The Fairfax County Courthouse Part 6

From the time of the disestablishment of the Church of England, care of the County's poor and orphans had been the responsibility of the County's overseer of the poor. Public health measures to suppress smallpox also were carried on by this officer. The const.i.tution of 1869 created a superintendent of the poor for each county, elected by popular vote, and the overseers of the poor became towns.h.i.+p officers.

With the abolition of the towns.h.i.+ps, the superintendent of the poor also disappeared and the overseers became officers of the magisterial districts.[110]

In the early days of the nineteenth century, the justices of the County Court had been responsible for the County's militia. This system was changed in 1833 when the militia were reorganized to form divisions, brigades and regiments on a state-wide basis. Officers were appointed by the governor on recommendation of the county court. This system continued until the Civil War, and when the militia was established after the war it was managed entirely from the state level.[111]

In the changes that followed the s.h.i.+ft of governing power to the board of county supervisors, one of the chief losers was the county sheriff.

He ceased to have any control of elections or revenue matters, and his other powers and prerogatives connected with administrative functions of county government were lost to others. He became exclusively a peace officer and custodian of the county jail, and these are the duties of his office today.

As the nineteenth century ended, Virginia moved toward another const.i.tutional convention--its fifth since 1776--with the hope of modernizing the machinery of government. As matters turned out, however, the resulting const.i.tution of 1902 was not a forward-looking doc.u.ment, and its chief results were to formalize changes which had already occurred in practice. Thus, much debate was spent on how voting qualifications should be regulated, and whether the old county court should be abolished or not. Fairfax County's representatives in the convention voted for retaining the county court, arguing that the monthly sessions had significant social values--an "heirloom of great psychological importance." Ultimately, however, the vote went against retention of the county court and it was abolished. Its judicial functions were a.s.signed to the circuit court, and its legislative and administrative functions were performed by the board of supervisors.[112]

The disappearance of this political inst.i.tution which had been the focal point of Virginia's local government for almost 300 years, marked the end of an era which reflected the tradition that public affairs were best managed by the county's gentlemen freeholders. But it did not immediately usher in as its successor an era of professionalism and responsiveness to the wishes of the public.

Progress in these latter respects was postponed by slowness in widening the suffrage and the opportunity to hold public office. In this respect the Const.i.tution of 1902 perpetuated the restrictive system which had prevailed since 1875 by retaining the capitation tax and the requirements of literacy and/or the ability to explain any part of the const.i.tution.

The beginning of the twentieth century also marked the end of the rebuilding years which had followed the Civil War. The simple struggle for subsistence, which had been the foremost theme when scarcities existed in all types of goods and the sources of capital were meager, no longer was the overriding consideration. A measure of normalcy had, by 1902, returned to life in Northern Virginia. And if the pace of this style of life was not as vigorous or spectacular as in some other areas of the nation at that time, it offered, at least, the substantial attractions of a comfortable and secure rural setting with ready access to the centers of commerce and culture in nearby Was.h.i.+ngton, Alexandria, and Georgetown.

NOTES FOR CHAPTER V

[101] Hemphill, et al., _Cavalier Commonwealth_, p. 346.

[102] Samuel E. Morison and Henry S. Commager, _The Growth of the American Republic_, (New York: Oxford, 1937), II, 37-41.

[103] Porter, _County Government_, p. 241.

[104] Walter L. Fleming, _The Sequel of Appomatox_, (New Haven: Yale University, 1921), pp. 146-147.

[105] Explaining his action to General Grant, then supreme commander of all the military districts, General Schofield stated that the members of the Underwood Convention "could only hope to obtain office by disqualifying everybody in the State who is capable of discharging official duties, and all else to them was of comparatively slight importance. Even the question of whether their const.i.tution will be ratified or rejected they treat with indifference. Congress, they say, will make it all right anyway." Hemphill, et al., _Cavalier Commonwealth_, p. 352.

[106] See Porter, _County Government_, pp. 243-246, 258-259, 293.

[107] The introduction of the towns.h.i.+p was probably due to the fact that a number of New Yorkers partic.i.p.ated in the convention. Towns.h.i.+ps had never been part of the tradition of Virginia's local government.

