The Browning Cyclopaedia Part 7

93, "_Kuthereia's self_," a surname of Venus. p. 94, _plethron square_, 100 square feet; _chiton_, the chief and indispensible article of female dress, or an undergarment worn by both s.e.xes. p. 95, _Ion_, a tragic poet of Chios; _Iophon_, son of Sophocles, a poor poet; _Aristullos_, an infamous poet. p. 98, _Cloudcuckooburg_, in Aristophanes' play _The Birds_ these animals are persuaded to build a city in the air, so as to cut off the G.o.ds from men; _Tereus_, a king of Thrace, who offered violence to his sister-in-law Philomela; _Hoopoe triple-crest_: Tereus was said to have been changed into a hoopoe (_The Birds_); _Palaistra tool_, _i.e._, one highly developed; _Amphiktuon_, a council of the wisest and best men of Greece; _Phrixos_, son of Athamas, king of Thebes, persecuted by his stepmother was fabled to have taken flight to Colchis on a ram. p. 99, _Priapos_, the G.o.d of orchards, gardens, and licentiousness; _Phales Iacchos_, indecent figure of Bacchus. p. 102, _Kallikratidas_, a Spartan who routed the Athenian fleet about 400 B.C.; _Theramenes_, an Athenian philosopher and general of the time of Alcibiades. p. 103, _chaunoprockt_, a catamite. p. 113, _Aristonumos_, a comic poet, contemporary with Aristophanes; _Ameipsias_, a comic poet satirised by Aristophanes; _Sannurion_, a comic poet of Athens: _Neblaretai! Rattei!_ exclamations of joy. p. 117, _Sousarion_, a Greek poet of Megara, who introduced comedy at Athens on a movable stage, 562 B.C.: he was unfriendly to the ladies. p.

118, _Lemnians_, _The Hours_, _Female Playhouse_, etc., these are all lost plays of Aristophanes. p. 119, _Ka.s.siterides_, "the tin islands": the Scilly Islands, Land's End, and Lizard Point. p. 121, "_Your games_": _Olympian_, in honour of Zeus at Olympia; _Pythian_, held near Delphi; _Isthmian_, held in the Isthmus of Corinth; _Nemeian_, celebrated in the valley of Nemea. p. 126, _Phoibos_, name of Apollo or the sun; _Kunthia_ == Cynthia, a surname of Diana, from Mount Cynthus, where she was born. p.

128, _skiadeion_, the umbel or umbrella-like head of plants like fennel or anise--hence a parasol or umbrella; _Huperbolos_, an Athenian demagogue.

p. 129, _Theoria_, festival at Athens in honour of Apollo--character in _The Peace_; _Opora_, a character in _The Peace_. p. 133, "_Philokleon turns Bdelukleon_," an admirer of Cleon, turned detester of Cleon: character in Aristophanes' comedy _The Wasps_. p. 135, _Logeion_, the stage where the actors perform--properly "the speaking place." p. 137, _Lamia-shape_, as of the monsters with face of a woman and body of a serpent; _Kukloboros_, roaring--a noise as of the torrent of the river in Attica of that name; _Platon_ == Plato. p. 140, _Konnos_, the play of Ameipsias which beat the _Clouds_ of Aristophanes in the award of the judges; _Moruchides_, a magistrate of Athens, in whose time it was decided that no one should be ridiculed on the stage by name; _Euthumenes_, _Argurrhios_, _Surakosios_, _Kinesias_, Athenian rulers who endeavoured to restrain the gross attacks of the comic poets. p. 141, _Acharnes_, Aristophanes' play _The Acharnians_: it is the most ancient specimen of comedy which has reached us. p. 143, _Poseidon_, the Sea == Neptune. p.

144, _Triballos_, a vulgar deity. p. 145, _Kolonos_, an eminence near Athens; _stulos_, a style or pen to write with on wax tablets; _psalterion_, a musical instrument like a harp, a psaltery. p. 146, _Pentheus_, king of Thebes, who resisted the wors.h.i.+p of Bacchus, and was driven mad by the G.o.d and torn to pieces by his own mother and her two sisters in their Bacchic frenzy. p. 147, _Herakles_ == Hercules; _Argive Amphitruon_, son of Alkaios and husband of Alcmene; _Alkaios_, father of Amphitruon and grandfather of Hercules; _Perseus_, son of Jupiter and Danae; _Thebai_, capital of Botia, founded by Cadmus; _Sown-ones_, the armed men who rose from the dragons' teeth sown by Cadmus; _Ares_, Greek name of Mars; _Kadmos_, founder of Botian Thebes; _Kreon_, king of Thebes, father of Megara slain by Lukos; _Menoikeus_, father of the Kreon above referred to. p. 148, _Kuklopian city_: Argos, according to Euripides, was built by the seven Cyclopes: "These were architects who attended Prtus when he returned out of Asia; among other works with which they adorned Greece were the walls of Mycenae and Tiryns, which were built of unhewn stones, so large that two mules yoked could not move the smallest of them" (Potter); _Argos_, an ancient city, capital of Argolis in Peloponnesus; _Elektruon_, a son of Perseus; _Here_ == Juno; _Tainaros_, a promontory of Laconia, where was the cavern whence Hercules dragged Cerberus; _Dirke_, wife of the Theban prince Lukos; _Amphion_: "His skill in music was so great that the very stones were said to have been wrought upon by his lyre, and of themselves to have built the walls of Thebes"--_Carey_ (_see_ ABT VOGLER); _Zethos_, brother of Amphion; _Euboia_, the largest island in the aegean Sea, now Negroponte. p. 149, _Minuai_, the Argonauts, companions of Jason. p. 150, _Taphian town_, Taphiae, islands in the Ionian Sea. p. 153, _peplos_, a robe. p. 154, _h.e.l.las_ == Greece; _Nemeian monster_, the lion slain by Hercules. p. 156, _Kentaur race_, a people of Thessaly represented as half men and half horses; _Pholoe_, a mountain in Arcadia; _Dirphus_, a mountain of Euba which Hercules laid waste; _Abantid_: Abantis was an ancient name of Euba. p. 158, _Parnasos_, a mountain of Phocis. p. 165, _Peneios_, a river of Thessaly; _Mount Pelion_, a celebrated mountain of Thessaly; _h.o.m.ole_, a mountain of Thessaly; _Oinoe_ == ne, a small town of Argolis; _Diomede_, a king of Thrace who fed his horses on human flesh, and was himself destroyed by Hercules. p. 166, _Hebros_, the princ.i.p.al river of Thrace; _Mukenaian tyrant_, Eurystheus, king of Mycenae; _Amauros_, Amaurus, a river of Thessaly near the foot of Pelion; _Kuknos_, a son of Mars by Pelopea, killed by Hercules; _Amphanaia_, a Dorian city; _Hesperian_, west, towards Spain; _Maiotis_, Lake Maeotis, _i.e._, the Sea of Azof. p. 167, _Lernaian snake_, the hydra slain by Hercules, who then drained the marsh of Lerna; _Erutheia_, an island near Cadiz, where Hercules drove the oxen of Geryon. p. 169, _Pelasgia_ == Greece; _Daidalos_, mythical personage, father of Icarus; _Oichalia_, a town of Laconia, destroyed by Hercules. p. 177, _Ismenos_, a river of Botia flowing through Thebes. p. 180, _Orgies_, festivals of Bacchus; _Chthonia_, a surname of Ceres; _Hermion_, a town of Argolis where Ceres had a famous temple; _Theseus_, king of Athens, conqueror of the Minotaur.

