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"The first indication": Quoted in Mark Twain, Life on the Mississippi Life on the Mississippi (New York: Bantam, 1990), p. 134. (New York: Bantam, 1990), p. 134.
the deepest water: Corth.e.l.l, A History of the Jetties A History of the Jetties, pp. 70-71.
"[T]ransfers of cargoes": JBE to Leovy, June 11, 1875, and January 24, 1876, Henry P. Leovy Papers, Historic New Orleans Collection.
"a.s.surance of success": New Orleans Picayune New Orleans Picayune, June 13, 1875.
"any 'bloated bondholder'": Eads to Corth.e.l.l, June 11, 1875, Kouwenhoven Collection.
Eads would pay: Lowrey, "Navigational Problems," pp. 416-417.
The Dutch method: Corth.e.l.l, A History of the Jetties A History of the Jetties, pp. 75-83.
a new sandbar: New Orleans Democrat New Orleans Democrat, May 3, 5, and 10, 1876; New Orleans Picayune New Orleans Picayune, May 10, 1876.
Howell pressed his attack: New Orleans Democrat New Orleans Democrat, May 3, 5, 6, and 10, 1876; New Orleans Picayune New Orleans Picayune, May 10, 1876.
"had no authority": Comstock to Secretary of War George McCrary, May 2, 1877, Comstock Papers, LC.
"Please instruct General Comstock": JBE to Taft, May 9, 1876, quoted in Corth.e.l.l, A History of the Jetties A History of the Jetties, p. 100.
"General Comstock will": Ibid.
oceangoing steamer Hudson: Hudson: The account of this incident comes from Corth.e.l.l, pp. 107-109. The account of this incident comes from Corth.e.l.l, pp. 107-109.
"It is not too much": Ibid., p. 108.
One such debate: for details see Lowrey, "Navigational Problems," p. 460.
"Discharge the whole force": Corth.e.l.l, A History of the Jetties A History of the Jetties, p. 156.
"a marked scour": Ibid., p. 137.
whom he paid $5,000: JBE to Beauregard, January 2, 1877, Beauregard Papers, Louisiana State University.
"The results actually attained": AAH to Congressman E. W. Robertson, May 1, 1878, AAHP.
"The Laws of Gravity": Review of Humphreys and Abbot Report Review of Humphreys and Abbot Report," pamphlet, Missouri Historical Society.
forty-three-page reb.u.t.tal: AAH to Abbot, October 20, 1877, AAHP.
"a reply might": Abbot to AAH, November 21, 1878, and November 26, 1878, AAHP.
"The work is done": New Orleans Daily Times New Orleans Daily Times, July 11, 1879.
453,681 tons were s.h.i.+pped: Corth.e.l.l, A History of the Jetties A History of the Jetties, pp. 235-238; J. Thomas Scharf, History of St. Louis City and County History of St. Louis City and County, vol. 2, p. 1126; see also Kouwenhoven Collection.
the second-largest: Arthur Morgan, Dams and Other Disasters Dams and Other Disasters, p. 129.
"The present successful": Quoted in Morgan, pp. 147, 172, 175.
"The plan did not": Lansing Beach, "The Work of the Corps of Engineers on the Lower Mississippi," in American Society of Chemical Engineers, Transactions Transactions, 1924.
the levees rose higher: HFCCH, p. 1710.
"is held in place": Elliott, vol. 2, p. 44.
CHAPTER S SEVEN.
"a very cave": Percy, LL LL, p. 272.
"It is not like most": Twain, pp. 134-135.
"a jungle equal": Quoted in John C. Willis, "On the New South Frontier," Ph.D. diss., 1991, p. 18.
One pioneer reported: James Cobb, The Most Southern Place on Earth The Most Southern Place on Earth, p. 15.
"the fetid alligator": Ibid., p. 44.
"almost worth a man's life": Ibid., p. 14.
"Nature knows not": Alfred Stone, "The Negro in the Yazoo-Mississippi Delta," Publications of the American Economic a.s.sociation Publications of the American Economic a.s.sociation 3, no. 3 (1902), p. 236. 3, no. 3 (1902), p. 236.
A 1906 scientific a.s.sessment: Quoted in Brandfon, The Cotton Kingdom of the New South The Cotton Kingdom of the New South, pp. 24-29. Brandfon's book is a cla.s.sic, particularly strong on the role of railroads in the Delta's development.
a.s.sessed values: De Bow's Review De Bow's Review, October 1858, pp. 438-440.
In 1861: Willie Halsell, "Migration into and Settlement of Leflore County, 1833-1876," Journal of Mississippi History Journal of Mississippi History, 1947, p. 238.
"that great Swamp": RP&H RP&H, p. 24.
"a seething lush h.e.l.l": Cobb, p. 6.
"a wilderness and a waste": Willis, "On the New South Frontier," Ph.D. diss., pp. 13-17; Florence Sillers, ed., History of Bolivar County History of Bolivar County, p. 156.
the most profitable: Willis, "On the New South Frontier," p. 221n.
"more a king": Memphis Daily Appeal Memphis Daily Appeal, January 6, 1881.
"on the threshold": Brandfon, p. 10.
"The foremost branch": Quoted in Brandfon, p. 14.
a record harvest: Brandfon, p. 20.
"To facilitate trade": Eads' speech at the dedication of the grand hall of the St. Louis Merchants Exchange, December 5, 1875, EP.
"the salvation": Brandfon, p. 76.
