Great Soul_ Mahatma Gandhi And His Struggle With India Part 19

16"This is the parting": Philips and Wainwright, Part.i.tion of India Part.i.tion of India, p. 279.

17a younger wife: Ruttie Jinnah was originally a Parsi, a member of a minority composed of Indians of Persian descent who retain their Zoroastrian religion, but converted to Islam before their marriage. On her death, she was buried in a Muslim cemetery with her former husband sobbing at her graveside. Ruttie Jinnah was originally a Parsi, a member of a minority composed of Indians of Persian descent who retain their Zoroastrian religion, but converted to Islam before their marriage. On her death, she was buried in a Muslim cemetery with her former husband sobbing at her graveside.

18Swaraj within a year: Brown, Gandhi Gandhi, p. 222, draws the parallel to the 1921 campaign. January 26 is still celebrated in India as Republic Day; August 15, the date on which India actually became independent in 1947, is celebrated as Independence Day.

19"For me there is only": CWMG CWMG, vol. 31, pp. 36869.

20"In the present state": Ibid., vol. 42, p. 382.

21Civil disobedience, he told Nehru: Brown, Gandhi Gandhi, p. 235.

22"next to water and air": Rajmohan Gandhi, Gandhi Gandhi, p. 303.

23The viceroy also stuck: Fischer, Life of Mahatma Gandhi Life of Mahatma Gandhi, pp. 27172.

24"The fire of a great resolve": As quoted in Rajmohan Gandhi, Gandhi Gandhi, p. 309.

25"Hail, Deliverer": Fischer, Life of Mahatma Gandhi Life of Mahatma Gandhi, p. 273. Thomas Weber questions whether these words were ever uttered, noting their absence from contemporary accounts and arguing that the quotation first appeared in an article by a British journalist who was actually in Berlin on the day Gandhi reached Dandi. See "Historiography and the Dandi March," in Gandhi, Gandhism, and the Gandhians Gandhi, Gandhism, and the Gandhians.

26"The last four months in India": CWMG CWMG, vol. 44, p. 468.

27Gandhi made a sly allusion: Ibid., vol. 48, p. 18.

28"No living man": Harold Laski opinion piece in Daily Herald Daily Herald (London), Sept. 11, 1931. (London), Sept. 11, 1931.

29"Your Majesty won't expect": Tendulkar, Mahatma Mahatma, vol. 3, p. 127.

30By the time Ambedkar returned: B. R. Ambedkar, Letters Letters, p. 220.

31betrothed to him at the age of nine: The marriage apparently took place three years later, when he would have been seventeen and she twelve, although his biographers cannot agree on their ages. Keer, Dr. Ambedkar Dr. Ambedkar, p. 20, says he was seventeen; Omvedt, Ambedkar Ambedkar, p. 6, says he was fourteen.

32For an untouchable youth: B. R. Ambedkar, Essential Writings Essential Writings, p. 52.

33When he sought to study: Keer, Dr. Ambedkar Dr. Ambedkar, p. 18.

34So Bhima took: Omvedt, Ambedkar Ambedkar, p. 4.

35One of these campaigns: Keer, Dr. Ambedkar Dr. Ambedkar, p. 74.

36"When one is spurned": Zelliot, From Untouchable to Dalit From Untouchable to Dalit, p. 163.

37"I am a difficult man": Omvedt, Ambedkar Ambedkar, p. 119.

38"You called me to hear": Keer, Dr. Ambedkar Dr. Ambedkar, p. 165.

39"Gandhiji, I have no homeland": Ibid., p. 166.

40"Till I left for England": Mahadev Desai, Diary of Mahadev Desai Diary of Mahadev Desai, p. 52.

41"revelatory of the stereotypes": Omvedt, Ambedkar Ambedkar, p. 43.

42The go-betweens who set up: Zelliot, From Untouchable to Dalit From Untouchable to Dalit, p. 166.

43Their next meeting, in London: Omvedt, Ambedkar Ambedkar, p. 43.

44Maybe Gandhi had been: Zelliot, From Untouchable to Dalit From Untouchable to Dalit, p. 166.