p. 182, _Aitna_ == Etna. p. 183, _Mnemosune_, the mother of the Muses; _Bromios_, a surname of Bacchus; _Delian girls_, of Delos, one of the Cyclades islands; _Latona_, mother of Apollo and Diana. p. 188, _Acherontian harbour_: Acheron was one of the rivers of h.e.l.l. p. 189, _Asopiad sisters_, daughters of the G.o.d of the river Asopus; _Puthios_, surname of the Delphian Apollo; _Helikonian muses_: Mount Helicon, in Botia, was sacred to Apollo and the Muses. p. 190, _Plouton_ == Pluto, G.o.d of h.e.l.l; _Paian_, name of Apollo, the healer; _Iris_, the swift-footed messenger of the G.o.ds. p. 193, _Keres_, the daughters of Night and personified necessity of Death. p. 194, _Otototoi_, woe! alas! p. 195, _Tariaros_ == Hades; _Pallas_, _i.e._, Minerva. p. 198, _Niso's city_, port town of Megara; _Isthmos_, the isthmus of Corinth. p. 201, _Argolis_, a country of Peloponnesus, now Romania; _Danaos_, son of Belus, king of Egypt: he had fifty daughters, who murdered the fifty sons of Egyptus; _Prokne_, daughter of Pandion, king of Athens, wife of Tereus, king of Thrace. p. 202, _Itus_, son of Prokne. p. 206, _Taphioi_, the Taphians, who made war against Electryon, and killed all his sons; _Erinues_ == the Furies. p. 213, _Erechtheidai's town_ == Athens. p. 215, _Hundredheaded Hydra_, a dreadful monster slain by Hercules. p. 216, _Phlegruia_, a place of Macedonia, where Hercules defeated the giants. p. 234, _Iostephanos_, violet-crowned, a name of Athens. p. 235, _Thamuris_, an ancient Thracian bard; _Poikile_, a celebrated portico of Athens, adorned with pictures of G.o.ds and benefactors; _Rhesus_ was king of Thrace and ally of the Trojans; _Blind Bard_ == Thamuris. p. 236, _Eurutos_, a king of chalia, who offered his daughter to a better shot than himself: Hercules won, but was denied the prize; _Dorion_, a town of Messenia, where Thamyris challenged the Muses to a trial of skill; _Balura_, a river of Peloponnesus. p. 241, _Dekeleia_, a village of Attica north of Athens, celebrated in the Peloponnesian war; _spinks_, chaffinches. p. 242, _Amphion_, son of Jupiter and inventor of Music: he built the walls of Thebes to the sound of his lyre. p. 245, _Castalian dew_, the fountain of Castalia, near Phocis, at the foot of Parna.s.sus. p. 247, _Pheidippides_, the celebrated runner, a character also in _The Clouds_. p. 248, _Aigispoiamoi_, aegospotamos was the river where the Athenians were defeated by Lysander, B.C. 405; _Elaphebolion month_, stag-hunting time, when the poetical contests took place; _Lusandros_, the celebrated Spartan general Lysander; _triremes_, galleys with three banks of oars one above another. p. 249, _Bakis-prophecy_, Bacis was a famous soothsayer of Botia. p. 253, _Elektra_, daughter of Agamemnon, king of Argos; _Orestes_, brother of Elektra, who saved his life. p. 254, _Klutaimnestra_, murdered her husband Agamemnon. p. 255, _Kommos_, a great wailing; _eleleleleu_, a loud crying; _Lakonians_, the Lacedaemonians == the Spartans. p. 258, _Young Philemon_, a Greek comic poet; there was an old Philemon, contemporary with Menander.--Mr. Fotheringham, in his "Studies in the Poetry of Robert Browning," says: "Browning's _preference for Euripides_ among Greek dramatists, and his defence of that poet in the person of Balaustion against Aristophanes, shows how distinctly he has considered the principles raised by the later drama of Greece, and how deliberately he prefers Euripidean art and aims to Aristophanic naturalism. He likes the human and ethical standpoint, the serious and truth-loving spirit of the tragic rather than the pure h.e.l.lenism of the comic poet; while the _Apology_ suggests a broader spirit and a larger view, an art that unites the realism of the one with the higher interests of the other--delight in and free study of the world with ideal aims and spiritual truth" (p. 356).

=Arezzo.= A city of Tuscany, the residence of Count Guido Franceschini, the husband of Pompilia and her murderer. It is now a clean, well-built, well-paved, and flouris.h.i.+ng town of ten thousand inhabitants. It is celebrated in connection with many remarkable men, as Maecenas, Guido the musician, Guittone the poet, Cesalpini the botanist, Vasari, the author of the "Lives of the Painters," and many others. (_The Ring and the Book._)

=Art Poems.= The great poems dealing with painting are "Fra Lippo Lippi,"

"Andrea del Sarto," "Old Pictures in Florence," "Pictor Ignotus," and "The Guardian Angel."

=Artemis Prologizes.= (_Dramatic Lyrics_, in _Bells and Pomegranates_, No.

