds, perfectly shap'd, supposed to be Barnacles. The Sh.e.l.ls hung very thick and close one by another, and were of different sizes. Of the colour and consistence of Muscle-Sh.e.l.ls, and the sides and joynts of them joyned with such a kind of film as Muscle-Sh.e.l.ls are, which serves them for a Hing to move upon, when they open and shut....

The Sh.e.l.ls hang at the Tree by a Neck longer than the Sh.e.l.l, of a kind of Filmy substance, round, and hollow, and creased, not unlike the Wind-pipe of a chicken, spreading out broadest where it is fastened to the Tree, from which it seems to draw and convey the matter which serves for the growth and vegetation of the Sh.e.l.l and the little Bird within it. This Bird in every Sh.e.l.l that I opened, as well the least as the biggest, I found so curiously and compleatly formed, that there appeared nothing wanting as to internal parts, for making up a perfect Seafowl: every little part appearing so distinctly that the whole looked like a large Bird seen through a concave or diminis.h.i.+ng gla.s.s, colour and feature being everywhere so clear and neat. The little Bill, like that of a Goose; the eyes marked; the Head, Neck, Breast, Wings, Tail, and Feet formed, the Feathers everywhere perfectly shap'd, and blackish coloured; and the Feet like those of other Water-fowl, to my best remembrance. All being dead and dry, I did not look after the internal parts of them. Nor did I ever see any of the little Birds alive, nor met with anybody that did. Only some credible persons have a.s.sured me they have seen some as big as their fist."

It seems almost incredible that little more than two hundred years ago this twaddle should not only have been laid before the highest representatives of science in the land, but that it should have been printed in their "Transactions" for the further delusion of posterity.

Ray, in his edition of Willughby's Ornithology, published in the same year as the above, contradicted the fallacy as strongly as Gaspar Schott; and (except that he incidentally admits the possibility of spontaneous generation in some of the lower animals, as insects and frogs) in language so similar that I think he must have had Schott's work before him when he wrote.

Aldrovandus[94] tells us that an Irish priest, named Octavia.n.u.s, a.s.sured him with an oath on the Gospels that he had seen and handled the geese in their embryo condition; and he adds that he "would rather err with the majority than seem to pa.s.s censure on so many eminent writers who have believed the story."

[94] 'Ornithologia,' lib. xix. p. 173, ed. 1603.

In 1629 Count Maier (Michaelus Meyerus--these old authors when writing in Latin, latinized their names also) published a monograph 'On the Tree-bird'[95] in which he explains the process of its birth, and states that he opened a hundred of the goose-bearing sh.e.l.ls and found the rudiments of the bird fully formed.

So slow Bootes underneath him sees, In th' icy isles, those goslings hatched on trees, Whose fruitful leaves, falling into the water, Are turned, they say, to living fowls soon after; So rotten sides of broken s.h.i.+ps do change, To barnacles, O, transformation strange!

'Twas first a green tree; then a gallant hull; Lately a mushroom; then a flying gull.[96]

[95] 'De Volucri Arborea,' 1629.

[96] Du Bartas' "Divine Week" p. 228. Joshua Sylvester's translation.

Now, let us turn from fiction to facts.

[Ill.u.s.tration: FIG 37.--SECTION OF A SESSILE BARNACLE. _Bala.n.u.s tintinnabulum._]

Almost every one is acquainted with at least one kind of the Barnacle sh.e.l.ls which were supposed to enclose the embryo of a goose, namely the small white conical hillocks which are found, in tens of thousands, adhering to stones, rocks, and old timber such as the piles of piers, and may be seen affixed to the sh.e.l.ls of oysters and mussels in any fishmonger's shop. The little animals which secrete and inhabit these sh.e.l.ls belong to a sub-cla.s.s and order of the Crustacea, called the _Cirrhopoda_, because their feet (_poda_), which in the crab and lobster terminate in claws, are modified into tufts of curled hairs (_cirri_), or feathers. When the animal is alive and active under water, a crater may be seen to open on the summit of the little sh.e.l.ly mountain, and, as if from the mouth of a miniature volcano, there issue from this aperture, from between two inner sh.e.l.ls, the _cirri_ in the form of a feathery hand, which clutches at the water within its reach, and is then quickly retracted within the sh.e.l.l. During this movement the hair-fringed fingers have filtered from the water and conveyed towards the mouth within the sh.e.l.l, for their owner's nutriment, some minute solid particles or animalcules, and this action of the casting-net alternately shot forth and retracted continues for hours incessantly, as the water flows over its resting-place. The animal can live for a long time out of water, and in some situations thus pa.s.ses half its life.

Under such circ.u.mstances, the sh.e.l.ls, containing a reserve of moisture, remain firmly closed until the return of the tide brings a fresh supply of water and food. These are the "acorn-barnacles," the _balani_, commonly known in some localities as "chitters."

Barnacles of another kind are those furnished with a long stem, or peduncle, which Sir Robert Moray described as "round, hollow, and creased, and not unlike the wind-pipe of a chicken." The stem has, in fact, the ringed formation of the annelids, or worms. The sh.e.l.ly valves are thin, flat, and in shape somewhat like a mitre. They are composed of five pieces, two on each side, and one, a kind of rounded keel along the back of the valves, by which these are united. The sh.e.l.ls are delicately tinted with lavender or pale blue varied with white, and the edges are frequently of a bright chrome yellow or orange colour.

It is not an uncommon occurrence for a large plank entirely covered with these "necked barnacles" to be found floating at sea and brought ash.o.r.e for exhibition at some watering-place; and I have more than once sent portions of such planks to the Aquaria at Brighton, and the Crystal Palace.

[Ill.u.s.tration: FIG. 38.--PEDUNCULATED BARNACLES. (_Lepas anatifera._)]