History of New Brunswick Part 8

DORCHESTER.

4 Vessels--841 Tons--37 Men.

Timber, tons 1,246 Pine Boards and Plank, M. feet 2 Masts and Spars 5 Oars and Oar Rafters 110 Handspikes, number 374 Lathwood, cords 29-1/2

Value of Exports 362,043, sterling.

N.B. To the value of exports may be added the following s.h.i.+ps and Vessels built and registered at this Port within the year 1824, by persons resident in this Province, either for proprietors in the United Kingdom, or sent there for sale, as remittances for British Merchandise, or for owners here, carrying on the Timber Trade.

60 s.h.i.+ps and Vessels, measuring 16,488 tons, at 10 164,880 --------- Total 526,923

PORT OF SAINT ANDREWS.

_An account of the total number of Vessels, their Tonnage, number of Men, with the quant.i.ty and quality of their Cargoes, entered at the Port of St. Andrews in the year 1824, ending the 5th January, 1825._

156 Vessels--29,687 Tons--1,406 Men.

Rum, gallons 104,259 Wines from Madeira, pipes 36 Ditto, Hogsheads 46 Ditto, Quarter Casks 38 Ditto, Half Quarter Casks 10 Mola.s.ses, gallons 26,768 Gin and Brandy, gallons 1,391 Wine from Great-Britain, galls. 1,476 Brown Sugar, cwt. 640 Shrub, casks 6 Coffee, barrels and bags 68 Tobacco, hogsheads 4 Bricks, M. 60 Naval Stores, barrels 327 Canvas, bolts 159 Cordage, coils 831 Made Sails, sets 3 Soap and Candles, boxes 323 Beer and Porter, barrels 118 Nails and Wrought Iron, kegs 198 s.h.i.+p Chandlery, packages 13 Beef and Pork, barrels 57 Coals, chaldrons 314 Paint, kegs 439 Tea, chests 47 Chain Cables 10 Gla.s.s, boxes, &c. 120 Pieces of Earthenware & Cast Iron 873 Oak Staves, M. 120-1/2 Wheat and Rye Flour, bbls. 5,732 Biscuit, barrels 727 Rice, casks and bags 43 Corn, Meal and Grain, bushels 12,100 Peas & Beans & Rye Grain, bus. 370 Boards and Plank, M. feet 6-1/2 Wood and Timber, feet 22,750 Fruit, barrels 1,090 Sheep, number of 200 Merchandize, packages 585 Salt, tons 1,998 Iron, tons 68 Earthenware, crates 105 Cotton Wool, bales 22 Mahogany, logs 11 Green Hides 305 Linseed Oil, casks 4 Pimento, bags and casks 8 Logwood, tons 1 Tobacco Pipes, boxes 25 Copper Bolts, cwt. 47 Horses, number of 28 Piano Fortes 1 Carriages 1 Horned Cattle 678 Furs, bales and boxes 3

PORT OF SAINT ANDREWS.

EXPORTS.

175 Vessels--33,493 Tons--1,543 Men.

192 Plaster Paris Vessels--13,040 Tons--657 Men.

Birch and Pine Timber, tons 25,975 Boards and Plank, M. feet 8,386 Cod Fish, quintals 10,540 s.h.i.+ngles, M. 2,412 Lathwood, cords 753 Spars, number 1,559 Small Poles, number 1,542 Sawed Laths, bundles 172 Oars, Oar Rafters & Handspikes 1,093 Oak, Ash and Spruce Staves, M. 284 s.h.i.+p Knees 50 Naval Stores, barrels 234 Cotton Wool, bales 22 Pickled Fish, barrels 3,132 Smoked Herrings, boxes 1,067 Beef and Pork, barrels and kits 69 Oil, barrels 69 Rum, puncheons 285 Sugar, barrels 10 Coffee, barrels and bags 7 N.B. Vinegar, barrels 40 Fruit, Onions and Potatoes, bbls. 126 N.B. Gin, barrels 37 Salt, tons 45 Iron, tons 12 Birch, M. 35 Calf Skins and Sides Leather, No. 48 Soap and Candles, boxes 1,212 b.u.t.ter, firkins 2 Tobacco, hogsheads 6 Smoked Tobacco, hogsheads 21 Merchandize, packages 22 Wines, pipes 26 Ditto hogsheads 33 Ditto quarter casks 27 Ditto half quarter casks 1 Wheat and Rye Flour, bbls. 2,839 Bread and Biscuit, barrels 88 Rice, casks and barrels 22 Indian Corn and Meal, bushels 2,482 Peas and Beans, bushels 22 Plaster of Paris, tons 15,576