III. 1842.) Theseus became enamoured of Hippolyta when he attended Hercules in his expedition against the Amazons. Before she accepted him as her lover, he had to vanquish her in single combat, which difficult and dangerous task he accomplished. She accompanied him to Athens, and bore him a son, Hippolytus. The young prince excelled in every manly virtue, but he was averse to the female s.e.x, and grievously offended Venus by neglecting her and devoting himself entirely to the wors.h.i.+p of Diana, called by the Greeks Artemis. Venus was enraged, and determined to ruin him. Hippolyta in process of time died, and Theseus married Phaedra, the daughter of Minos, the king of Crete. Unhappily, as soon as Phaedra saw the young and accomplished Hippolytus, she conceived for him a guilty pa.s.sion--which, however, she did her utmost to conceal. It was Venus who inspired her with this insane love, out of revenge to Hippolytus, whom she intended to ruin by this means. Phaedra's nurse discovered the secret, and told it to the youth, notwithstanding the commands of her mistress to conceal it. The chaste young man was horrified at the declaration, and indignantly resented it. The disgraced and betrayed Phaedra determined to take her own life; but dying with a letter in her hand which accused Hippolytus of attempts upon her virtue, the angry father, without asking his son for explanations, banished him from the kingdom, having first claimed the performance from Neptune of his promise to grant three of his requests. As Hippolytus fled from Athens, his horses were terrified by a sea monster sent on sh.o.r.e by Neptune. The frightened horses upset the chariot, and the young man was dragged over rocks and precipices and mangled by the wheels of his chariot. In the tragedy, as left by Euripides, Diana appears by the young man's dying bed and comforts him, telling him also that to perish thus was his fate:--

"But now Farewell: to see the dying or the dead Is not permitted me: it would pollute Mine eyes; and thou art near this fatal ill."

The tragedy ends with the dying words of Hippolytus:--

"No longer I retain my strength: I die; But veil my face, now veil it with my vests."

So far Euripides. Mr. Browning, however, carries the idea further, and makes Diana try to save the life of her wors.h.i.+pper, by handing him over to the care of aesculapius, to restore to life and health by the wisest pharmacies of the G.o.d of healing. Mr. Browning's poem closes with the chaste G.o.ddess watching and waiting for the result of the attempt to save his life. The poet has adopted the Greek spelling in place of that to which we are more accustomed. The Greek names require their Latin equivalents for non-cla.s.sical scholars. _Artemis_ is the Greek name for _Diana_; _Asclepios_ is _aesculapius_; _Aphrodite_, the Greek name of _Venus_; _Poseidon_ is _Neptune_; and _Phoibus_ or _Phbus_ is _Apollo_, the Sun. _Here_ == Hera or Juno, Queen of Heaven. _Athenai_ == Minerva. _Phaidra_, daughter of Minos and Pasiphae, who married Theseus.

_Theseus_, king of Athens. _Hippolutos_, son of Theseus and Hippolyte.

_Henetian horses_, or _Enetian_, of a district near Paphlagonia.

=Artemisia Genteleschi= (Beatrice Signorini, _Asolando_), "the consummate Artemisia" of the poem, was a celebrated artist (1590-1642). _See_ BEATRICE SIGNORINI.

="Ask not the least word of praise,"= the first line of the lyric at the end of "A Pillar at Sebzevah," No. 11 of _Ferishtah's Fancies_.

=Asolando: Fancies and Facts.= Published in London, December 12th, 1889, on the day on which Mr. Browning died in Venice. _Contents_: Prologue; Rosny; Dubiety; Now; Humility; Poetics; Summum Bonum; A Pearl, A Girl; Speculative; White Witchcraft; Bad Dreams, I., II., III., IV.; Inapprehensiveness; Which? The Cardinal and the Dog; The Pope and the Net; The Bean-Feast; Muckle-mouth Meg; Arcades Ambo; The Lady and the Painter; Ponte dell' Angelo, Venice; Beatrice Signorini; Flute Music, with an Accompaniment; "Imperante Augusto, Natus est ----"; Development; Rephan; Reverie; Epilogue. The volume is dedicated to the poet's friend, Mrs.

Arthur Bronson. In the dedication the poet explains the t.i.tle Asolando: it was a "_t.i.tle-name popularly ascribed to the inventiveness of the ancient secretary of Queen Cornaro, whose palace-tower still overlooks us_."

Asolare--"to disport in the open air, amuse oneself at random." "The objection that such a word nowhere occurs in the works of the Cardinal is hardly important. Bembo was too thorough a purist to conserve in print a term which in talk he might possibly toy with; but the word is more likely derived from a Spanish source. I use it for love of the place, and in requital of your pleasant a.s.surance that an early poem of mine first attracted you thither; where and elsewhere, at La Mura as Ca Alvisi, may all happiness attend you!--Gratefully and affectionately yours, R.

B."--Asolo, _Oct. 5th, 1889_.

=Asolo= (_Pippa Pa.s.ses--Sordello--Asolando_), the ancient Acelum: a very picturesque mediaeval fortified town, in the province of Treviso, in Venetia, Italy, 5500 inhabitants, at the foot of a hill surmounted by the ruins of a castle, from which one of the most extensive panoramas of the great plain of the Brenta and the Piave, with the encircling Alps, and the distant insulated group of the Euganean hills, opens before the traveller.

On a fine summer evening the two silver lines of the Piave and the Brenta may be followed from their Alpine valleys to the sea, in the midst of the green alluvial plain in which Treviso, Vicenza and Padua are easily recognised. Venice, with its cupolas and steeples, is seen near the extreme east horizon, which is terminated by the blue line of the Adriatic; whilst behind, to the north, the snow-capped peaks of the Alps rise in majestic grandeur. The village of Asolo is surrounded by a wall with mediaeval turrets, and several of its houses present curiously sculptured facades.--The castle, a quadrangular building with a high tower, is an interesting monument of the thirteenth century. It was the residence of the beautiful Caterina Cornaro, the last queen of Cyprus, after the forced resignation of her kingdom to the Venetians in 1489. Here this lady of elegant tastes and refined education closed her days in comparative obscurity, in the enjoyment of an empty t.i.tle and a splendid income, and surrounded by a small court and several literary characters.

Of these, one of the most celebrated was Pietro Bembo, the historian of Venice, afterwards Cardinal, whose celebrated philosophical dialogues on the nature of love, the _Asolani_, have derived their name from this locality. Mr. Browning visited Asolo first when a young man; it was here that he gathered ideas for _Pippa Pa.s.ses_ and _Sordello_, and in the last year of his life his loving footsteps found their way to the little hill-town of that Italy whose name was graven on his heart. Here, as Mr.

Sharp reminds us in his _Life of Browning_, the poet heard again the echo of Pippa's song--

"G.o.d's in His heaven, All's right with the world!"