"I [am] only trying": Fish to John Parker, May 31, 1922, quoted in Matthew Schott, "John M. Parker of Louisiana," Ph.D. diss., Parker Papers at USLL, p. 60.
2,365,214 Delta acres: Brandfon, p. 46.
the state sold 706,000 acres: C. Vann Woodward, Origins of the New South, 1877-1913 Origins of the New South, 1877-1913, p. 119; see also Brandfon, pp. 49-63.
"The coming of": Sillers, pp. 272, 277, 321.
the Y&MV Railroad: Robert Harrison, Alluvial Empire Alluvial Empire, p. 117.
The Y&MV soon became: Brandfon, p. 80.
"Black Code": For more on the Mississippi Black Code, see Cobb; and Eric Foner, Reconstruction Reconstruction.
One man even credited Percy: Percy, LL LL, pp. 275-276; Foner, p. 174.
initially whites resisted it: Foner, p. 174; Cobb, p. 70.
thousands of blacks came: Vernon Wharton, The Negro in Mississippi, 1865-1890 The Negro in Mississippi, 1865-1890, pp. 107-109; Cobb, p. 83.
More smoothly than elsewhere: Willis, "On the New South Frontier," pp. 333-335.
"Public sentiment": Greenville Times Greenville Times, March 24, 1877, quoted in Willis, "On the New South Frontier," p. 335.
Outside the Delta: Quoted in Cobb, p. 82.
"with unceasing vigilance": Wharton, p. 115; Cobb, p. 70.
When his sister-in-law: LP to Pullman Co., October 24, 1907. Also see, for example, LP to Rigo & Co., February 16, 1909; wire to I. Aiken, July 22, 1905, all in PFP.
"quote a lower rate": See, for example, LP to Rigo & Co., February 16, 1909; wire to I. Aiken, July 22, 1905; to Pullman Co., October 24, 1907.
"While, if you should": LP to his brother Walker Percy, October 11, 1927, PFP.
"it has a tendency": LP to Judge George Ethridge, May 4, 1929, PFP.
"I think the": LP to WAP, May 31, 1929, PFP.
except one Wall Street: LP to Walker Percy, November 18, 1907, PFP.
"He read Ivanhoe Ivanhoe": Percy, LL LL, p. 57.
"No one ever": Ibid., p. 57.
CHAPTER E EIGHT.
"bull clique": Brandfon, p. 114.
Probably a higher proportion: Twelfth Census of the United States Twelfth Census of the United States, vol. 5, Agriculture Agriculture, pp. 96-97, quoted in Willis, "On the New South Frontier," pp. 5, 9; interview, June 9, 1994.
"The South must not": Outlook Outlook, August 3, 1907, pp. 730-732.
"We are without": Quoted in Robert Brandfon, "The End of Immigration to the Cotton Fields," Mississippi Valley Historical Review Mississippi Valley Historical Review 50 (March 1964), p. 600. 50 (March 1964), p. 600.
these partners included: Brandfon, Cotton Kingdom Cotton Kingdom, p. 93.
"leave no stone unturned": Ibid., p. 153. Brandfon cites a series of letters between Fish, Percy, Percy's law partner William Yerger Scott, and U.S. Immigration Commissioner Frank Sargent on the subject in the early 1900s.
"the Delta's three": Ibid.
"the Yazoo Valley": Ibid., pp. 104-111; The Call of the Alluvial Empire The Call of the Alluvial Empire, pamphlet, TUL.
over fifty in Greenville: Interview with Frank Hall, March 24, 1992; see also James Loewen, The Mississippi Chinese The Mississippi Chinese, 1971.
"eloquence on the subject": Ernesto R. Milani, "Sunnyside and the Italian Government," Arkansas Historical Quarterly Arkansas Historical Quarterly, Summer 1991, p. 38; Schott, "John M. Parker of Louisiana," pp. 132-133.
An asthmatic and weak: Schott, "John M. Parker of Louisiana," p. 22.
"scarcely a genius": WAP to Camille Percy, January 9, 1905, PFP.
Governor Andrew Longino: Lewis Baker, The Percys of Mississippi The Percys of Mississippi, p. 25.
Parker also disdained: JC-L JC-L, November 1902, pa.s.sim; Parker to Jacob d.i.c.kinson, February 25, 1924, Parker Papers, USLL; Roosevelt to Philip Bathel Stewart, November 4, 1902, in Elting E. Morison, ed., Letters of Theodore Roosevelt Letters of Theodore Roosevelt (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1951), vol. 3, pp. 377-380. (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1951), vol. 3, pp. 377-380.
"made any direct request": Parker to Scott, May 30, 1904, quoted in Schott, p. 104; LP to Fish, November 25, 1905, PFP.
"in every way superior": Manufacturer's Record Manufacturer's Record, April 7, 1904, p. 250.
forty-seven Delta: Randolph Boehm, "Mary Grace Quackenbos and the Federal Campaign Against Peonage: The Case of Sunnyside Plantation," Arkansas Historical Quarterly Arkansas Historical Quarterly, Summer 1991, p. 41.
"Every step taken": Alfred Stone, "The Negro in the Yazoo-Mississippi Delta," pp. 236-278 pa.s.sim.
"It is always difficult": Quoted in Rowland Berthoff, "Southern Att.i.tudes Toward Immigration, 1865-1914," p. 346.
three Italians were lynched: Brandfon, "End of Immigration," p. 611.
"a very dirty": Report by Hall W. Sanders of Mississippi Justice Department, State Department peonage files, NA, RG 59, M862, reel 687, case 9500.
