Scandinavian influence on Southern Lowland Scotch Part 11

_hain_.

HAINED, _pp. adj._ sheltered, secluded, cp. _a hained rig_, Burns, 8, 1. In modern usage very frequently means "saved up, h.o.a.rded," so _hained gear_, h.o.a.rded money. See _haine_ above.

HAININ' TOWER, _sb._ fortress. Psalms XVIII, 2; x.x.xI, 2; LXII, 7.

See _hain_.

HALING (heling), _pr. p._ pouring down. Douglas, II, 47, 31. O.N.

_h.e.l.la_, to pour out water, _h.e.l.ling_, sb. pouring. See Wall under _h.e.l.l_. We should expect a short vowel as generally in Eng. diall. The form _hale_, however, occurs in Yorks.h.i.+re too.

Both are from O.N. _h.e.l.la_. There is no Scand. or L.G. word with original _a_ to explain _hale_, but cp. the two words _dwell_ and _wail_, to choose. _Dwell_ from O.N. _dvelja_, preserves both quality and quant.i.ty of the original vowel. The Sco. form is, however, _dwall_. Here the vowel has been opened according to Sco. tendency of changing _e_ to _a_ before liquids, cp. _felag_ > _falow_, also frequently before other consonants. Cp. the same tendency in certain dialects in America, so _tall_ or even _t?l_ for _tell, ball_ for _bell_, _wall_ for _well_, etc. If _e_ before _l_ in _h.e.l.l_, to pour, was changed to _a_, as _e_ in _dwell_, and later lengthened, we would have the form _h?l_ out of which _hale_ would be regularly developed, and so a double development from the same word, _h.e.l.l_ and _hale_. _Wail_, to choose, might be explained in the same way from O.N. vb.

_velja_. _Well_ would be the regular form, but this is not found. The O.N. _val_, choice, is, however, sufficient to explain _wail_.

HAME-SUCKEN, _sb._ the crime of a.s.saulting a person within his own house. O.N. _haeim-sokn_, O. Dan. _hem-sokn_, an attack on one's house. O. Sw. _hem-sokn_, O.E. _hamsocn_, E. _ham- socne_. See Steenstrup, pp. 348-349. The word seems to have come into Eng. during the time of the Danes in England, though both elements are Eng. as well as Scand. See Kluge, P.G.(2)I, 933.

HAMMALD, _adj._ domestic. Douglas, II, 26, 7. O.N. _heimoll_, _heimill_, domestic, O. Sw. _hemoll_, Norse _heimholt_.

Excrescent _d_ after _l_ quite common in Scand. and appears in Sco. in a few words. See _fald_.

HANK, _sb._ thread as it comes from the measuring reel, a coil of thread. Burns, 584. See Skeat. Cu. _hankle_, to entangle, is probably the same word.

HANSEL, _sb._ gift. O.N. _handsal_. Bruce, V, 120, _hansell_ used ironically means "defeat." See Skeat.

HARN, _sb._ brain. O.N. _hjarni_, brain, O. Dan. _hiaerne_, Norse _hjarne_, Dan. _hjerne_, O. Sw. _hiarne, harne_.

HARSK, _adj._ harsh, cruel. Wyntoun, IX, 1, 27; Douglas, II, 208, 17. O.N. *_harsk_, bitter, as proved by Shetland, _ask_, _hask_, _hosk_, and Norse _hersk_. Cp. Dan. _harsk_. O. Ic.

_herstr_, bitter, hard, severe, is probably the same word, _st_ to _sk_. Cp. Cu. _hask weather_, dry weather. Shetland, _hoski wadder_, dry and windy weather (Jakobson, p. 68). Dan.

dial. _harsk_, bitter, dry. For dropping of _r_, as in the Shetland form, cp. _kask_, from _karsk_, in "Havelok," cited in Skeat's list.

HARSKNESS, _sb._ harshness. Dunbar, 104, 19. See _harsk_.

