Berlin 1961 Part 28

Kennedy predicted that the next president: New York Times, 10/07/1960.

Yet before a national television audience: Was.h.i.+ngton Post, 10/08/1960.

During their third debate: JFKL, aFace-to-Face, Nixon-Kennedya Vice President Richard M. Nixon and Senator John F. Kennedy Third Joint Television-Radio Broadcast, October 13, 1960: http://www.jfklibrary.org/Historical+Resources/Archives/Reference+Desk/Speeches/JFK/JFK+Pre-Pres/1960/Third+Presidential+Debate+101360.htm; The American Presidency Project: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu; Smith, The Defense of Berlin, 229.

Behind the scenes: Donald S. Zagoria, The Sino-Soviet Conflict 1956a"1961. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press 1962, 245a"251; Nikita S. Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers: The Last Testament, 254a"255.

The Soviet emba.s.sy in Beijing: Vladislav M. Zubok, aKhrushchev and the Berlin Crisis 1958a"1962),a CWIHP Working Paper No. 6, May 1993, 17.

Mao opposed Khrushchevas foreign policy: Nikita S. Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers. Boston: Little, Brown, 1970, 461a"479; Nikita S. Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers: The Last Testament, 245a"248.

aThink of ita: Beschloss, Crisis Years, 42.

Mao had shocked Khrushchev: Nikita S. Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers: The Last Testament, 254a"255; Nikita S. Khrushchev, Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev, ed. Sergei Khrushchev. University Park: Pennsylvania State University, 2004a"2007, vol. 3, 458.

aThey understood the implicationsa: Nikita S. Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers, 471.

On the same trip: Zhisui Li and Anne F. Thurston, eds., The Private Life of Chairman Mao: The Memoirs of Maoas Personal Physician. New York, 1994, 261; Taubman, Khrushchev: The Man and His Era, 391a"392.

aThe interpreter is translatinga: Taubman, Khrushchev: The Man and His Era, 391a"392; Sergei N. Khrushchev, Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev, vol. 3, 458; Mikhail Romm, Ustnye ra.s.skazy. Moscow: Kinotsentr, 1991, 154.

Just two days before the gathering: Edward Crankshaw, The New Cold War: Moscow v. Pekin. Harmondsworth, England, and Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1963/1970, 97a"105; Taubman, Khrushchev: The Man and His Era, 470.

He attacked the absent Mao: Taubman, Khrushchev: The Man and His Era, 471; Crankshaw, New Cold War, 107.

aWithin the short spana: Chinese Communist Party Central Committee letter of February 29, 1964 to Soviet Central Committee, excerpted in John Gittings, ed., Survey of the Sino-Soviet Dispute: A Commentary and Extracts from Recent Polemics, 1963a"1967. London and New York: Royal Inst.i.tute of International Affairs, 1968, 130a"131, 139; Jung Chang and Jon Halliday, Mao: The Unknown Story. New York: Alfred A. Knopf/Doubleday, 2005, 456.

Khrushchev called Mao: Beschloss, Crisis Years, 42a"43; Beschloss, Mayday, 323a"325; Chang, Mao, 456; David Floyd, Mao Against Khrushcheva"A Short History of the Sino-Soviet Conflict. New York: Praeger, 1964, 280; New York Times, 12/02/1960; New York Times, 02/12/1961.

Deng attacked the Soviet leaderas: Crankshaw, New Cold War, 131a"133; Nikita S. Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers, 475a"477.

Maoas interpreter Yan Mingfu: Taubman, Khrushchev: The Man and His Era, 472.

Ulbricht sat forward and erect: Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs Archives (AVP-RF), Record of Meeting of Comrade N.S. Khrushchev with Comrade W. Ulbricht, 30 November 1960, Fond 0742, Opis 6, Por 4, Papka 43, Secret, in Hope Harrison, aUlbricht and the Concrete aRosea: New Archival Evidence on the Dynamics of Sovieta"East German Relations and the Berlin Crisis, 1958a"61,a CWIHP Working Paper No. 5, May 1993, 68a"78, Papers, Appendices.