45"Who are we to uplift Harijans?": Mahadev Desai, Diary of Mahadev Desai Diary of Mahadev Desai, p. 53.

46Drawing the parallel himself: CWMG CWMG, vol. 48, p. 224.

47"Dr. A. always commands": Ibid., p. 208.

48"He has a right even to spit": Ibid., pp. 16061.

49"Above all, the Congress represents": Ibid., p. 16.

50Three days later: Ibid., p. 34.

51"I fully represent the claims": B. R. Ambedkar, Writings and Speeches Writings and Speeches, vol. 3, contains transcripts of the Round Table Conference sessions quoted here. The exchanges between Gandhi and Ambedkar can be found on pp. 66163 of that volume.

52"This has been the most humiliating": s.h.i.+rer, Gandhi Gandhi, p. 194, cited in Herman, Gandhi and Churchill Gandhi and Churchill, p. 372.

53"a more ignorant": Narayan Desai, My Life Is My Message My Life Is My Message, vol. 3, Satyapath Satyapath, p. 169.

54Gandhi claimed to be: B. R. Ambedkar, Letters Letters, p. 215.

55"Mr. Gandhi made nonsense": B. R. Ambedkar, What Congress and Gandhi Have Done to the Untouchables What Congress and Gandhi Have Done to the Untouchables, p. 275.

56As the London conference: B. R. Ambedkar, Letters Letters, p. 215.

57Nehru didn't go into that: Nehru to S. K. Patil, Nov. 31, 1931, Nehru Memorial Museum archive, AICC Papers, G86/3031.

58"Gandhi's Good-Bye Today": Daily Herald (London), Dec. 5, 1931. (London), Dec. 5, 1931.

59Years later George Orwell: George Orwell, "Reflections on Gandhi," in A Collection of Essays A Collection of Essays (Garden City, N.Y., 1954), p. 180. (Garden City, N.Y., 1954), p. 180.

60But he was skeptical: Rolland, Mahatma Gandhi Mahatma Gandhi, p. 248.

61Pope Pius XI sent his regrets: Nayar, Salt Satyagraha Salt Satyagraha, p. 403; Slade, Spirit's Pilgrimage Spirit's Pilgrimage, p. 151.

62"No indeed": Nayar, Salt Satyagraha Salt Satyagraha, p. 403. Sus.h.i.+la Nayar completed the biography begun by her brother, who seldom signed himself by his full name, Pyarelal Nayar.

63Before the letter could be mailed: Ibid., p. 405.

64On January 4, 1932: Ibid., p. 414. The Englishman who describes this scene is the ethnologist Verrier Elwin.

CHAPTER 9: FAST UNTO DEATH.

1"The caste system supported": Ajoy Bose, Behenji Behenji, p. 83.

2Eventually he concluded: Tendulkar, Mahatma Mahatma, vol. 7, p. 154.

3honor killings of daughters and sisters: Jim Yardley, "In India, Caste Honor and Killings Intertwine," The New York Times The New York Times, July 9, 2010, p. 1.

4"I agree that Bapu": Narayan Desai, My Life Is My Message My Life Is My Message, vol. 3, Satyapath Satyapath, p. 179.

5"My life is one indivisible whole": CWMG CWMG, vol. 55, p. 199.

6This from the man: "The Removal of Untouchability," Young India Young India, Oct. 13, 1921.

7The man he addressed: CWMG CWMG, vol. 19, p. 289.

8a status he'd sometimes compared: Gandhi, Removal of Untouchability Removal of Untouchability, p. 11.

9By the time the award: Tendulkar, Mahatma Mahatma, vol. 3, pp. 15960.

10Gandhi a.s.sumed but wasn't sure: Mahadev Desai, Diary of Mahadev Desai Diary of Mahadev Desai, p. 295.

11"prepared to go": "Suicide Threat," Times of India Times of India, Sept. 14, 1932.