He heard it as a young man, he hears it as he nears the dark river, the conviction had never left his soul for a moment in all the length of intervening years. Asolo will be a pilgrim spot for Browning lovers. The Catherine Cornaro referred to was the wife of King James II., of Cyprus; his marriage with this Venetian lady of rank was designed to secure the support of the Republic of Venice. After his death, and that of his son James III., Queen Catherine felt she was unable to withstand the attacks of the Turks, and was induced to abdicate in favour of the Republic of Venice, which in 1487 took possession of the island. Catherine was a.s.signed a palace and court at Asolo, as already mentioned. Her palace was the resort of the learned and accomplished men and women of Venice, famous amongst whom was her secretary, Cardinal Pietro Bembo, the celebrated author of the _History of Venice_, from 1487 to 1513, and a number of essays, dialogues, and poems. His dialogue on Platonic love is ent.i.tled _Gli Asolani_. He died in 1547. When Queen Catherine settled in her beautiful castle of Asolo, she could have found little cause to regret the circ.u.mstances which led her from her troubled kingdom of Cyprus to the idyllic sweetness of her later life. Surrounded by her twelve maids of honour and her eighty serving-men, her favourite negress, her parrots, apes, peac.o.c.ks, and hounds, her peaceful life pa.s.sed in ideal pleasantness. But the wealth and luxury of her surroundings did not make her selfish, or unconcerned for the welfare of her little kingdom. In all that concerned the happiness and well-being of her people she was as deeply interested as the monarchs of more important states. She opened a p.a.w.nbroking bank for the poor, imported corn from Cyprus and distributed it, and appointed competent officials to settle the complaints and difficulties of her subjects. She lived for her people's welfare, and won their affections by her goodness and grace. For twenty years she lived at Asolo, leaving it on only three occasions: to visit her brother in Brescia; to walk to Venice across the frozen lagoon; and once when troops occupied her little town. She died then, at Venice, on July 10th, 1510, and was buried by the republic of the city in the sea, with its utmost magnificence. The fate could scarcely have been called cruel which gave a royal residence amid scenery such as Asolo can boast, under such conditions as blessed the later years of good Queen Catherine.

=At the Mermaid.= The Mermaid Tavern, in Cheapside, was the favourite resort of the great Elizabethan dramatists and poets. Raleigh's Club at the Mermaid was the meeting-place of Shakespeare's contemporaries, where he feasted with Raleigh, Ben Jonson, Beaumont and Fletcher, Ford, Ma.s.singer, Donne, Drayton, Camden, Selden, and the rest. "At this meeting-place of the G.o.ds," says Heywood, in his _Hierarchy of Angels_:--

"Mellifluous Shakespeare, whose enchanting quill Commanded mirth or pa.s.sion, was but _Will_, And famous Jonson, tho' his learned pen Be dipt in Castaly, is still but _Ben_."

Mr. Browning introduces us to Shakespeare protesting that he makes no claim and has no desire to be the leader of a new school of poetry. In the person of Shakespeare Mr. Browning tells the world that if they want to know anything about him they must take his ideas as they are expressed in his works, not seek to pry into his life and opinions behind them. His works are the world's, his rest is his own. He protests, too, that when he utters opinions and expresses ideas dramatically they are not to be s.n.a.t.c.hed at by leaders of sects and parties, and bottled as specimens for their museums, or used to give authority to their own pet principles. He does not set open the door of his bard's breast: on the contrary, he bars his portal, and leaves his work and his inquisitive visitors alike "outside." Notwithstanding this emphatic declaration, it is probable that few great poets have opened their hearts to the world more completely than Mr. Browning: it is as easy to construct his personality from his works as it is to reconstruct an old Greek temple from the sculptured stones which are scattered on its site. All Mr. Browning's characters talk the Browning tongue, and are as little given to barring their portals as he to closing the door of his breast. This fact must not, of course, be unduly pressed.

The utterances of Caliban are not to be put on the same level as the thoughts, expressed a hundred times, which justify the ways of G.o.d to man.

Having declared himself as determined to let the public have no glimpse inside his breast, in Stanza 10 be proceeds to admit us to his innermost soul, in its joy of life and golden optimism. It is as perfect a picture of the poet's healthy mind as he could possibly have given us, and is an earnest deprecation of the idea that a poet must necessarily be more or less insane. NOTES.--_Oreichalch_ (7), a mixed metal resembling bra.s.s--bronze. "_Threw Venus_" (15): in dice the best cast (three sixes) was called "Venus." Ben Jonson tells us that his own wife was "a shrew, yet honest."

=Austin Tresham.= Gwendolen Tresham's betrothed, in _A Blot in the 'Scutcheon_. He is next heir to the earldom.

=Azoth= (_Paracelsus_). The universal remedy of Paracelsus, in alchemy.

The term was applied to mercury, which was supposed to exist in every metallic body, and const.i.tute its basis. The Azoth of Paracelsus, according to Mr. Browning, was simply the laudanum which he had discovered. The alchemists by Azoth sometimes meant to express the creative principle of nature. As "he was commonly believed to possess the double tincture, the power of curing diseases and trans.m.u.ting metals," as Mr. Browning explains in a note to the poem, the expression is often difficult to define precisely, as indeed are many of the terms used by alchemists.

=Azzo.= Lords of Este (_Sordello_): Guelf leaders. The poem is concerned with Azzo VI. (1170-1212), who became the head of the Guelf party. During the whole lifetime of Azzo VI. a civil war raged almost without interruption in the streets of Ferrara, each party, it is said, being ten times driven from the city. Azzo VII. (1205-64) was constantly at war with Eccelino III. da Romano, who leagued himself with Salinguerra. Azzo married Adelaide, niece of Eccelino, and died 1264. (_Encyc. Brit._)

=Bad Dreams.= (_Asolando._) I. In the first dream the lover sees that the face of the loved one has changed: love has died out of the eyes, and the charm of the look has gone. Love is estranged, for faith has gone. With a breaking heart the lover can say love is still the same for him. II. A weird dream of a strange ball, a dance of death and h.e.l.l, where, notwithstanding harmony of feet and hands, "man's sneer met woman's curse." The dreamer creeps to the wall side, avoiding the dance of haters, and steps into a chapel where is performed a strange wors.h.i.+p by a priest unknown. The dreamer sees a wors.h.i.+pper--his wife--enter, to palliate or expurgate her soul of some ugly stain. How contracted? "A mere dream" is an insufficient excuse. The soul in sleep, free from the disguises of the day, wanders at will. Perhaps it may indeed be that our suppressed evil thoughts--thoughts that, kept down by custom, conventionality, and respect for public opinion, never become incarnate in act--walk at night and revel in unfettered freedom, as foul gases rise from vaults and bas.e.m.e.nts when the house is closed at night, and the purifying influences of the light and air are excluded. III. Is a dream of a primeval forest: giant trees, impenetrable tangle of enormous undergrowths, where lurks some brute-type. A lucid city of bright marbles, domes and spires, pure streets too fine for smirch of human foot, its solitary traverser the soul of the dreamer; and all at once appears a hideous sight: the beautiful city is devoured by the forest, the trees by the pavements turned to teeth. Nature is represented by the forest, Art by the city and its palaces. Each in its place is seen to be good and worthy, but when each devours the other both are accurst. The man seems to think that his wife conceals some part of her life from him; her nature is good and true, but he fears her art (or perhaps arts, we should say) destroys it. IV. A dream of infinite pathos.

