Introduction to the History of Religions Part 58

[1226] -- 710.

[1227] W. Crooke, _Popular Religion and Folklore of Northern India_, i, 12 ff.; _Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society_, xviii, 373 ff. (the Lurka Coles); Hopkins, _Religions of India_ (Dravidians, Kolarians); and for a modern, more civilized cult see Hopkins, op. cit., p. 480, note 3; Payne, _History of the New World called America_, i, 546 ff.

[1228] Turner, _Samoa_, Index, s.v. _Moon_; Matthews, _Navaho Legends_, pp. 86, 226.

[1229] See above, -- 328 ff.; cf. Tylor, _Primitive Culture_, i, 290 f.

[1230] Erman, _Handbook of Egyptian Religion_, pp. 88, 91.

[1231] Jastrow, _Religion of Babylonia and a.s.syria_, pp. 356 ff., 457.

[1232] De Groot, _Religion of the Chinese_, p. 5 (cf. J.

Edkins, _Religion in China_, p. 105 ff.).

[1233] Hopkins, _Religions of India_, pp. 204, 266, 526.

[1234] Judg. v, 20; Isa. xxiv, 21 ff.; Job x.x.xviii, 7; Enoch xviii, 12; xxi, 1 (cf. Rev. ix, 1); cf. Neh. ix, 6. See Baudissin, _Semitische Religionsgeschichte_, i, 118 ff.; article "Astronomy and Astrology" in Hastings, _Dictionary of the Bible_.

[1235] 2 Kings xxiii, 5.

[1236] The corrupt and obscure pa.s.sage Amos v, 26, cannot be cited as proving a cult of a deity Kaiwan (Masoretic text Kiyyun, Eng. R.V. "shrine") identical with a.s.syrian kaiwan or kaiman, the planet Saturn; there is no evidence that this planet was wors.h.i.+ped in a.s.syria.

[1237] Hastings, _Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics_, i, 660.

[1238] Cf. W. R. Smith, _Kins.h.i.+p and Marriage in Early Arabia_, chap. vi, note 8; Hastings, _Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics_, loc. cit.

[1239] Spiegel, _Eranische Alterthumskunde_, ii, 70 ff.

[1240] Cf. Gruppe, _Griechische Mythologie_, Index, s.vv.

_Stern_ and _Sternbilder_.

[1241] c.u.mont, _Les religions orientales parmi les peuples romains_, chap. vii.

[1242] The Franciscan Fathers, _Ethnologic Dictionary of the Navaho Language_, Index, s.v.; Tylor, _Primitive Culture_, i, 293 f.

[1243] This is the full development of what had doubtless been felt vaguely from the beginning of religious history.

[1244] On Kronos and the t.i.tans cf. article "Kronos" in Roscher's _Lexikon_.

[1245] Caelus (or Caelum) was sometimes called the son of aether and Dies (Cicero, _De Natura Deorum_, iii, 17, 24).

[1246] Ed. Meyer, _Geschichte des Alten Aegyptens_ (and cf.

his _Geschichte des Altertums_, 2d ed.); Maspero, _Dawn of Civilisation_; Wiedemann, _Religion of the Ancient Egyptians_, and article "Religion of Egypt" in Hastings, _Dictionary of the Bible_, vol. v; Erman, _Handbook of Egyptian Religion_; Breasted, _History of Egypt_.

[1247] Breasted, op. cit., pp. 36, 46; id., _Ancient Records of Egypt_, under the various kings.

[1248] So Ed. Meyer, in article "Horos" in Roscher's _Lexikon_.

[1249] So Steindorff, _Religion of the Ancient Egyptians_, p. 26 f.

[1250] Cf. Steindorff, op. cit., p. 30 f.

[1251] _Records of the Past_, vi, 105 ff.; Steindorff, op.

cit., p. 107 ff.

[1252] See, for example, the hymn in _Records of the Past_, viii, 105 ff.

[1253] He was, therefore, doubtless a G.o.d of fertility.

[1254] _Records of the Past_, ii, 129 ff. The names of other deities also were combined with that of Ra.

[1255] Egyptian civilization, as appears from recent explorations, began far back of Menes; cf. Ed. Meyer, _Geschichte des Altertums_, 2d ed., vol. i, part ii, -- 169.

[1256] Cf. Breasted, _History of Egypt_, p. 58; Frazer, _Adonis Attis Osiris_, bk. iii, chap. v.

[1257] Plutarch, _Isis and Osiris_, 18; Frazer, loc. cit.; Breasted, op. cit., p. 171 f.

[1258] His identification by some ancient theologians with the sun (Frazer, op. cit., p. 351 f.) or with the moon (Plutarch, op. cit., 41) is an ill.u.s.tration of the late tendency to identify any great G.o.d with a heavenly body.

[1259] Such is the wording given by Proclus. The form in Plutarch (_Isis and Osiris_, 9) is substantially the same: "I am all that has been and that is and that shall be, and my veil no mortal has lifted." See Roscher, _Lexikon_, article "Nit," col. 436. Doubts have been cast on the reality of the alleged inscription.

[1260] Maspero, _Dawn of Civilization_, p. 131.

[1261] So Ed. Meyer, in Roscher, _Lexikon_, article "Isis,"

col. 360.

[1262] Steindorff, _Religion of the Ancient Egyptians_, p.

107 ff.

[1263] See Drexler, in Roscher, _Lexikon_, article "Isis,"

col. 424 ff.

[1264] Barth, _The Religions of India_ (Eng. tr.); Hopkins, _Religions of India_; Hillebrandt, _Vedische Mythologie_; Macdonell, _Vedic Mythology_, Bloomfield, _Religion of the Veda_. See the bibliography in Hopkins, op. cit., p. 573 ff.

[1265] _Rig-Veda_, viii, 41, 1. 7; i, 23, 5 (_?ta_, 'order').

[1266] _Rig-Veda_, x, 121.

[1267] Early imagination apparently connected the future social life of G.o.ds and men not with the calm sky, but with the upper region that was the scene of constant and awful movements. But the ground of the choice of Indra as lord of heaven rests in the obscurity of primeval times.

[1268] For economic reasons a rain-G.o.d must generally be prominent and popular.

[1269] -- 703.

[1270] The history of this distinction between Dyaus and Varuna is lost in the obscurity of the beginnings.

[1271] This conception appears in germinal form in _Rig-Veda_, v, 84, vi, 515, but is not there or elsewhere developed.

[1272] Macdonell, _Vedic Mythology_, -- 20.