12"Our own men will be critical": Mahadev Desai, Diary of Mahadev Desai Diary of Mahadev Desai, pp. 29394, 302. Nehru, who was in jail in this period, admitted in a note in his diary after the conclusion of Gandhi's fast, "I am afraid I am drifting further and further away from him mentally, in spite of my strong emotional attachment to him. His continual references to G.o.d irritate me exceedingly. His political actions are often enough guided by an unerring instinct but he does not encourage others to think." Cited in Brown, Gandhi Gandhi, p. 270.

13"What if I am taken": Mahadev Desai, Diary of Mahadev Desai Diary of Mahadev Desai, p. 4.

14"Sudden shock is the treatment": Ibid., p. 301.

15"Untouchable hooligans": Ibid.

16"What does MacDonald know": Verma, Crusade Against Untouchability Crusade Against Untouchability, pp. 3839.

17Then he thought temple entry: Ravindran, Eight Furlongs of Freedom Eight Furlongs of Freedom, p. 79.

18William L. s.h.i.+rer: s.h.i.+rer, Gandhi Gandhi, pp. 20810.

19"With the Hindus and Musalmans": Pyarelal, Epic Fast Epic Fast, p. 6.

20"Do not believe for one moment": Verma, Crusade Against Untouchability Crusade Against Untouchability, p. 27.

21Patel regularly speculated: Narayan Desai, The Fire and the Rose The Fire and the Rose, pp. 56869; Rajmohan Gandhi, Patel Patel, pp. 22628.

22"He would not be satisfied": Pyarelal, Epic Fast Epic Fast, p. 30.

23"If G.o.d has more work": Narayan Desai, The Fire and the Rose The Fire and the Rose, p. 569.

24"If we cheaply dismiss": Tagore, Mahatmaji and the Depressed Humanity Mahatmaji and the Depressed Humanity, pp. 11, 18.

25Tagore arrived: Ibid., p. 22.

26"Mahatmaji, you have been": Pyarelal, Epic Fast Epic Fast, p. 59; Narayan Desai, The Fire and the Rose The Fire and the Rose, p. 575; Verma, Crusade Against Untouchability Crusade Against Untouchability, pp. 4344.

27"No one shall be regarded": Verma, Verma, Crusade Against Untouchability Crusade Against Untouchability, p. 44.

28A parallel gathering: Pyarelal, Epic Fast Epic Fast, p. 239.

29Even Nehru, who acknowledged: Nehru, Toward Freedom Toward Freedom, p. 237.

30"I will never be moved": Times of India Times of India, Sept. 14, 1932.

31He'd been in a fix: Pyarelal, Epic Fast Epic Fast, pp. 18889.

32Kasturba raised the gla.s.s: Ibid., pp. 7980.

33"The entire audience": Tagore, Mahatmaji and the Depressed Humanity Mahatmaji and the Depressed Humanity, p. 29.

34The idea that untouchability: Pyarelal, Epic Fast Epic Fast, pp. 7981.

35In his speeches to untouchable: Keer, Dr. Ambedkar Dr. Ambedkar, pp. 234, 221.

36"the one thing that alone": CWMG CWMG, vol. 53, p. 131.

37"To open or not to open": Keer, Dr. Ambedkar Dr. Ambedkar, p. 229.

38"not necessary for him": The Times The Times (London), Nov. 7, 1932. (London), Nov. 7, 1932.

39Eventually, they would both reject: Tendulkar, Mahatma Mahatma, vol. 7, p. 151.

40"The Congress sucked the juice": Mankar, Denunciation of Poona-Pact Denunciation of Poona-Pact, p. 109.

41When they met in February 1933: Ibid., p. 160.

42Ambedkar had agreed to join: Verma, Crusade Against Untouchability Crusade Against Untouchability, pp. 6263.

43But within a year: B. R. Ambedkar, What Congress and Gandhi Have Done to the Untouchables What Congress and Gandhi Have Done to the Untouchables, p. 135.

44"Sin and immorality": Keer, Dr. Ambedkar Dr. Ambedkar, p. 229.

45As late as 1958: Verma, Crusade Against Untouchability Crusade Against Untouchability, p. 196.

46In May 1933: Tendulkar, Mahatma Mahatma, vol. 3, p. 201.