The wife's tomb, its slab weather-stained, its inscription overgrown with herbage, its name all but obliterated. Her husband comes to visit the grave. Was he her lover?--rather the cold critic of her life. She had felt her poverty in all that he demanded, and she had resigned him and life too; and as she moulders under the herbage, she sees in spirit her husband's strength and sternness gone, and he broken and praying that she were his again, with all her foibles, her faults: aye, crowned as queen of folly, he would be happy if her foot made a stepping-stone of his forehead. What had worked the miracle? Was the date on the stone the record of the day when his chance stab of scorn had killed her? There are cruel deeds and still more cruel words that no veiling herbage of balm and mint shall keep from haunting us in the time when repentance has come too late.

=Badman, Mr.= _The Life and Death of Mr. Badman_, as told by John Bunyan, contains the story of "Old Tod," which suggested to Mr. Browning the poem of _Ned Bratts_ (_q.v._).

=Balaustion.= The name of the Greek girl of Rhodes, who, when the Athenians were defeated at Syracuse and her countrymen had determined to side with the enemies of Athens, refused to forsake Athens, the light and life of the world. She saved her companions in the s.h.i.+p by which she fled from Rhodes by reciting to the people of Syracuse the _Alcestis_ of Euripides. Her story is told in _Balaustion's Adventure_, and _Aristophanes' Apology_, which is its sequel. Her name means "wild pomegranate flower."

=Balaustion's Adventure=, including a transcript from Euripides. London, 1871.--The adventure of Balaustion in the harbour of Syracuse came about as follows. Nicias (or Nikias as he is called in the poem), the Athenian general, was appointed, much against his inclination, to conduct the expedition against Sicily. After a long series of ill-successes he was completely surrounded by the enemy and was compelled to surrender with all his army. He was put to death, and all his troops were sent to the great stone quarries, there to perish of disease, hard labour and privation. At Syracuse Athens was shamed, and lost her s.h.i.+ps and men, gaining a "death without a grave." After the disgraceful news had reached Greece the people of Rhodes rose in tumult, and, casting off their allegiance to Athens, they determined to side with Sparta. Balaustion, though only a girl, was so patriotic that she cried to all who would hear, begging them not to throw Athens off for Sparta's sake, nor be disloyal to all that was worth calling the world at all. She begged that all who agreed with her would take s.h.i.+p for Athens at once; a few heard and accompanied her. They were by adverse winds driven out of their course, and, being pursued by pirates, made for the island of Crete. Balaustion, to encourage the rowers, sprang upon the altar by the mast, crying to the sons of Greeks to free their wives, their children, and the temples of the G.o.ds; so the oars "churned the black waters white," and soon they saw to their dismay Sicily and the city of Syracuse,--they had run upon the lion from the wolf. A galley came out, demanding "if they were friends or foes?" "Kaunians,"

replied the captain. "We heard all Athens in one ode just now. Back you must go, though ten pirates blocked the bay." It was explained to the exiles that they wanted no Athenians there to spirit up the captives in the quarries. The captain prayed them by the G.o.ds they should not thrust suppliants back, but save the innocent who were not bent on traffic. In vain! And as they were about to turn and face the foe, one cried, "Wait!

that was a song of aeschylus: how about Euripides? Might you know any of his verses too?" The captain shouted, "Praise the G.o.d. Here she stands--Balaustion. Strangers, greet the lyric girl!" And Balaustion said, "Save us, and I will recite that strangest, saddest, sweetest song of his--ALKESTIS. Take me to Herakles' temple you have here. I come a suppliant to him; put me upon his temple steps, to tell you his achievement as I may!" And so they rowed them in to Syracuse, crying, "We bring more of Euripides!" The whole city came out to hear, came rus.h.i.+ng to the superb temple, on the topmost step of which they placed the girl; and plainly she told the play, just as she had seen it acted in Rhodes. A wealthy Syracusan brought a whole talent, and bade her take it for herself; she offered it to the G.o.d--

"For had not Herakles a second time Wrestled with death and saved devoted ones?"

The poor captives in the quarries, when they heard the tale, sent her a crown of wild pomegranate flower--the name (Balaustion in Greek) she always henceforth bore. But there was a young man who every day, as she recited on the temple steps, stood at the foot; and, when liberated, they set sail again for Athens. There in the s.h.i.+p was he: he had a hunger to see Athens, and soon they were to marry. She visited Euripides, kissed his sacred hand, and paid her homage. The Athenians loved him not, neither did they love his friend Socrates; but they were fellows, and Socrates often went to hear him read.--Such was her adventure; and the beautiful Alcestis' story which she told is transcribed from the well-known play of Euripides in the succeeding pages of Mr. Browning's book. Whether the story has undergone transformation in the process we must leave to the decision of authorities on the subject. A comparison between the Greek original and Mr. Browning's translation or "transcript" certainly shows some important divergences from the cla.s.sic story. We have only to compare the excellent translation of Potter in Morley's "Universal Library," vol.