HARTH, _adj._ hard. Dunbar, F., 181; O.N. _harr_, Norse _har(d)_, Dan. _haar(d)_, hard.

HAUGH, _sb._ a hill, a knoll. O.N. _haugr_, a hill, Norse _haug_, Old Gutnic _haugr_, Cu. _howe_. The O. Sw. _hogher_, O. Dan.

_hog_, _how_, Dan. _hoi_, Shetland _hjog_, _hog_, show later monophthongation. Cp. M.E. _hou?_, _hogh_.

HAVER-MEAL, _sb._ oat-meal. Burns, 187, 32, 1. Cp. Norse, _havremjol_, O.N. _hafrmjol_, Dan. _havre meel_. The first element of the compound is used especially in Scand.

settlements in England and is probably due to Scand.

influence. An O.S. _hafore_ exists, but if our word is native, it ought to be distributed in South Eng. diall. as well. The second element of the compound may be Eng.

HAYND, _sb._ Douglas, III, 119, 6. See _aynd_.

HEID, _sb._ brightness. Rolland, I, 122. O.N. _haei_, brightness of the sky, _haei ok solskin_, brightness and suns.h.i.+ne, _haeia_, to brighten, _haeibjartr_, serene. Cp. _heis-ha-rann_, the high hall of brightness, an O. poetical name for heaven. The Norse adj. _heid_, bright, like the Sco. word, shows change of __ to _d_.

HENDIR, _adj._ past, bygone. Bruce, 10, 551. Dunbar's poem, _This hendir Night_. O.N. _endr_, formerly. Cp. _ender-day_ in Skeat's list.

HETHING, _sb._ scorn, mockery. Wyntoun, IX, 10, 92; Wallace, V, 739; Douglas, II, 209, 7. O.N. _h?ing_, sb. scoffing, scorn, _h?a_, to scoff, to mock, Norse, _haeding_, scorn, mockery, O. Sw. _hadha_, _hodha_.

HING, _vb._ to hang. Lindsay, 527, 4033; Gol. and Gaw., 438; Psalms LXIX, 6. Same as Cu. _hing_, for which see Wall.

HOOLI, HULIE, _adj._ quiet, slow, leisurely, careful. Dalr., I, 149, 27; A.P.B., 41; Fergusson, 54. O.N., _hogligr_, easy, gentle, _hogleiki_, meekness, _hoglifi_, a quiet life, _hoglyndr_, good-natured.

HUGSUM, _adj._ horrible. Wyntoun, VII, 5, 176. See _ug_, to fear.

HUSBAND, _sb._ a small farmer. Bruce, X, 387; VII, 151. O.N. _hus- bondi_, a house-master. See Skeat. For full discussion of this word as well as _bonde_, see Steenstrup, 97-100.

ILL, _adj._ evil, wicked. Bruce, III, 10. O.N. _illr_, adj. bad, Norse _ill_, _idl_, cross, angry, Dan. _ilde_, adv. badly. As an adv. common in M.E. The adj. use of it more specifically Sco. as in Norse. See Skeat.

IRKE, _vb._ to weary, to suffer. Dunbar, F., 429; R.R., 456; L.L., 2709. O.N. _yrkja_, to work, take effect, O. Sw. _yrkja_, O. Dan. _yrki_ (Schlyter), Sw. _yrke_, to urge, enforce, Norse _orka_, be able, always used in the sense of "barely being able to," or, with the negative, "not being able to." Ramsay uses the word in the sense of "being vexed."

IRKE, _adj._ weary, lazy. Dunbar, 270, 36; R.R., 3570. See _irke_, vb. _Irkit_, pp. adj. tired, Montg., M.P., 521.

IRKING, _sb._ delay. Winyet, II, 76; I. Deriv. from _irke_, vb.

ITHANDLY, YTHANDLY, YDANLIE, _adv._ busily, a.s.siduously. Dalr., II, 36, 12; R.R., 36, 95. O.N. _iinn_, busy. See _eident_.

