Spycraft. Part 29

42 Messages were created by adding the random series of numbers (the "keys") on the designated page of the OTP to the plaintext message. The person receiving the ciphered message subtracts the random numbers (found on his matching copy of the OTP) to recover the original message. Messages were created by adding the random series of numbers (the "keys") on the designated page of the OTP to the plaintext message. The person receiving the ciphered message subtracts the random numbers (found on his matching copy of the OTP) to recover the original message.

43 It needed to be a good-quality shortwave receiver capable of single sideband reception. It needed to be a good-quality shortwave receiver capable of single sideband reception.

44 These are often referred to outside the CIA as "numbers stations" or "counting stations." For more information on "spy numbers stations" and an opportunity to listen-in on sample transmissions, go to: These are often referred to outside the CIA as "numbers stations" or "counting stations." For more information on "spy numbers stations" and an opportunity to listen-in on sample transmissions, go to: www.spynumbers.com/enigma.html 45 A 150 five-number message would contain 750 numbers. It was possible, but less common, for transmissions to also be sent using phonetic language where letters were "spoken" (alpha, bravo, charlie, delta, foxtrot, etc.). Most messages were usually fixed at a length of 150 five-number groups, but could be longer. If the message was shorter than 150 groups, additional numbers would be added as "pads or "filler" at the end. A 150 five-number message would contain 750 numbers. It was possible, but less common, for transmissions to also be sent using phonetic language where letters were "spoken" (alpha, bravo, charlie, delta, foxtrot, etc.). Most messages were usually fixed at a length of 150 five-number groups, but could be longer. If the message was shorter than 150 groups, additional numbers would be added as "pads or "filler" at the end.

46 "Time-sensitive" information reported events or circ.u.mstances of immediate significance. If not received by the intelligence service quickly, the reporting rapidly lost its value. "Time-sensitive" information reported events or circ.u.mstances of immediate significance. If not received by the intelligence service quickly, the reporting rapidly lost its value.

47 Weiser, Weiser, A Secret Life, A Secret Life, 215, 229. 215, 229.

48 Ibid., 229-230. Ibid., 229-230.

49 "Bent-pipe" refers to the satellite's limited role in receiving and relaying the signal without any processing. In essence, the signal from the agent bounced off the satellite to the ground receiving station. "Bent-pipe" refers to the satellite's limited role in receiving and relaying the signal without any processing. In essence, the signal from the agent bounced off the satellite to the ground receiving station.

50 The Russian Federal Service (FSB) museum in Moscow displays an attache case, labeled as the BIRDBOOK system, which is filled with electronics and has a transmitting antenna built into the lid. The Russian Federal Service (FSB) museum in Moscow displays an attache case, labeled as the BIRDBOOK system, which is filled with electronics and has a transmitting antenna built into the lid.

CHAPTER TWENTY-FIVE.

1 Bearden and Risen, Bearden and Risen, The Main Enemy, The Main Enemy, 522-523. 522-523.

2 Ibid. Ibid.

3 R. James Woolsey, in testimony before the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, February 2, 1993, just before his installation as DCI. The colorful metaphor provided a "sound-bite" justification for his view that substantial intelligence resources were still needed in the post-Cold War era. R. James Woolsey, in testimony before the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, February 2, 1993, just before his installation as DCI. The colorful metaphor provided a "sound-bite" justification for his view that substantial intelligence resources were still needed in the post-Cold War era.

4 A term applied to the period where movement of information became faster than physical movement, more narrowly applying to the 1980s onward. The Information Age also heralded the era when information was a scarce resource and its capture and distribution generated compet.i.tive advantage. Microsoft became one of the largest companies in the world based on its influence in creating the underlying mechanics to facilitate information distribution. A term applied to the period where movement of information became faster than physical movement, more narrowly applying to the 1980s onward. The Information Age also heralded the era when information was a scarce resource and its capture and distribution generated compet.i.tive advantage. Microsoft became one of the largest companies in the world based on its influence in creating the underlying mechanics to facilitate information distribution.

5 James Gosler, "The Digital Dimension," from James Gosler, "The Digital Dimension," from Transforming U.S. Intelligence Transforming U.S. Intelligence, Jennifer Sims and Burton Gerber (editors) (Was.h.i.+ngton, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 2005), 96.

6 Ibid. Ibid.

7 Ibid. Ibid.

8 Weiser, Weiser, A Secret Life, A Secret Life, 158. 158.

9 Gosler, "The Digital Dimension," 100. Gosler, "The Digital Dimension," 100.

10 Ibid. Ibid.

11 Ibid., 101. Ibid., 101.

12 Ibid. Ibid.

13 Construction of the Internet began in 1969 with the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) by academic researchers under the sponsors.h.i.+p of the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA). Two decades later, the Internet became publicly accessible with a worldwide system of interconnected computer networks. The "Net" connected thousands of smaller commercial, academic, domestic, and government networks, creating an interlinked "World Wide Web" that provided varied information and services including online chat, electronic mail, and instant messaging. Construction of the Internet began in 1969 with the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) by academic researchers under the sponsors.h.i.+p of the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA). Two decades later, the Internet became publicly accessible with a worldwide system of interconnected computer networks. The "Net" connected thousands of smaller commercial, academic, domestic, and government networks, creating an interlinked "World Wide Web" that provided varied information and services including online chat, electronic mail, and instant messaging.