The Articles of Exports the Production of this Province and the Fisheries, are considered when s.h.i.+pped, worth the following values, viz.:

Pine and Birch Timber, 20s. sterling Per Ton.

Lumber and Plank, 40s. per M.

s.h.i.+ngles, 12s. 6d. per M.

Lathwood, 20s. per Cord.

Spars, 5s. Each.

Small Poles, 2s. 6d. Each.

Oars and Oar Rafters, 5s. per pair.

Staves, 60s. per M.

Dry Fish, 12s. 6d. per quintal.

Pickled Fish, 20s. per barrel.

Smoked Herrings, 3s. per box.

Oil, 80s. per barrel.

Plaster Paris, 10s. per ton.

The whole value of the above Exports may be about 100,000.

From the foregoing statement it plainly appears that chief of the export trade of this Province consists of timber, which is its natural stock or capital; and as there are many articles taken in exchange from the mother country, which are indispensably necessary to the inhabitants of this Province; it points out the necessity of paying strict attention to its preservation. In this Country there is no article, or articles, that can in any degree furnish exports equal to the pine, which is manufactured in the simplest manner, and got to market with but little trouble. So simple is the process that most settlers who have the use of the axe can manufacture it; the woods furnis.h.i.+ng a sort of simple manufactory for the inhabitants, from which, after attending to their farms, in the summer, they can draw returns during the winter for those supplies which are necessary for the comfort of their families. This being the case, the preservation of our forests becomes of prime importance to the prosperity of the Province.

The evils that must arise to the Province, by allowing the timber to be monopolized and hastily cut off are many. The timber standing in the Country, particularly on the Crown Lands, may be considered as so much capital or stock, to secure a permanent trade, and promote the solid improvement of the Country. Most of the lands in this Province where pine is found are intermixed with other timber, and although the precise spots on which the pine grows, are unfit for agriculture, without much labor; yet there are most always spots adjoining, where a settler may cultivate with success: so that in a lot of two or three hundred acres, there is generally enough for tillage, and a man settling on such land could always choose his spot for farming, and keep his timber to cut at his leisure. His pine so reserved would as long as it lasted serve him as a resource, from whence, after attending to his farming in the summer, he could draw returns during the winter, for such supplies as would be necessary for his family, and for improving his farm.

To make this more evident, we will suppose a man settling on a wilderness lot--like most settlers he has but little save his own labour--perhaps he has a small family--he commences with cutting down a small spot, and erecting a hut--say in the summer or fall, he then moves on his family, and looks round for sustenance till he can raise his first crop--in doing this his funds are exhausted, and he wants by his own labour to replenish them during the winter, and provide a few implements of husbandry, and nails, &c. for building a barn--now supposing his lot to be back from the river, and at a distance from old settlements where labour is wanted--what does he do?--why he resorts to his pine--to the simple manufactory before noticed, and makes a few tons, say twenty, thirty, forty, or fifty, according to his ability--carefully cutting the under brush and timber, so as to put his land where he is working in a fair train for clearing--this timber he probably gets hauled to the water on shares, if he is very poor and has no team; the returns for which the next spring, furnishes him with supplies, and enables him to continue on his land and prosecute his farming. If he cannot do without the return of his timber till spring, he applies to a merchant, who if the man is of good fame, advances him such articles as may be particularly necessary for his family. This enables him to find labour on his own lot, and stay with his family: whereas if he has no such resource, he must leave his home, and go to a distance from his family, seeking labour; and probably they may be so circ.u.mstanced as not to be left safely alone, and he has to take them with him, which breaks up his family and prevents him from settling.