54 (Routledge, 1_s._), to discern this fact at once. As the question is one of considerable literary importance, it is necessary to call attention to it in this work. For those of my readers who may have forgotten the _Alkestis_ tragedy, it may be well to recall its princ.i.p.al points. Potter, in his translation of the _Alkestis_ of Euripides, gives the following prefatory note of the plot:--"Admetus and Alcestis were nearly related before their marriage. aeolus, the third in descent from Prometheus, was the father of Cretheus and Salmoneus; aeson, the father of Jason, and Pheres, the father of Admetus, were sons of Cretheus; Tyro, the daughter of Salmoneus, was by Neptune mother to Pelias, whose eldest daughter Alcestis was. The historian, who relates the arts by which Medea induced the daughters of Pelias to cut their father in pieces in expectation of seeing him restored to youth, tells us that Alcestis alone, through the tenderness of her filial piety, concurred not with her sisters in that fatal deed (Diodor. Sic.). Pheres, now grown old, had resigned his kingdom to his son, and retired to his paternal estate, as was usual in those states where the sceptre was a spear. Admetus, on his first accession to the regal power, had kindly received Apollo, who was banished from heaven, and compelled for the s.p.a.ce of a year to be a slave to a mortal; and the G.o.d, after he was restored to his celestial honours, did not forget that friendly house, but, when Admetus lay ill of a disease from which there was no recovery, prevailed upon the Fates to spare his life, on condition that some near relation should consent to die for him. But neither his father nor his mother, nor any of his friends, was willing to pay the ransom. Alcestis, hearing this, generously devoted her own life to save her husband's.--The design of this tragedy is to recommend the virtue of hospitality, so sacred among the Grecians, and encouraged on political grounds, as well as to keep alive a generous and social benevolence. The scene is in the vestibule of the house of Admetus. Palaephatus has given this explanation of the fable: After the death of Pelias, Acastus pursued the unhappy daughters to punish them for destroying their father. Alcestis fled to Pherae; Acastus demanded her of Admetus, who refused to give her up; he therefore advanced towards Pherae with a great army, laying the country waste with fire and sword. Admetus marched out of the city to check these devastations, fell into an ambush, and was taken prisoner.

Acastus threatened to put him to death. When Alcestis understood that the life of Admetus was in this danger on her account, she went voluntarily and surrendered herself to Acastus, who discharged Admetus and detained her in custody. At this critical time Hercules, on his expedition to Thrace, arrives at Pherae, is hospitably entertained by Admetus, and being informed of the distress and danger of Alcestis, immediately attacks Acastus, defeats his army, rescues the lady, and restores her to Admetus."--At the eighty-fourth meeting of the London Browning Society (June 26th, 1891), Mr. R. G. Moulton, M.A. Camb., read a paper on _Balaustion's Adventure_, which he described as "a beautiful misrepresentation of the original." In this he said: "To those who are willing to decide literary questions upon detailed evidence, I submit that a.n.a.lysis shows the widest divergence between the Admetus of Euripides and the Admetus sung by Balaustion. And, in answer to those who are influenced only by authority, I claim that I have on my side of the question an authority who on this matter must rank higher than even Browning himself; and the name of my authority is Euripides." The following extracts from Mr. Moulton's able and scholarly criticism will explain his chief points.

(The whole paper is published in the Transactions of the Browning Society, 1890-1.) Mr. Moulton says: "My position is that Browning, in common with the greater part of modern readers, has entirely misread and misrepresented Euripides' play of _Alcestis_. If any one wishes to p.r.o.nounce "Balaustion's Adventure" a more beautiful poem than the Greek original, I have no wish to gainsay his estimate; but I maintain, nevertheless, that the one gives a distorted view of the other. The English poem is no mere translation of the Greek, but an interpretation with comments freely interpolated. And the poet having caught a wrong impression as to one of the main elements of the Greek story, has unconsciously let this impression colour his interpretations of words and sentences, and has used his right of commenting to present his mistaken conception with all the poetic force of a great master, until I fear that the Euripidean setting of the story is for English readers almost hopelessly lost. The point at issue is the character of Admetus. Taken in the rough, the general situation has been understood by modern readers thus: A husband having obtained from Fate the right to die by subst.i.tute, when no other subst.i.tute was forthcoming his wife Alcestis came forward, and by dying saved Admetus. And the first thought of every honest heart has been, "Oh, the selfishness of that husband to accept the sacrifice!"

But my contention is, that if Euripides' play be examined with open and unbia.s.sed mind, it will be found that not only Admetus is not selfish, but, on the contrary, he is as eminent for unselfishness in his sphere of life as Alcestis proves in her own. If this be so, the modern readers, with Browning at their head, have been introducing into the play a disturbing element that has no place there. And they have further, I submit, missed another conception--to my thinking a much more worthy conception--which really does underlie and unify the whole play. If Admetus is in fact selfish, how comes it that no personage in the whole play catches this idea?--no one, that is, except Pheres, whose words go for nothing, since he never discovers this selfishness of Admetus until he is impelled to fasten on another the accusation which has been hurled at himself. Except Pheres, all regard Admetus as the sublime type of generosity. Apollo, as representing the G.o.ds, uses the unexpected word "holy" to describe the demeanour with which his human protector cherished him during the trouble that drove him to earth in human shape. The Chorus, who, it is well known, represent in a Greek play public opinion, and are a channel by which the author insinuates the lesson of the story, cannot restrain their admiration at one point of the action, and devote an ode to the lofty character of their king. And Hercules, so grandly represented by Browning himself as the unselfish toiler for others, feels at one moment that he has been outdone in generosity by Admetus. There can be no question, then, what Euripides thought about the character of Admetus. And will the objector seriously contend that Euripides has, without intending it, presented a character which must in fact be p.r.o.nounced selfish? The suggestion that the poet who created Alcestis did not know selfishness when he saw it, seems to me an improbability far greater than the improbability that Browning and the English readers should go wrong.

Browning's suggestion of Pheres as Admetus "push'd to completion" seems to me grossly unfair: it ignores all Admetus' connection with Apollo and Hercules, and all his world-wide fame for hospitality. There is nothing in the legend or in the play to suggest that Pheres is anything more than an ordinary Greek: certainly the G.o.ds never came down from heaven to wonder at Pheres, nor did Hercules ever recognise him as generous beyond himself.

In no view can the scene be other than a painful one. But it is intelligible only when we see in it, not the son rebuking his father, but the head of the State pouring out indignation on the officer whose self-preserving instinct has s.h.i.+rked at once a duty and an honourable opportunity to sacrifice, and thereby lost a life more valuable than his own. In this light the situation before us wears a different aspect. It is no case of a wife dying for a husband, but it is a subject dying to save the head of the State. And nothing can be clearer than that such a sacrifice is _taken for granted_ by the personages who appear before us in Euripides' play. For I must warn the reader of _Balaustion_ that there is not the shadow of a shade of foundation in the original for the scornful words of the English poet telling how the idea of a subst.i.tute for their king nowhere appears unnatural to the personages of the play; the sole surprise they express is that the subst.i.tute should be the youthful Alcestis and not the aged parents. The situation may fairly be paralleled in this respect with the crisis that arises in Sir Walter Scott's _Fair Maid of Perth_, when the seven sons of Torquil go successively to certain death to s.h.i.+eld their chief; and, while they cover themselves with glory, no one accuses Hector of selfishness for allowing the sacrifice: the sentiment of clan inst.i.tutions makes it a matter of course. The hospitality of Admetus is the foundation of the story; for it is this which has led Apollo (as he tells us in the prologue) to wring out of Fate the sparing to earth of the generous king on condition of a subst.i.tute being found."

