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"profoundly concerned...and slavery": Entry for July 21, 1862, Chase Papers, Vol. I, p. 348.
Lincoln read several orders..."decide the question": Entry for July 21, 1862, ibid., pp. 34849.
another cabinet session; Carpenter painting: Stoddard, Inside the White House in War Times, p. 11; entry for July 22, 1862, Chase Papers, Vol. I, p. 351.
Lincoln took the floor..."on the slavery question": Welles, "History of Emanc.i.p.ation," Galaxy (1872), p. 844.
"had resolved upon...their advice": Carpenter, Six Months at the White House, p. 21.
His draft proclamation..."and forever": AL, "Emanc.i.p.ation Proclamation-First Draft," [July 22, 1862], in CW, V, p. 337.
statistics on slaves in border states and Confederacy: These statistics are based on 1860 census data for the numbers of slaves living in the border slave states that remained in the Union, and the eleven slave states that formed the Confederacy.
"fraught with consequences...could not penetrate": Welles, "History of Emanc.i.p.ation," Galaxy (1872), p. 841.
the members were startled..."immediate promulgation": EMS memorandum, July 22, 1862, reel 3, Stanton Papers, DLC.
Bates's approval...cadet at West Point: Introduction, and entries for April 14, 1862, and November 30, 1863, in The Diary of Edward Bates, 18591866, pp. xvxvi, 250, 319.
his "very decided...the white race": Welles, "History of Emanc.i.p.ation," Galaxy (1872), pp. 84445.
"among our colored...'which they profess'": Entry for September 25, 1862, in The Diary of Edward Bates, 18591866, pp. 26364.
Welles remained silent..."intensify the struggle": Memorandum from September 22, 1862, quoted in Welles, "History of Emanc.i.p.ation," Galaxy (1872), p. 848.
"extreme exercise of war powers": Entry for October 1, 1862, Welles diary, Vol. I (1960 edn.), p. 159.
Caleb Smith..."attack the administration": Usher, President Lincoln's Cabinet, p. 17.
Blair spoke up..."were in vain": Welles, "History of Emanc.i.p.ation," Galaxy (1872), p. 847.
"beyond anything...universal emanc.i.p.ation": EMS memorandum, July 22, 1862, reel 3, Stanton Papers, DLC.
"depredation and ma.s.sacre...soon as practicable": Entry for July 22, 1862, Chase Papers, Vol. I, p. 351.
The bold proclamation..."was his specialty": Entry for August 22, 1863, Welles diary, Vol. I (1960 edn.), p. 415.
"golden moment...four thousand years": Christopher Wolcott to Pamphila Stanton Wolcott, July 27, 1862, in Wolcott, "Edwin M. Stanton," p. 158a.
Lincoln later maintained..."Seward spoke": Carpenter, Six Months at the White House, p. 21.
a racial war in the South...their economic interests: EMS memorandum, July 22, 1862, reel 3, Stanton Papers, DLC.
"The public mind...to give them effect": WHS to FAS, August 7, 1862, in Seward, Seward at Was.h.i.+ngton...18611872, p. 121.
"would have been...territory was conquered": Carpenter, "A Day with Governor Seward," Seward Papers.
"Mr. President...shriek, on the retreat": WHS, quoted in Carpenter, Six Months at the White House, pp. 2122.
"until the eagle...about his neck": Carpenter, "A Day with Governor Seward," Seward Papers.
Seward's argument...met with Lincoln: Francis B. Cutting to EMS, February 20, 1867, reel 11, Stanton Papers, DLC.
"The wisdom of...the progress of events": AL, quoted in Carpenter, Six Months at the White House, p. 22.
"with public sentiment...nothing can succeed": AL, "First Debate with Stephen A. Douglas at Ottawa, Illinois," August 21, 1858, in CW, III, p. 27.
On August 14...opportunity among their own people: "Address on Colonization to a Deputation of Negroes," August 14, 1862, in CW, V, pp. 37175.
"We were entirely hostile"...to the proposal: Edward M. Thomas to AL, August 16, 1862, Lincoln Papers.
"are as much the natives...to a distant sh.o.r.e": Liberator, August 22, 1862.
provoked Frederick Dougla.s.s: Christopher N. Breiseth, "Lincoln and Frederick Dougla.s.s: Another Debate," Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 68, no. 1 (February 1975), pp. 1415.
"ridiculous...and bitter persecution": Dougla.s.s' Monthly (September 1862).
the "drop of honey": AL, "Temperance Address," February 22, 1842, in CW, I, p. 273.
"How much better...homes in America!": Entry for August 15, 1862, Chase Papers, Vol. I, p. 362.
cheap "clap-trap...perhaps of both": Entry for August, 1862, in Gurowski, Diary from March 4, 1861 to November 12, 1862, pp. 25152.
"The Prayer of Twenty Millions": NYTrib, August 20, 1862.
seizing the opportunity to begin instructing the public: NYT, August 24, 1862.
"As to the policy...will help the cause": AL to Horace Greeley, August 22, 1862, in CW, V, pp. 38889.
"I am sorry...than human freedom": FAS to WHS, August 24, 1862, reel 114, Seward Papers.
"killed years ago...destruction of slavery": WHS, quoted in Carpenter, Six Months at the White House, pp. 7273.
no "truly republican...a great moral evil": FAS, miscellaneous fragment, reel 197, Seward Papers.
CHAPTER 18: "MY WORD IS OUT"
Halleck ordered McClellan...Alexandria: Henry W. Halleck to EMS, August 30, 1862, in OR, Ser. 1, Vol. XII, Part III, p. 739; John J. Hennessy, Return to Bull Run: The Campaign and Battle of Second Mana.s.sas (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993), p. 10.
He argued ferociously..."disastrous in the extreme": GBM to Henry W. Halleck, August 4, 1862, in Civil War Papers of George B. McClellan, pp. 38384 (quote p. 383).
His only hope...of his command: GBM to MEM, August 8, [1862], in ibid., p. 388.
After delaying...until August 24: GBM to Henry W. Halleck, August 12, [1862], in ibid., pp. 39093; Henry W. Halleck to EMS, August 30, 1862, in OR, Ser. 1, Vol. XII, Part III, p. 739.
General Lee moved north...the combined forces of Lee, Longstreet, and Jackson: Hennessy, Return to Bull Run, pp. 5051, 55, 9293, 12223, 136.
