The Cape and the Kaffirs Part 2

Sligo, Donegal, Ballina etc: Lieut. Shuttleworth, R.N.; Lieut.

Moriarty, R.N. Londonderry: Lieut. Ramsay, R.N. Waterford and New Res.

Comm. Ellis, R.N.

"These officers act under the immediate directions of the Colonial Land and Emigration Commissioners, and the following is a summary of their duties:

"They procure and give gratuitously information as to the sailing of s.h.i.+ps, and means of accommodation for emigrants, and whenever applied to for that purpose, they see that any agreements between s.h.i.+powners, agents or masters, and intending emigrants are duly performed. They also see that the provisions of the Pa.s.sengers' Act are strictly complied with, viz., that pa.s.senger-vessels are sea-worthy, that they have on board a sufficient supply of provisions, water, medicines, etc, and that they sail with proper punctuality.

"They attend personally at their offices on every week-day and afford gratuitously all the a.s.sistance in their power to protect intending emigrants against fraud and imposition, and to obtain redress where oppression or injury has been practised on them.

"The Government Immigration Agents at the Cape of Good Hope, are--Cape Town: R. Southey, Esq. Port Elizabeth: D.P. Francis, Esq.

"The duties of these officers are to afford gratuitously to emigrants every a.s.sistance in their power by way of advice and information as to the districts where employment can be obtained most readily, and upon the most advantageous terms, and also as to the best modes of reaching such districts.

"The rate of pa.s.sage in private s.h.i.+ps to the Cape of Good Hope and Natal is:

"At the Cape of Good Hope, persons of the following cla.s.ses, if of good character and ability in their callings, are stated to be in demand; viz. agricultural labourers, shepherds, female domestic and farm servants, and a few country mechanics, such as blacksmiths, wheelwrights, carpenters, and masons."

Of the rates of wages the Commissioners give the following Tables from the latest official returns in their possession:

As very many persons who would be most useful in the Colonies have no means of their own for proceeding thither, various provisions have been made to a.s.sist them. Thus the Emigration Commissioners "grant pa.s.sages to those Colonies (only) which provide the necessary funds for the purpose. These funds, which in the Australian Colonies are derived from sales or rents of crown lands, are intended not for the purposes of relief to persons in this country, but to supply the colonists with the particular description of labour of which they stand most in need. New South Wales, South Australia, and the Cape of Good Hope, are at present the only Colonies which supply the means for emigration."

The Poor Law Commissioners, too, are enabled to a.s.sist in emigration, and the guardians of the poor in parishes are by them allowed to raise sums of money for the purpose, of which they "may expend a sum not exceeding 3 pence a mile in conveying each emigrant above seven years of age to the port of embarkation, and a sum not exceeding 1.5 pence a mile in conveying each child under seven years of age.

"The guardians may give to each emigrant proceeding to the Cape of Good Hope, clothing to the value of 2 pounds, and may expend a sum not exceeding 1 pound for each person above fourteen, and 10 s.h.i.+llings for every child above one and under fourteen years of age, and in cases of free emigration, 2 pounds for every single man above eighteen years of age, in the purchase of bedding and utensils for the voyage."

The following are the regulations and conditions under which emigrants are selected by the Emigration Commissioners for pa.s.sages to the Cape of Good Hope:

"_Description of Emigrants_.

"1. The emigrants must consist princ.i.p.ally of married couples, not above forty years of age. All the adults must be capable of labour, and must be going out to work for wages. The candidates most acceptable are young married couples without children.

"2. The separation of husbands from wives, and of parents from children under sixteen will in no case be allowed.

"3. Except in special cases, single women under eighteen are not eligible, unless they are emigrating with their parents, or under the immediate care of some near married relatives.

"4. Young men under eighteen, not accompanying their parents, are admissible only on payment of the sum in third cla.s.s of the scale.

"5. No emigrants, whether adults or children can be accepted unless they have been vaccinated, or have had the smallpox.

"6. Persons intending to buy land in the colony, or to invest capital in trade there, are not eligible for a pa.s.sage.

"7. Persons in the habitual receipt of parish relief cannot be taken.

Temporary inmates of workhouses, or persons not in the habitual receipt of parish relief, will be charged under the third cla.s.s.

"8. No applicant will be accepted without decisive certificates of good character, and of proficiency in his professed trade or calling.

"These rules will also apply generally to emigrants to Natal in case they be proposed for a pa.s.sage by purchasers of land, or in case funds should be provided for carrying on emigration at the public expense.

The persons eligible for pa.s.sages to Natal would be agricultural labourers, mechanics, skilled labourers, and small farmers accustomed to some manual labour, and intending to work for their subsistence.

Deposits to the credit of the Commissioners do not exempt the depositors from the payment of survey fees.

"_Application and Approval_.

"9. Applications must be made in a form to be obtained at the office of the Commissioners, which must be duly filled up and attested, as explained in the form itself, and then forwarded to this office, with certificates of birth and marriage of the applicants. It must, however, be distinctly understood, that the filling up of the form confers no claim to a pa.s.sage; and that the Commissioners do not pledge themselves to accept any candidates, though apparently within the regulations, unless they are deemed desirable for the colony, and can be accepted consistently with the Board's arrangements at the time the application is under consideration.