The stone quarries of ancient Syracuse are now called Latomia, the largest and most picturesque of which is named Latomia de' Cappuccini. It is a vast pit, from eighty to a hundred feet in depth, and is several acres in extent. Murray, describing these vast quarries, says: "It is certain that they existed before the celebrated siege by the Athenians, 415 B.C.; and that some one of them was then deep enough to serve for a prison, and extensive enough to hold the unhappy seven thousand, the relics of the great Athenian host who were captured at the Asinarus. There is every probability that that of the Capuchins is the one described by Thucydides, who gives a touching picture of the misery the Athenians were made to endure from close confinement, hunger, thirst, filth, exposure and disease. Certain holes in the angles of the rocks are still pointed out by tradition as the spots where some of the Athenians were chained. The greater part of them perished here, but Plutarch tells us that some among them who could recite the verses of Euripides were liberated from captivity." Lord Byron's lines in _Childe Harold_ may be quoted in this connection--

"When Athens' armies fell at Syracuse, And fettered thousands bore the yoke of war, Redemption rose up in the Attic Muse-- Her voice the only ransom from afar.

See! as they chaunt the tragic hymn, the car Of the o'ermastered victor stops; the reins Fall from his hands; his idle scimitar Starts from his belt: he rends his captive's chains, And bids him thank the bard for freedom and his strains."

"Some there were who owed their preservation to Euripides. Of all the Grecians, his was the muse whom the Sicilians were most in love with. From every stranger that landed in their island, they gleaned every small specimen or portion of his works, and communicated it with pleasure to each other. It is said that on this occasion a number of Athenians, upon their return home, went to Euripides, and thanked him in the most respectful manner for their obligations to his pen; some having been enfranchised for teaching their masters what they remembered of his poems, and others having got refreshments, when they were wandering about after the battle, for singing a few of his verses. Nor is this to be wondered at, since they tell us that when a s.h.i.+p from Caunus, which happened to be pursued by pirates, was going to take shelter in one of their ports, the Sicilians at first refused to admit her; but upon asking the crew whether they knew any of the verses of Euripides, and being answered in the affirmative, they received both them and their vessel." (Plutarch's life of Nicias.)

NOTES. [The numbers refer to the pages in the complete edition of the Works.]--P. 5, _Kameiros_, a Dorian town on the west coast of Rhodes, and the princ.i.p.al town before the foundation of Rhodes itself; _The League_, the Spartan league against the domination of Athens. p. 6, _Knidos_, city famous for the statue of Venus by Praxiteles, in one of her temples there; _Ilissian_, Trojan; _gate of Diomedes_, the Diomaean gate, leading to a grove and gymnasium; _Hippadai_, the gate of Hippadas, leading to the suburb of Cerameicus; _Lakonia_ or _Laconica_ or _Lacedaemon_: Sparta was the only town of importance--in this connection it means Sparta; _Choes_ (the Pitchers) an Athenian festival of Dionysus or Bacchus; _Chutroi_, a Bacchic festival at Athens--the feast of pots; _Agora_, the Athenian market and chief public place; _Dikasteria_, tribunals; _Pnux_ == the Pnyx, the place of public a.s.sembly for the people of Athens; _Keramikos_, two suburban places at Athens were thus called: the one a market and public walk, the other a cemetery; _Salamis_, an island on the west coast of Attica, memorable for the battle in which the Greeks defeated the fleet of Xerxes, 480 B.C.; _Psuttalia_, a small island near Salamis; _Marathon_: the plain of Marathon was twenty-two miles from Athens, and the famous battle there was fought 490 B.C.; _Dionusiac Theatre_, the great theatre of Athens on the Acropolis. p. 7, _Kaunos_, one of the chief cities of Caria, which was founded by the Cretans. p. 8, _Ortugia_, the island close to Syracuse, and practically part of the city. p. 9, _Aischulos_ == the song was from aeschylus, the great tragic poet of Greece; _pint of corn_: the wretched captives in the quarries were kept alive by half the allowance of food given to slaves. Thucydides says (vii. 87): "They were tormented with hunger and thirst; for during eight months they gave each of them daily only a _cotyle_ (the _cotyle_ was a little more than half an English pint) of water, and two of corn." p. 10, _salpinx_, a trumpet. p.

11, _rhesis_, a proverb; _monostich_, a poem of a single verse; _region of the steed_: horses were supposed by the Greeks to have originated in their land. p. 12, _Euoi_, _Oop_, _Babai_, exclamations of wonder. p. 13, _Rosy Isle_, Rhodes, the Greek word meaning rose. p. 16, _Anthesterion month_ == February-March; _Peiraieus_, the chief harbour of Athens, about five miles distant; _Agathon_, a tragic poet of Athens, born 448 B.C.--a friend of Euripides and Plato; _Iophon_, son of Sophocles: he was a distinguished tragic poet; _Kephisophon_, a contemporary poet; _Baccheion_, the Dionysiac temple. p. 17, _The mask of the actor_: it should be remembered that the Greek actors were all masked. p. 20, _Phoibos_, the _bright_ or _pure_--a name of Apollo; _Asklepios_ == aesculapius, the G.o.d of medicine; _Moirai_, the Fates--Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos, the divinities of human life. p. 25, _Eurustheus_, king of Mycenae, who imposed the "twelve labours" on Hercules. p. 26, _Pelias' child_: Alcestis was the daughter of Pelias, son of Poseidon and of Tyro; _Paian_, a surname of Apollo, derived from _paean_, a hymn which was sung in his honour. p. 27, _Lukia_ == Lycia, a country of Asia Minor; _Ammon_, a G.o.d of Libya and Upper Egypt: Jupiter Ammon with the horns of a ram. p. 32, _pharos_, a veil or cloak covering the eyes. p. 35, _Iolkos_, a town in Thessaly. p. 41, _Kore_, the Maiden, a name by which Proserpine is often called. p. 47, _Acherontian lake_: Acheron was one of the rivers of h.e.l.l; _Karneian month_ == August-September, when the Carnean festival was celebrated in honour of Apollo Carneus, protector of flocks. p. 48, _Kokutos' stream_, a river in the lower world: the river Cocytus is in Epirus. p. 51, _Thrakian Diomedes_, a king of Thrace who fed his horses on human flesh: it was one of the labours of Hercules to destroy him; _Bistones_ == Thracians. p. 53, _Ares_, Greek name of Mars; _Lukaon_, a mythical king of Arcadia; _Kuknos_, son of Mars and Pelopia == Cycnus. p. 60, _Lyric Puthian_: musical contentions in honour of Apollo at Delphi were called the Pythian modes: so Apollo, wors.h.i.+pped with music, was called the lyric Pythian, in commemoration of his victory over the Python, the great serpent; _Othrus'

