Introduction to the History of Religions Part 53

[993] Hollis, _The Nandi_, p. 79; Frazer, _Adonis Attis Osiris_, pp. 370 ff., 375.

[994] See the noteworthy Yoruban rest day, the first day of the five-day week (A. B. Ellis, _Yoruba_).

[995] For the literature on the sabbath see Herzog-Hauck, _Real-Encyklopadie_; Jastrow, in _American Journal of Theology_ for 1898; Cheyne, _Encyclopaedia Biblica_; Hastings, _Dictionary of the Bible_; _Jewish Encyclopedia_; F. Bohn, _Der Sabbat im Alten Testament_; Benzinger, _Hebraische Archaologie_; Nowack, _Hebrasche Archaologie_; C. H. Toy, "The Earliest Form of the Sabbath," in _Journal of Biblical Literature_ for 1899 (in which, so far as appears, the view that the Hebrew sabbath is a taboo day is stated for the first time).

[996] Any taboo day might be the occasion of placative ceremonies; but this is not a distinctive feature of the day.

[997] T. G. Pinches, in _Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archaeology_, xxvi, 51 ff.; Zimmern, in _Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenlandischen Gesellschaft_, lviii, 199 ff., 458 ff.; J. Meinhold, _Sabbat und Woche im Alten Testament_. There is no good reason to doubt that this Babylonian term is formally identical with Hebrew _shabat_.

[998] 2 Kings iv, 23; Amos viii, 5; Isa. i, 13.

[999] Exod. xxiii, 6.

[1000] Deut. v, 12 ff.; Exod. xx, 8 ff.; the term 'holy'

here means set apart ritually, that is, taboo.

[1001] Ezek. xx, 12 f., 16, 20 f., 24; Isa. lviii, 13 f.; cf. article "Sabbath" in _Jewish Encyclopedia_.

[1002] The Hebrew stem _shabat_ means 'to cease,' a signification that accords well with the character of a taboo day. But this sense has not been certainly found for the Babylonian stem, and the original force of the term _sabbath_ may be left undecided.

[1003] Exod. xxiii, 12.

[1004] Chabas, _Le calendrier des jours fastes et nefastes_; Maspero, _etudes egyptiennes_, i, 28 ff.; Wiedemann, _Religion of the Ancient Egyptians_, chap. x.

[1005] IV Rawlinson, plates, 32 f.; Jastrow, _Religion of Babylonia and a.s.syria_, p. 373 ff.

[1006] Hesiod, _Works and Days_, 763 ff.

[1007] Wissowa, _Religion der Romer_, p. 365 ff.; Fowler, _Roman Festivals_, Index. The Romans, with their thoroughness where public religion was concerned, divided all the days of the year into the three cla.s.ses, _dies festi_ (festive, for wors.h.i.+p), _dies profesti_ (for ordinary business), and _dies intercisi_ (mixed, partly for religion, partly for ordinary affairs).

[1008] Hastings, _Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics_, iii, 29 (Burma).

[1009] J. H. King, _The Supernatural_, Index, s.v. _Luck_.

[1010] Many examples are given in Westermarck's _Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas_, chap. x.x.xvii f.; cf. above, -- 204 ff., on fasting.

[1011] Howitt, _Native Tribes of South-East Australia_, p.

630 ff.

[1012] E. A. Gait, article "Caste" in Hastings, _Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics_.

[1013] Frazer, _Golden Bough_, 2d ed., i, 321.

[1014] Taboo thus helps the growth of civil law (especially of penal codes) by its collection of offenses, though only on condition of retiring from the field. Cf. Frazer, _Psyche's Task_, p. 17 ff.

[1015] Lev. xiv, 48-53.

[1016] Lev. xii.

[1017] So in many popular festivals; see Spencer and Gillen, _Native Tribes of Central Australia_; Hopkins, _Religions of India_, p. 453 ff.; Westermarck, _Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas_, chap. xlii.

[1018] Examples are given in Crawley's _Mystic Rose_, pp.

223, 480 ff., chap. x ff.

[1019] Tylor, _Early History of Mankind_, 3d ed., p. 129 ff.; Hubert and Mauss, in _Annee sociologique_, vii; Frazer, _Early History of the Kings.h.i.+p_, lecture ii, especially p.

52 ff. (he defines taboo as "negative magic," magic, that is, employed to avoid malefic influences); cf. Crawley, _The Mystic Rose_, chap. ix, for the transmission of s.e.x characteristics.

[1020] Cf. R. R. Marett, "Is Taboo a Negative Magic?" (reply to Frazer), in _Anthropological Essays presented to E. B.

Tylor_.

[1021] Cf. Marett, op. cit.

[1022] R. Taylor, _New Zealand_, chap. viii; Alexander, _Short History of the Hawaiian People_.

[1023] Shortland, _Maori Religion_.

[1024] Exod. xxiii, 10 f.

[1025] Livy, i, 31.

[1026] Codrington, _The Melanesians_, p. 215 ff.; George Brown, _Melanesians and Polynesians_, p. 273 ff.

[1027] Seligmann, _The Melanesians of British New Guinea_, Index, s.v. _Taboo_.

[1028] H. Ling Roth, _The Natives of Sarawak and British North Borneo_, i, 98.

[1029] On _permontong_ see W. H. Furness, 3d, _Home Life of the Borneo Head-hunters_, p. 160 ff.

[1030] Manu, v, 62.

[1031] Miss Alice Fletcher, _Indian Ceremonies_, p. 297 f.

[1032] Miss Mary Kingsley, _Travels_, Index.

[1033] T. C. Hodson, "Genna amongst the Tribes of a.s.sam," in _Journal of the Anthropological Inst.i.tute_, x.x.xvi (1906).

[1034] Kidd, _The Essential Kafir_, Index.

[1035] Boas, in _Sixth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology_, and _Bulletin XV_, American Museum of Natural History.

[1036] Lev. xii-xv.

[1037] Deut. xiv; Lev. xi; Diogenes Laertius, _Pythagoras_, xvii.

[1038] On _tabu_ (or _tapu_) see E. Tregear, _Maori-Polynesian Comparative Dictionary_; W. Ellis, _Polynesian Researches_, iv, 385.

[1039] Codrington, _The Melanesians_, p. 215.

[1040] A. van Gennep, _Tabou et totemisme a Madagascar_.