If a number of families commence a settlement together, where the timber has not been destroyed, but where a fair proportion is still growing on the land, they exchange labour with each other, and by their joint exertions, manufacture and transport their own lumber to market.

In this way they are enabled from year to year to prosecute their settlement and pay for their grants; the timber answering as a first crop fully grown, and a resource to make returns for necessaries.--By this method, as the pine disappears, houses and barns will rise in its place, and the country, instead of a barren waste, will exhibit flouris.h.i.+ng settlements, peopled with a race who will know the value of their improvements; and feel their interest identified with the country: and whose attachment to the Government will increase with their growing possessions. Their children, raised on the soil, from the strong principles of early a.s.sociation, will feel that interest in the welfare of the country, that no transient advantage can produce; and grow up an ornament and strength to the Province. On the contrary, if the lumber is cut off by mere speculators, the land will be left in an impoverished state, much valuable timber will be wantonly destroyed, and the places from whence the timber is taken will be left an uncultivated waste; settlers will neither have the inclination or ability to occupy them. While the major part of the men employed in getting the lumber for the merchants, instead of making a comfortable provision for their families, will wear out the prime of their days without making any permanent establishment; and keep their families s.h.i.+fting about the country like vagrants. Their children, for the want of employment, and the direction of their fathers, brought up in idleness--their education and morals neglected, and bad habits acquired, will be the reverse of those before noticed: and many of them will become a vagrant race, unconcerned or uninterested in the welfare of the country, and in many instances a nuisance to it. While their parents, after they get unfit for the business, will be turned off in debt.

In short, it will be the most direct way to prevent the settlement of the back lands, and to produce (what is the bane of all countries) a race of inhabitants who have no interest in the soil or welfare of the Province.

Statement of the expenses on one thousand tons of pine timber, manufactured on the Wabskahagan, a branch of the river Tobique:--

The Secretary's, Governor's, and Surveyor General's fees of office, including the charge for writing pet.i.tion 1 10 0 Duty on 1000 tons, at 1s 50 0 0 Less by amount included in fees, &c. 1 5 0 --------48 15 0 Incidental expenses to the applicant 0 15 0 Surveyor's fees for measuring the timber berth 7 0 0 Expenses for axemen and chainmen 5 10 0 Travelling expenses thence and back, five hundred miles 8 0 0 --------- 71 10 0 Ten men at 5 per month, and an overseer at 10, say for six months 360 0 0 Six yoke of oxen, at 30 per yoke 180 0 0 One pair draught horses 50 0 0 One boat, sail, and gear 36 0 0 Two canoes with paddles 6 0 0 Sleds, chains, harness, &c. 27 10 0 Eleven men's provisions for six months, at 85s. per head, per month 274 10 0 Hay for oxen, &c. 30 tons, at 10 300 0 0 Grain for ditto 25 0 0 ---------1259 0 0 Total expense on one thousand tons of timber, at the ---------- brow ready for rafting 1330 10 0 Expense of rafting, anchors, cables, ropes, &c. 50 0 0 1380 10 0 Deduct for articles that may be useful another season, viz.-- Oxen, Horses, Boat, tackle, &c. 214 0 0 Canoes, sleds, harness, anchors, &c. &c. 50 0 0 --------- 264 0 0 ---------- Total amount of expenses 1116 10 0

From the foregoing statement (admitting it to be near the truth) it appears that the expenses on one thousand tons of timber got on the river Tobique, amounts to 1116:10:0--to which is to be added the expense and risk of taking it down to Saint John, a distance of about two hundred and fifty miles--the loss by casualties on a rapid river, where men and teams frequently break through the ice, and are swept away by the velocity of the current. When all the above expenses are deducted from the returns of the timber, it will leave but a little for those who carry on the business, and very often involves them in inextricable difficulties.

The preceding statement points out the necessity of adopting a more prudent system in conducting the timber business. Not to push the trade to such an extent--to retrench the expenses, by raising the heavy parts of the supplies near the timber districts; and to follow up the timber trade with the improvement of the country and cultivation of the soil.