The Soviet amba.s.sador in East Berlin: Harrison, Driving the Soviets up the Wall, 147: TsKhSD, Pervukhin, aOtchet o rabote Posolastva SSR. V GDR za 1960 G.o.d,a 15.12.60, R, 8948, Fond 5, Opis 49, D. 287, 85; AVP-RF, Pervukin Report to Gromyko, October 19, 1960, aK voprosu o razyryve zapadnoi Germaniei soglasheniia o vnutrigermanskoi gorgovle s GDR,a Fond 5, Papka 40, D. 40, 3.

A second secretary: Harrison, Driving the Soviets up the Wall, 149: TsKhSD, aZapisa besedy s sekretarem Berlinskogo okruzhkoma SEPG G. Naemliisom,a October 17, 1960, from the diary of A. P. Kazennov, Second Secretary of the USSR emba.s.sy in the GDR, October 24, 1960, R. 8948, Fond 5, Opis 49, D. 288, 5; Harrison, Driving the Soviets up the Wall, 147.

Ulbricht had created a new National Defense Council: Armin Wagner, Walter Ulbricht und die geheime Sicherheitspolitik der SED: Der Nationale Verteidigungsrat der DDR und seine Vorgeschichte (1953a"1971). Berlin: Christoph Links, 2002, 189; Matthias Uhl and Armin Wagner, aAnother Brick in the Wall: Reexamining Soviet and East German Policy During the 1961 Berlin Crisis: New Evidence, New Doc.u.ments,a CWIHP Working Paper, published under aStorming On to Paris: The 1961 aBuriaa Exercise and the Planned Solution of the Berlin Crisis,a in Vojtech Mastny, Sven G. Holtsmark, and Andreas Wenger, eds., War Plans and Alliances in the Cold War: Threat Perceptions in the East and West. New York: Routledge, 2006, 46a"71; Harrison, Driving the Soviets up the Wall, 149.

In his most recent letter: Stiftung Archive der Parteien und Ma.s.senorganisationen im Bundesarchiv (SAPMO-BArch), Letter from Ulbricht and the SED delegation in Moscow to the First Secretary of the CC of the CPSU, Comrade Khrushchev, Moscow, November 22, 1960, ZPA, DY, 30/J IV 2/202/336, Bd. 2, 1;11.

Khrushchev a.s.sured a skeptical Ulbricht: Fursenko and Naftali, Khrushchevas Cold War, 340a"341.

Though Ulbricht remained distrustful: Fursenko and Naftali, Khrushchevas Cold War, 341; Letter from Ulbricht to Khrushchev, September 15 1961. SED Archives, IfGA, ZPA, Central Committee files, Walter Ulbrichtas office, Internal Party Archive, J IV 2/202/130, in Harrison, aUlbricht and the Concrete aRose,aa CWIHP Working Paper No. 5, 126a"130, Appendices; Letter from Ulbricht and the SED CC delegation to the CPSU 22nd Congress in Moscow to Khrushchev, October 30, 1961, SED Archives, IfGA, ZPA, NL 182/1206, in Harrison, aUlbricht and the Concrete aRose,aa 132a"139.

aThe situation in Berlina: Harrison, Driving the Soviets up the Wall, 151.

aWe still have not takena: AVP-RF, Record of Meeting of Comrade N. S. Khrushchev with Comrade W. Ulbricht, November 30, 1960, Fond 0742, Opis 6, Por 4, Papka 43, Secret, in Harrison, aUlbricht and the Concrete aRose,aa CWIHP Working Paper No. 5, 69, Appendices.

aLuckily, our adversariesa: AVP-RF, Record of Meeting of Comrade N. S. Khrushchev with Comrade W. Ulbricht, 30 November 1960, Fond 0742, Opis 6, Por 4, Papka 43, Secret, in Harrison, aUlbricht and the Concrete aRose,aa CWIHP Working Paper No. 5, 73.

3. KENNEDY: A PRESIDENTaS EDUCATION aWe can live with the status quoa: Fursenko and Naftali, Khrushchevas Cold War, 342; quotation retrieved from David G. Coleman, aaThe Greatest Issue of Alla: Berlin, American National Security, and the Cold War, 1948a"1963,a unpublished dissertation (University of Queensland, 2000), 236a"237.

aSo let us begin anewa: The National Archives, Our Doc.u.ments: 100 Milestone Doc.u.ments from the National Archives. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003, 222.