KARPING, CARPING, _sb._ speech, address. Wyntoun, VIII, 18, 85; VIII, 18, 189; IX, 9, 34. See _carp_.

KEIK, KEK, _vb._ to peep, to pry. O.N. _kikja_, to pry, Norse _kika_. Undoubtedly a Scand. loan-word, _i>ei_ as in _gleit_, _gley_.

KENDLE, KENDILL, KENNLE, _vb._ to kindle. Lyndsay, 161, 4970; Gol.

and Gaw., 1221; Rolland, I, 609. O.N. _kendill, kynda_, M.E.

_kindlen_. See Brate.

KILT, _vb._ to tuck up, O.N. _kelta_, _kjalta_, O. Dan. _kiltae_, the lap, Dan., Norse _kilte_, to tuck up, O. Sw. _kilta_, sb. For discussion of this word see Skeat.

KIST, KYST, _sb._ chest, box. O.N. _kista_, Norse, Dan. _kiste_, a chest. O.E. _cest_ would have given _kest_, or _chest_. See also Curtis, --392. The tendency in Sco. is to change _i_ to _e_ before _st_, not _e_ to _i_. Cp. _rest.i.t_, _gestning_.

KITTLING, KITTLEN, _sb._ kitten. Burns, 38, 2, 3; Mansie Wauch, 23, 19; 210, 10. O.N. _ketlingr_, diminutive of _ketta_, she-cat, Norse _kjetling_. Cp. Cu. _kitlin_. The same diminutive formation appears in Dan. _kylling_, older _kykling_, Norse _kjukling_, a chicken.

KNUSE, KNOOSE, _vb._ to bruise, to press down with the knees, to beat, also to knead. Ramsay, I, 236. See Jamieson for secondary meanings. O.N. _knusa_, to bruise, to beat, Norse _knusa_, Dan. _knuse_, crush, O. Sw. _knosa_, _knusa_, crush, press tight, beat. Cp. Goth. _knusian_. O.E. _cnysian_, shows umlaut.

KOW, _sb._ a fright, terror. Winyet, I, 107, 12. O.N. _kuga_, to cow. See _cow_, vb.

LACK, _vb._ to belittle, blame, reproach, despise. Mont., M.P., 43, 17; R.R., 3242; 3517; Gau., 17, 25. O.N. _hlakka_, to look down upon, O. Dan. _lakke_, to slander, O. Sw. _belacka_, id.

See _lak_, sb.

LAICHING, _sb._ sport, play. R.R., 647. From Sco. vb. _laike_, to play, O.N. _laeika_. See _lak_.

LAIF, LAVE, _sb._ the rest. O.N. _laeif_, a leaving, pl. _laeifar_, remnants, Norse _leiv_, id., _lyva_, to leave. Cannot come from O.E. _laf_. See --20.

LAIGH, _adj._ low. Ramsay, II, 20; Mansie Wauch, 106, 23. Same as Eng. _low_, from O.N. _lagr_, O. Sw. _lagher_, O. Dan. _lagh, lag_, low. In Eng., O.N. _ag_ > _ow_ > _ow_. In Scotland _ag_ > _aw_, did not become _ow_ later. So the regular Sco.

form is _law_, or, with guttural, _lawch_. In _laigh_, however, _a_ has developed as _a_ would when not before _g_ or _h_. The form _logh_ also occurs. In Dunbar occur _low_, _law_, _laich_, and _loigh_.

LAIGH, _vb._ to bend down, to kneel. Psalms XCV, 6. See _laigh_, adj.

LAIKE, _sb._ the stake for which one plays. Montg., C., I, 109. O.N.

_laeikr_, a play, Norse _leik_, O. Dan. _legh_. Also means play in Sco., but the transferred meaning is common. It cannot come from O.E. _lac_. The _e_-vowel in Cu., Westm., and S.

Scotland proves an original _aei_-diphthong. See Part I, --16.