[108] Virginia, Laws of 1874-75, c. 270.

[109] Porter, _County Government_, pp. 249, 271; _Code of Virginia_ (1950 Edn.) t.i.tle 33, c. 1.

[110] Porter, _County Government_, pp. 258-59, 289.

[111] _Ibid._, p. 177.

[112] Ralph McDanel, _The Virginia Const.i.tutional Convention of 1891-92_, (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1928), p. 103, reports that R. Walton Moore was one of Fairfax County's delegation to the convention, and that he argued strongly for the social values of retaining the court. The motion to retain the monthly county court was defeated, however, by a vote of 41 to 19.

[Ill.u.s.tration: The dedication of the Marr Monument in 1904. Copy by Lee Hubbard.]

CHAPTER VI

THE TWENTIETH CENTURY COURTHOUSE

The twentieth century brought Fairfax County more than a new const.i.tutional framework; it brought a new outlook and spirit.

Something of this spirit was reflected in the following quotation from a short history and prospectus of the County published by the County Board of Supervisors in 1907:

Verily, Fairfax County, old in its history, and h.o.a.ry in its traditions, is throbbing with a new life and enterprise. Only yesterday were her advantages and possibilities appreciated; yet, today she is attracting settlers from all parts of the Union, and even from foreign countries. Certainly no other section extends a more cordial welcome and more attractive inducements to the investor and home-seeker.[113]

If this statement seemed perhaps a bit too eager, it was at least hopeful and optimistic in contrast to the spirit that had prevailed during the long years of reconstruction. It expressed a feeling of confidence that came from having weathered the depression which followed the Panic of 1893 better than many parts of the country.[114]

[Ill.u.s.tration: "The Tavern," across Little River Turnpike from the courthouse. Photo by Helen Hill Miller, 1932.]

[Ill.u.s.tration: The courthouse about 1907.]

One reason for this was Fairfax County's expanding contacts with the city of Was.h.i.+ngton, chiefly by having become a supplier of its dairy and truck garden produce, and by becoming the residential area for increasing numbers of employees of the Federal governmental establishment. These elements of the economy of Northern Virginia offered more resistance to the depression of the 1890's than was possible in the areas of south and central Virginia which depended on cotton and tobacco.

In turn, it was the development of rapid railroad service, both steam and electric, that made both of these developments possible at this time. The critical importance of this transportation was recognized by the County Supervisors' publication:

The eastern part of the county is in the immediate vicinity of the cities of Was.h.i.+ngton and Alexandria; while all sections of it are within a few hours' drive of these cities. In addition to the accessibility of these cities by roadways, three steam and three electric railways connect the county with Was.h.i.+ngton. The greatest trunk lines north and south traverse Fairfax County. Through trains on the Pennsylvania, Southern, Chesapeake and Ohio, Norfolk and Western, Seaboard Air Line, and the Atlantic Coast Line, are hourly pa.s.sing through this county, affording convenient and direct connection with all parts of the country. Every section of the county is within easy reach of some one of these roads; and with their double track facilities, and consequent excellent local accommodations, great activity in suburban home building is observed on every hand. Especially is this true along the lines of the electric railways, where numerous villages are springing into existence.

The proximity and accessibility to Was.h.i.+ngton, the most magnificent city in the world, together with the splendid natural advantages of Fairfax, must inevitably make the county rich, populous and great.[115]

The heydays of the steam and electric railroads in Northern Virginia were followed in the 1920's by improvement and expansion of the road system.[116] As the number of automobiles increased--and their prevalence was forecast by designation of present Lee Highway as the initial segment of the first transcontinental highway running westward from the zero milestone on the ellipse in Was.h.i.+ngton--the paving of roads became a major concern of local communities. Both free public highways and toll turnpikes built by subscription and bond issues were undertaken in Fairfax County. Even after the County elected to turn over its roadbuilding to the state under the Byrd Road Act in 1932, the County's leaders continued to have a deep interest in the increased population growth that roads and railroads made possible.