Another great drawback to the prosperity of the Province is the great consumption of ardent liquors--partly occasioned by the present modes of conducting the timber business. The amount of spirituous liquors imported and consumed in the Province in 1824, at the least calculation was 120,000, exclusive of the County of Charlotte; and add to this amount the cost of the transport of the liquor to the interior and the enormous charges on the article in the distant parts of the Province, the cost to the consumer may be fairly reckoned at treble the amount, making in the whole the gross sum of 360,000 for ardent liquors alone, consumed by the inhabitants of the Province, being near twenty gallons on an average for every male over sixteen years of age.

The number of inhabitants in this Province, according to the census of last year, is seventy-four thousand one hundred and seventy-six--besides the large settlement of Madawaska and the parish of West Isles; and as it is probable the numbers in the different parishes are taken in some instances under the real amount, the whole population may be fairly rated in round numbers at eighty thousand. The subjoined statement will show the population of the different counties and parishes in 1824:

Population of the Province of New-Brunswick, IN THE YEAR 1824.

--------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------+ | Whites. | People of Colour. | | Males. Females. | Males. | Females. | --------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------+ C o | | A | U | A | U | A | U | A | U | i u | | b | n | b | n | b | n | b | n | n P n | | o | d | o | d | o | d | o | d |T a t | | v | e | v | e | v | e | v | e |o e r i | | e | r | e | r | e | r | e | r |t a i e | | | | | | | | | |a c s s | | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 |l h h ----+---------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------+ |Fredericton | 526 | 352 | 470 | 392 | 29 | 21 | 34 | 25 | 1849 |Saint Mary | 259 | 242 | 216 | 223 | 7 | 8 | 11 | 6 | 972 |Douglas | 365 | 340 | 289 | 306 | 19 | 18 | 15 | 15 | 1367 Y |Kingsclear | 226 | 173 | 190 | 155 | 15 | 28 | 22 | 23 | 832 o |Queensbury | 205 | 172 | 149 | 153 | 10 | 6 | 6 | 15 | 716 r |Prince William | 159 | 142 | 117 | 116 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 545 k |Northampton | 182 | 130 | 133 | 123 | ... | ... | ... | ... | 568 Woodstock | 267 | 181 | 186 | 179 | 1 | 2 | ... | ... | 816 |Wakefield | 217 | 276 | 267 | 218 | 1 | 1 | ... | ... | 1010 |Kent | 645 | 596 | 457 | 597 | 2 | ... | ... | ... | 2297 ----+---------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------+ |City of S J | St. John |2371 |1731 |2361 |1632 | 94 | 72 | 139 | 88 | 8488 a o |Portland, i h | 1st district | 628 | 392 | 447 | 340 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1813 n n |Portland, t | 2d district | 386 | 242 | 228 | 207 | 42 | 40 | 43 | 42 | 1230 |Lancaster | 216 | 150 | 157 | 151 | 38 | 31 | 28 | 22 | 793 |Saint Martin | 154 | 147 | 133 | 148 | 1 | ... | ... | ... | 583 ----+---------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------+ |Kingston | 503 | 386 | 382 | 365 | 7 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 1655 K |Suss.e.x | 487 | 460 | 414 | 433 | 11 | 12 | 7 | 9 | 1833 i |Hampton | 462 | 385 | 375 | 314 | 4 | 7 | 5 | 7 | 1559 n |Norton | 152 | 115 | 100 | 109 | 5 | 4 | 8 | 9 | 502 g |Westfield | 182 | 181 | 152 | 178 | 7 | 7 | 4 | 2 | 713 s |Springfield | 241 | 212 | 210 | 234 | 9 | 7 | 8 | 3 | 924 |Greenwich | 184 | 185 | 178 | 185 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 8 | 744 ----+---------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------+ Q |Gagetown | 180 | 124 | 140 | 133 | 7 | 5 | 9 | 10 | 606 u |Waterborough | 486 | 643 | 403 | 444 | 1 | 10 | 7 | 19 | 2023 e |Wickham | 306 | 297 | 236 | 259 | 2 | ... | ... | 1 | 1100 e |Hampstead | 193 | 188 | 164 | 165 | 5 | 6 | 4 | 1 | 723 n |Brunswick | 50 | 64 | 36 | 39 | ... | ... | ... | ... | 189 s |Brunswick District b.u.t.ternut | Ridge | 24 | 29 | 19 | 28 | ... | ... | ... | ... | 100 ----+---------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------+ |St. Andrews | 653 | 464 | 574 | 532 | 12 | 8 | 13 | 7 | 2263 |St. Stephen | 518 | 393 | 397 | 358 | 3 | 1 | ... | 3 | 1673 C |St. David | 278 | 233 | 230 | 264 | ... | ... | ... | ... | 1005 h |St. George, a | 1st district | 245 | 173 | 166 | 159 | 1 | ... | 1 | ... | 745 r |St. George, l | 2d district | 191 | 174 | 66 | 170 | ... | ... | ... | ... | 701 o |St. Patrick | 217 | 203 | 164 | 178 | ... | ... | ... | ... | 762 t |St. James | 121 | 116 | 109 | 107 | ... | ... | ... | ... | 453 t |Pennfield | 223 | 120 | 93 | 120 | 2 | ... | ... | ... | 558 e |Campo Bello | 167 | 123 | 123 | 95 | ... | 1 | ... | ... | 509 |Grand Manan | 157 | 170 | 138 | 132 | ... | 1 | ... | ... | 598 |West Isles | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ...