dell_, in the mountains of Othrys, in Thessaly, the residence of the Centaurs. p. 61, _Boibian lake_, in Thessaly, near Mount Ossa; _Molossoi_, a people of Epirus, in Greece. p. 68, _Ludian_ == Lydian; _Phrugian_ == Phrygian. p. 73, _Akastos_, the son of Peleus, king of Iolchis; he made war against Admetus. p. 74, _Hermes the infernal_: he was the son of Zeus and Maia, and was herald of the G.o.ds and guide of the dead in Hades--hence the epithet "infernal." p. 78, _Turranos_, Tyrant or King. p. 79, _Ai, ai!

Pheu! pheu! e, papai_ == woe! alas, alas! oh, strange! p. 81, _The Helper_ == Hercules. p. 83, _Kupris_, Venus, the G.o.ddess of Cyprus. p. 87, "_Daughter of Elektruon, Tiruns' child_": Electryon was the father of Alcmene, Tiryns was an ancient town in Argolis. p. 88, _Larissa_, a city in Thessaly. p. 94, _Thrakian tablets_, the name of Orpheus is a.s.sociated with Thrace: the Orphic literature contained treatises on medicine, plants, etc., originally written on tablets, and preserved in the temple; _Orphic voice_, of Orpheus, which charmed all Nature; _Phoibos_, Apollo was the G.o.d of medicine, and taught the art to aesculapius; _Asklepiadai_, who received from Phoibos or Apollo the medical remedies. p. 95, _Chaluboi_, a people of Asia Minor, near Pontus. p. 96, _Alkmene_ was the daughter of Electryon: she was the mother of Hercules, conceived by Jupiter. p. 99, _Pheraioi_, the belongings of Admetus as a native of Pherae. p. 110, "_The Human with his droppings of warm tears_," a quotation from a poem by Mrs. Browning, ent.i.tled _Wine of Cyprus_. p. 111, _Mainad_, a name of the priestesses of Bacchus. p. 119, "_Straying among the flowers in Sicily_": Proserpine, daughter of Ceres, one day gathering flowers in the meadows of Enna, was carried away by Pluto into the infernal regions, of which she became queen. p. 121, "_a great Kaunian painter_": Protogenes, a native of Caunus in Caria, a city subject to the Rhodians, flourished 332-300 B.C., and was one of the most celebrated of Greek painters. "The story of his friendly rivalry with Apelles, who was the first to recognise his genius, is familiar to all."--_Browning Notes and Queries_ (Pt. vii. 25): the description of the picture refers to Sir Frederick Leighton's n.o.ble work on this subject. p. 122, _Poikile_, the celebrated portico at Athens, which received its name from the variety of the paintings which it contained. It was adorned with pictures of the G.o.ds and of public benefactors.

=Balkis= ("Solomon and Balkis," _Jocoseria_ 1883). The Queen of Sheba who came to visit Solomon. See SOLOMON AND BALKIS.

=Bean Feast, The= (_Asolando_). Pope Sixtus the Fifth (Felice Peretti) was pope from 1585 to 1590. He was born in 1521, and certainly in humble circ.u.mstances, but there seems no proof that he was the son of a swineherd, as described in the poem (see _Encyc. Brit._, vol. xxii, p.

104). He was a great preacher, and one of the most vigorous and able of the popes that ever filled the papal chair. Within two years of his election he issued seventy-two bulls for the reform of the religious orders alone. When anything required to be done, he did it himself, and was evidently of the same opinion as Mr. Spurgeon, who holds that a committee should never consist of more than one person. He reformed the condition of the papal finances, and expended large sums in public works; he completed the dome of St. Peter's, and erected four Egyptian obelisks in Rome. Ever anxious to reform abuses, he made it his business to examine into the condition of the people and see with his own eyes their mode of life. Mr. Browning's poem relates how, going about the city in disguise, he one day turned into a tumbledown house where a man and wife sat at supper with their children. He inquired if they knew of any wrongs which wanted righting; bade them not stop eating, but speak freely of their grievances, if any. He bade them have no fear when he threw his hood back and let them see it was the Pope. The poor people were filled with a joyful wonder, the more so as the Pope begged a plate of their tempting beans. He sat down on the doorstep, and having eaten, thanked G.o.d that he had appet.i.te and digestion.

=Bean-Stripe, A: also Apple Eating.= (_Ferishtah's Fancies_, No. 12.) One of Ferishtah's scholars demanded to know if on the whole Life were a good or an evil thing. He is asked if beans are taken from a bushelful, what colour predominates? Make the beans typical of our days. What is Life's true colour,--black or white? The scholar agrees with Sakya Muni, the Indian sage who declared that Life, past, present and future, was black only--existence simply a curse. Memory is a plague, evil's shadow is cast over present pleasure. Ferishtah strews beans, blackish and whitish, figuring man's sum of moments good and bad; in companions.h.i.+p the black grow less black and the white less white: both are modified--grey prevails. So joys are embittered by sorrows gone before and sobered by a sense of sorrow that may come; thus deepest in black means white most imminent. Pain's shade enhances the s.h.i.+ne of pleasure, the blacks and whites of a lifetime whirl into a white. But to the objector the world is so black, no speck of white will unblacken it. Ferishtah bids his pupil contemplate the insect on a palm frond: what knows he of the uses of a palm tree? It has other uses than such as strike the aphis. It may be so with us: our place in the world may, in the eye of G.o.d, be no greater than is to us the inch of green which is cradle, pasture and grave of the palm insect. The aphis feeds quite unconcerned, even if lightning sear the moss beneath his home. The philosopher sees a world of woe all round him; his own life is white, his fellows' black. G.o.d's care be G.o.d's: for his own part the sorrows of his kind serve to sober with shade his own s.h.i.+ning life. There is no sort of black which white has not power to disintensify.