Increased population brought increased needs for various new public services. Shortly after the first State Board of Health was established in Virginia in 1900, the counties of the State established local boards. The Chairman of the Board of County Supervisors automatically became Chairman of the Health Board in this early experiment in public health services.[117] The machinery for raising revenue was made more efficient by redrawing the division of labor between the commissioner of revenue and the county treasurer.

Most far-reaching in the long run, however, was the enactment in 1920 of state legislation giving counties the option of adopting various managerial forms of government if they so desired. Fairfax County exercised this option in 1951 by adopting the County Executive form of government.[118]

Under this form of county government, the Board of Supervisors remained the sole legislative authority of the County, but the executive functions were placed under the supervision of a new officer, the county executive. The county executive, as well as all boards and commissions responsible for special services and administrative functions, were appointed by the Board of Supervisors, and served either for specified terms or at the pleasure of the Board.

The Supervisors continued to be elected by the County's voters, each from one of the magisterial districts. This method of election was adopted deliberately as a means of maintaining a balance of political representation of the western and southern parts of the County, which still were rural in their economic and social orientation, and the north, east and central areas of the County, which had been intensively developed as part of the suburbs of Was.h.i.+ngton and Alexandria.

The involvement of the public in county government was seen in many forms. Service on county boards and commissions was one. Also, as newcomers poured into the county seeking homes, the neighborhoods and communities formed civic organizations or citizens a.s.sociations to provide means for group action on problems of common concern. Parallel to these groups, others, such as Parent-Teachers a.s.sociations, formed to deal with school-related problems which were both inside and outside the scope of governmental services in the field of education.

These forms of citizen involvement in public affairs--prompted partly by the sheer size of the new demands for service and partly because the newcomers to Fairfax County came from areas where wide partic.i.p.ation in local government was taken for granted--had a profound effect on the County's historic outlook on public affairs. No longer was it accepted that certain families or individuals held among themselves the privileges, powers and obligations of governing. This tradition, symbolized by the gentlemen justices of colonial times and the nineteenth century, was replaced by a new system where political leaders.h.i.+p was established through service in the community and verified by the ability to win in compet.i.tion at the polls.

The new dimensions of government's role necessitated finding more s.p.a.ce for the county's offices. The clerk's office, which historically had been the focal point for the County's continuing administrative functions, ceased to be able to contain all the County's offices as early as the 1920's. An additional building was authorized, but delays in financing and construction postponed its completion until 1934.[119] However, by 1940 this building was so crowded that both its attic and bas.e.m.e.nt had been converted to office s.p.a.ce, and many County agencies were using additional rented s.p.a.ce in non-County buildings.

Plans were developed in the early-1940's for a major addition to the courthouse building. Delays were encountered, first because of the shortages of materials and manpower during the years of World War II, and then because of problems of funding this work amid other urgent demands for tax revenue. Ultimately, both shortages were relieved, and work was begun on the central block and south wing of the courthouse as they appear today.[120] The jail section and wing containing the clerk's records of land transactions and court proceedings were added to the building in 1956.[121]

As the County's need for s.p.a.ce to house its governmental offices continued to grow through the 1960's, some consideration was given to moving the courthouse to a new location.[122] The transformation of Fairfax from a town into a city in 1961 added a complicating factor to this issue for it meant that technically the County had no control over the land on which its seat of government stood. The City of Fairfax, however, was anxious to keep the center of County government in its existing location, and offered to condemn sufficient land for the County's building needs.[123]

The seat of county government remained at Fairfax, but the courthouse square no longer sufficed to contain the complex of buildings involved. By 1969 construction had been completed on a County Governmental Center, later named the Ma.s.sey Building, to honor Carlton Ma.s.sey, the first County Executive, who served from 1952 to 1971. A separate building was erected nearby for the County Police Department, and plans were made for other buildings in the future.[124]

[Ill.u.s.tration: Rear view of the Fairfax County courthouse complex.

Photo by the Office of Public Affairs, about 1972.]

[Ill.u.s.tration: View of the Fairfax County Courthouse, the Ma.s.sey Building, and downtown Fairfax. Photo by Bernie Boston, 1976.]