----+---------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------+ S u |Maugerville | 152 | 112 | 115 | 92 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 484 n |Sheffield | 227 | 139 | 187 | 156 | 5 | 9 | 5 | 7 | 735 b |Burton | 432 | 298 | 322 | 269 | 4 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 1338 u |Lincoln | 200 | 167 | 142 | 158 | 1 | ... | 2 | ... | 670 r y ----+---------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------+ W e s |Dorchester | 706 | 748 | 611 | 672 | 8 | ... | ... | ... | 2737 t |Sackville | 444 | 464 | 395 | 415 | 6 | 7 | 4 | 7 | 1744 m |Westmorland | 215 | 208 | 192 | 229 | 2 | 13 | 11 | 9 | 883 o |Hillsborough | 281 | 291 | 226 | 344 | ... | 5 | ... | 3 | 1152 r |Monckton | 85 | 94 | 82 | 79 | ... | ... | 2 | ... | 342 e |Botsford | 200 | 216 | 162 | 195 | ... | ... | ... | 1 | 774 l |Salisbury | 171 | 170 | 147 | 177 | ... | ... | ... | 1 | 666 a |Hopewell | 292 | 256 | 225 | 232 | ... | ... | ... | ... | 1005 n d ----+---------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------+ |Newcastle | 641 | 326 | 377 | 313 | ... | ... | ... | ... | 1657 |Chatham | 451 | 296 | 319 | 382 | 1 | ... | 2 | 1 | 1452 |Ludlow, | 1st district | 407 | 191 | 147 | 173 | ... | ... | ... | ... | 918 N |Ludlow, o | 2d district | 286 | 38 | 29 | 37 | ... | ... | ... | ... | 390 r |Northesk, t | 1st district | 921 | 107 | 119 | 96 | ... | ... | ... | ... | 1243 h |Northesk, u | 2d district | 47 | 60 | 41 | 52 | ... | ... | ... | ... | 200 m |Alnwick, b | 1st district | 93 | 54 | 44 | 54 | ... | ... | ... | ... | 245 e |Alnwick, r | 2d district | 137 | 83 | 72 | 80 | 1 | ... | ... | ... | 373 l |Carleton | 757 | 429 | 376 | 402 | ... | ... | ... | 1 | 1965 a |Beresford | 327 | 294 | 225 | 228 | 6 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1086 n |Glenelg | 323 | 174 | 175 | 163 | 1 | ... | ... | ... | 836 d |Saumarez, | 1st district | 299 | 209 | 201 | 234 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 949 |Saumarez, | 2d district | 524 | 446 | 408 | 450 | ... | ... | ... | ... | 1828 |Wellington | 420 | 393 | 335 | 406 | ... | ... | 1 | ... | 1555 |Nelson | 574 | 185 | 201 | 166 | 3 | ... | 2 | 1 | 1132 ----+---------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------+

NUMBER OF INHABITANTS IN THE DIFFERENT COUNTIES.