"10. If approved of, the emigrants will receive a pa.s.sage as soon as the arrangements of the Commissioners will admit. But no preparations must on any account be made by the applicants, either by withdrawing from employment or otherwise, until the decision of the Board has been communicated to them. Those who fail to attend to this warning will do so at their own risk, and will have no claim whatever on the Commissioners.

"Before an embarkation order is issued, the following payments will be required from all persons of fourteen years and upwards.

"All children under fourteen will pay 10 s.h.i.+llings each; and if any family contains, at the time of embarkation, more than two children under fourteen years of age, for each such child 5 s.h.i.+llings additional must be paid.

"Wives to pay the same sums as their husbands, in the several cla.s.ses.

"Out of the above payments, bedding and mess utensils for the use of the emigrants during the voyage, will be provided by the Commissioners.

"The mode of making these payments to the Commissioners will be pointed out in the deposit circular. The Commissioners' selecting agents are not employed by the Commissioners to receive money."

Any attempted fraud with regard to the signatures of the requisite certificates, or misrepresentation as to trade, number in family, will be held to disqualify the party for a pa.s.sage. The emigrants must repair to the appointed port at their own expense, and if they fail to do so at the proper time, they will lose their pa.s.sage and be liable to a forfeiture of 2 pounds for each adult, and 1 pound for each child, unless they give to the Commissioners timely notice, and a satisfactory explanation of their inability to proceed.

"Clothing.--The lowest quant.i.ty that can be admitted for emigrants to the Cape is as follows:--"

+========================================+=======================+ For Males. For Females. +----------------------------------------+-----------------------+ Four s.h.i.+rts. Six s.h.i.+fts. +----------------------------------------+-----------------------+ Four pairs stockings. Two flannel petticoats. +----------------------------------------+-----------------------+ Two pairs shoes. Four pairs stockings. +----------------------------------------+-----------------------+ Two complete suits of exterior clothing. Two pairs shoes. +----------------------------------------+-----------------------+ Two gowns. +========================================+=======================+

"For use on the voyage, shoes or slippers are much more convenient than boots. The following is a cheap and excellent composition for preserving leather from the bad effects of sea-water; linseed oil, one gill; spirit of turpentine, one ounce; bees'-wax, one ounce; Burgundy pitch, half ounce; to be well melted together, and kept covered in a gallipot; lay it on boots or or shoes, rubbing it in well, and set them in a hot sun, or before the fire.

"The usual length of the voyage to the Cape of Good Hope is about seventy days.

"The whole quant.i.ty of baggage for each adult emigrant must not measure more than twenty cubic or solid feet, nor exceed half a ton in weight.

It must be divided into two or three boxes, the contents of which must be closely packed, so as to save s.p.a.ce in the s.h.i.+p. Large packages and extra baggage will not be taken unless paid for, and then only in case there be room in the s.h.i.+p.

"Each family will be allowed to take only its own luggage. Any violation of this rule will subject the party to a forfeiture of his pa.s.sage.

"On arrival in the colony the emigrants will be at perfect liberty to engage themselves to any one willing to employ them, and to make their own bargain for wages. No repayment or service is required from them for the pa.s.sage out. The only return expected is, a strict observance on board of the regulations framed with a view to their health and comfort during the voyage, and general good conduct and industrious habits in the colony.

"Letters, etc, should be addressed, post paid, to Stephen Walcott, Esq, Secretary to the Board of Emigration, Number 9, Park Street, Westminster."

By a recent Act of Parliament known as the "Pa.s.senger Act," some most valuable provisions are made for the protection of emigrants on their voyage. The Act applies to foreign as well as British s.h.i.+ps, and it provides for the inspection of the s.h.i.+ps by competent surveyors; for carrying a certain number of boats; for a proper supply of medicine; and for preventing drunkenness. It further directs that "in addition to any provisions which the pa.s.sengers may themselves bring, the following quant.i.ties at least of pure water and wholesome provisions must be supplied to each pa.s.senger by the master during the voyage, including the time of detention at any place:--"

3 quarts of water daily.

And per week. To be issued in advance, and not less often than twice a week:

2.5 lbs. of bread or biscuit (not inferior to navy biscuit) 1 lb. wheaten flour 5 lbs. oatmeal 2 lbs. rice 2 oz. tea 1 lb. sugar 1 lb. mola.s.ses.

"Five pounds of good potatoes may at the option of the master be subst.i.tuted for one pound of oatmeal or rice, and in s.h.i.+ps sailing from Liverpool, or from Irish or Scotch ports, oatmeal may be subst.i.tuted in equal quant.i.ties for the whole or any part of the issues of rice. The Emigration Commissioners, with the authority of the Secretary of State, may subst.i.tute other articles of food.--Sec. 24 and 25.

"Vessels carrying as many as 100 pa.s.sengers must be provided with a seafaring person to act as pa.s.sengers' cook, and also with a proper cooking apparatus. A convenient place must be set apart on deck for cooking, and a proper supply of food s.h.i.+pped for the voyage. The whole to be subject to the approval of the Emigration Officer.--Sec. 26.

"If the s.h.i.+p does not sail on the appointed day, and the pa.s.sengers are ready to embark, they are ent.i.tled to recover from the owner, charterer, or master of the s.h.i.+p, subsistence-money after the rate of 1 s.h.i.+lling per day for each pa.s.senger. But if the s.h.i.+p be unavoidably detained by wind or weather, and the pa.s.sengers be maintained on board in the same manner as if the voyage had commenced, no subsistence-money is payable.--Sec. 33.