14 Walker was arrested on May 20, 1985, shortly after leaving secret doc.u.ments for the KGB at a dead drop location in rural Montgomery County, Maryland. The warrant authorizing the search of the Ames residence was made possible by the discovery in their household trash of a yellow Post-it note referencing a covert meeting with the Russian Intelligence Service to be held in Bogota, Columbia. Walker was arrested on May 20, 1985, shortly after leaving secret doc.u.ments for the KGB at a dead drop location in rural Montgomery County, Maryland. The warrant authorizing the search of the Ames residence was made possible by the discovery in their household trash of a yellow Post-it note referencing a covert meeting with the Russian Intelligence Service to be held in Bogota, Columbia.

15 Decision Support Systems, Inc., Decision Support Systems, Inc., Secure Communications Operational Tradecraft; "How Not To Be Seen," Secure Communications Operational Tradecraft; "How Not To Be Seen," January 11, 2002, website: January 11, 2002, website: www.metatempo.com/SecureCommo.PDF.

16 For even greater protection, the agent may choose to superencipher the message using an OTP first, and then enciphering it again using a "strong and proven" encryption program such as PGP (Pretty Good Privacy). See: For even greater protection, the agent may choose to superencipher the message using an OTP first, and then enciphering it again using a "strong and proven" encryption program such as PGP (Pretty Good Privacy). See: web.mit.edu/network/pgp.html. Such protection, properly employed, would be slow and c.u.mbersome to use, but would result in an "unbreakable message." Such protection, properly employed, would be slow and c.u.mbersome to use, but would result in an "unbreakable message."

17 "Malware" (malicious software) includes programs for data encryption, digital steganography, pa.s.sword "cracking," and "hacking." Possession of such software, while not illegal, may become a basis for suspicion if detected during an examination of the agent's computer and hard drive. "Malware" (malicious software) includes programs for data encryption, digital steganography, pa.s.sword "cracking," and "hacking." Possession of such software, while not illegal, may become a basis for suspicion if detected during an examination of the agent's computer and hard drive.

18 The first electromechanical encryption machine was developed and patented by Edward Hebern in 1918. The first electromechanical encryption machine was developed and patented by Edward Hebern in 1918.

19 A free version of PGP can be downloaded from A free version of PGP can be downloaded from www.pgpi.org/. Advanced commercial versions of PGP are available from www.pgp.com/.

20 FBI Affidavit for the Arrest of Ana Belen Montes; September 2001, pg. 8. The complete affidavit can be downloaded at FBI Affidavit for the Arrest of Ana Belen Montes; September 2001, pg. 8. The complete affidavit can be downloaded at www.fbi.gov/pressrel/pressre101/092101.pdf.

21 Robert Hanssen 2001 Arrest Affidavit No. 86-87. Hanssen's technique was so effective that the KGB was unable to locate the message on the diskette. A month later, on March 28, 1988, he sent a letter to them with the simple instruction "Use 40 TRACK MODE." See: Robert Hanssen 2001 Arrest Affidavit No. 86-87. Hanssen's technique was so effective that the KGB was unable to locate the message on the diskette. A month later, on March 28, 1988, he sent a letter to them with the simple instruction "Use 40 TRACK MODE." See: www.cicentre.com/Doc.u.ments/DOC_Hanssen_Affidavit.htm.

22 Cole, Cole, Hiding in Plain Sight, Hiding in Plain Sight, 5. 5.

23 Ibid. Ibid.

24 Hundreds of stego programs are commercially available over the Internet and allow data to be hidden in a variety of file formats using familiar graphic interfaces found on the Windows operating systems. Hundreds of stego programs are commercially available over the Internet and allow data to be hidden in a variety of file formats using familiar graphic interfaces found on the Windows operating systems.

25 Dead drops are still in use and difficult to detect when used only once. FBI Special Agent Robert Hanssen was arrested on February 18, 2001, after loading a dead drop with information for the SVR at Foxstone Park in Vienna, Virginia. Dead drops are still in use and difficult to detect when used only once. FBI Special Agent Robert Hanssen was arrested on February 18, 2001, after loading a dead drop with information for the SVR at Foxstone Park in Vienna, Virginia.

26 See: See: www.callingcards.com/ for pricing and coverage of international phone cards. for pricing and coverage of international phone cards.

27 The a.s.sumption is made that retail outlets that sell phone cards near foreign emba.s.sies and missions are likely to be under surveillance and stocked with special phone cards that allow all calls to be monitored and traced. The a.s.sumption is made that retail outlets that sell phone cards near foreign emba.s.sies and missions are likely to be under surveillance and stocked with special phone cards that allow all calls to be monitored and traced.

28 Robert Hanssen 2001 Arrest Affidavit, No. 131. Robert Hanssen 2001 Arrest Affidavit, No. 131.

29 Tomlinson, Tomlinson, The Big Breach, The Big Breach, 66-67. 66-67.

30 See news articles: See news articles: news.scotsman.com/international.cfm?id=115032006; www.dlmag.com/news/12/01-24-2006/418-britain-russia-and-a-spyrock.html.

31 FBI Affidavit for the Arrest of Ana Belen Montes; September 2001, pg. 11. FBI Affidavit for the Arrest of Ana Belen Montes; September 2001, pg. 11.

32 Gosler, "The Digital Dimension," 110. Gosler, "The Digital Dimension," 110.

EPILOGUE.

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