County of York 10,972 County of Saint John 12,907 County of Kings 7,930 County of Queens 4,741 County of Charlotte 9,267 County of Sunbury 3,227 County of Westmorland 9,303 County of Northumberland 15,829 ------ Total in the Province 74,176

The enrolled Militia amount to about twelve thousand. They are divided into twenty-three battalions; the battalions are composed of six, eight, or more companies, according to local circ.u.mstances. The companies consist of one captain, two subalterns, three sergeants, and sixty rank and file, except flank companies, which are allowed four sergeants. Where districts are in remote situations, and not sufficiently populous to form two companies, but exceed the number of sixty effective men, eighty are allowed to be enrolled in one company.

They a.s.semble by companies two days in a year for drill; and by battalions or divisions for muster and inspection, once or oftener, if the Commander-in-Chief thinks it necessary. An Inspecting Field Officer is appointed to inspect the battalions at their general muster. He visits the different corps successively, and reports to the Commander-in-Chief. He is paid a certain sum per annum, which is granted yearly by the Legislature. The Militia Law is continually undergoing alterations, and has not yet attained to that perfection, that such an important branch of our provincial const.i.tution requires.

The last year two Inspecting Officers were appointed to inspect the two great divisions of the Province.

There are abundant materials to form a good effective Militia in this Province. The youth are in general docile and orderly, and have a great apt.i.tude to attain the requisite discipline; there are also a number of disbanded soldiers and other persons acquainted with discipline, scattered through the country; so that there are few districts, but where there are persons qualified to act as drills. The want of arms is indeed a great check to the military spirit, as nothing is more taking to boys when first put to drill, than to have arms; and although many requisites of discipline, such as marching, wheeling, &c. can be acquired full as well without them; yet nothing makes a young lad so alert as to have a musket put into his hands.

To get persons to excel in any thing, it is requisite first of all if possible to create an attachment and liking to it; and to get the youth fully engaged in acquiring martial discipline, it is a primary object to make it pleasing to them. If therefore the different corps were at their musters to be supplied with arms and a few rounds of cartridges, and taught to skirmish, it would act as the greatest stimulous to the youth, and would soon make an alteration for the better at the trainings; by making them a recreation and time of amus.e.m.e.nt: while it would make the Militia familiar with the use of arms--which is at present altogether lost sight of.

The writer is well aware that many arms formerly issued to the Militia have been destroyed, and that this might again happen; but surely some method might be adopted to prevent such abuses, and still to furnish the different corps with arms while at drill, by forming depots for lodging the arms, and appropriating some of the fines to keep them in order. In scattered districts, one, two or more companies arms might be kept together; and in towns a.r.s.enals might be erected where two or three thousand stand might be deposited. Such buildings would not only be highly useful, but ornamental to the different places: and as there are but few serviceable arms in the Province at present, some steps should be taken to procure a sufficient number, and not to let the country remain in its present naked condition. It certainly appears like an anomaly in our preparations for defence, to expend time and money in improving our Militia, and not provide the means of arming and making them efficient if they should be wanted. If (as the preamble to the Militia Law states) "a well regulated Militia is essential to the security of this Province," it is equally necessary that the Province should possess the means of arming that Militia. If arms could not be procured from the Crown, it would be advisable to appropriate a part of the Provincial revenue for the purchase of a sufficient number to supply the Militia in case of emergency; which could be either sold to the Militiamen, or placed in the a.r.s.enals, and issued occasionally to the different corps as the Government should think proper.

Should the Province ever be invaded, its defence will not wholly consist in defending fortified posts or in engagements with large bodies in open field, but by taking advantage of the natural fastnesses of the country, such as woods, deep hollows, hills, rivers, brooks, &c.

with which the Province abounds.

This points out the necessity of having the Militia trained to sharpshooting and such exercises as will be beneficial in the hour of danger; and not merely taught a few parade movements, or how to receive a reviewing officer.

The Indians in New-Brunswick are fast declining, and although several attempts have been made to induce them to form permanent settlements and become planters, they still continue their migratory mode of life.