Eisenhower worried about Kennedyas: Robert Dallek, An Unfinished Life: John F. Kennedy, 1917a"1963. Boston: Little, Brown, 2003, 302; DDEL, Earl Mazo OH (Columbia Oral History Project); Herbert S. Parmet, JFKa"The Presidency of John F. Kennedy. New York: The Dial Press, 1983, 72; Geoffrey Perret, Eisenhower. New York: Random House, 1 999, 597.

Eisenhower doubted young Kennedy: Michael OaBrien, John F. Kennedy: A Biography. New York: St. Martinas Press, 2005, 175a"176, 189a"190; John Hersey, aReporter at Large: Survival,a New Yorker, June 17, 1944.

On the cold, overcast morning: Was.h.i.+ngton Post, 01/19/1961; New York Times, 01/19/1961.

Ahead of the meeting: JFKL, Presidentas Office Files (POF), Memo of Subjects for Discussion at Meeting of President Eisenhower and Senator Kennedy on Thursday, January 19, 1961, Box 29a.

Eisenhower told Democratic political operative: Dallek, An Unfinished Life, 303; New York Times, 12/07/1960; JFKL, Robert F. Kennedy OH; JFKL, Clark Clifford OH; OaBrien, JFK, 501.

Kennedy had been less taken with: JFKL, Robert F. Kennedy OH; JFKL, Charles Spalding OH; Dallek, An Unfinished Life, 302.

In contrasting Eisenhower with Kennedy: JFKL, Herv Alphand OH.

Kennedy was perplexed: JFKL, Robert F. Kennedy OH; Arthur M. Schlesinger, A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1965, 118a"119; Gary A. Donaldson. The First Modern Campaign: Kennedy, Nixon, and the Election of 1960. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2007, 150; OaBrien, JFK, 499; Geoffrey Perret, Jack: A Life Like No Other. New York: Random House, 2002, 271a"272; JFKL, John Sharon OH.

And his coattails: New York Times, 11/10/1960; Schlesinger, A Thousand Days, 125; Perret, Jack: A life like no other, 272; Benjamin C. Bradlee, Conversations with Kennedy. New York: W. W. Norton, 1975, 33a"34; JFKL, Clark Clifford OH.

During his transition briefings: Lawrence Freedman, Kennedyas Warsa"Berlin, Cuba, Laos and Vietnam. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000, 61; OaBrien, JFK, 550, 624, 644, 664.

Instead, the two teams: OaBrien, JFK, 509a"513, 644.

aCurrent Soviet tacticsa: DDEL, Dwight D. Eisenhower Papers as President of the United States, Presidential Transition Series, Box 1, Topics suggested by Mr. Kennedy.

Martin Hillenbrand, the director: JFKL, Martin Hillenbrand OH.

aWe can live with the status quoa: Fursenko and Naftali, Khrushchevas Cold War, 342; quote retrieved from David G. Coleman, aaThe Greatest Issue of Alla: Berlin, American National Security, and the Cold War, 1948a"1963,a unpublished dissertation (University of Queensland, 2000), 236a"237.

In February 1959, Kennedy: New York Times, 02/23/1959.

aOur position in Europea: Was.h.i.+ngton Post, 08/02/1959.

In an article published by: New York Times, 06/15/1960.

The president had only 5,000 troops: Kowalczuk and Wolle, Roter Stern ber Deutschland, 97; Alan John Day, ed. Border and Territorial Disputes. Detroit: Gale Research, 1982, 42.

The CIA doc.u.ment warned Kennedy: CIA, National Intelligence Estimate (NIE) 11-4-60 Main Trends in Soviet Capabilities and Policies, 1960a"1965; reproduced in Loch K. Johnson, Strategic Intelligence, vol. 1. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2007, Appendix E, 257a"263 (263).

So, with Berlin on hold: OaBrien, JFK, 355, 512, 613a"614, 624.

Eisenhower portrayed Laos as: OaBrien, JFK, 512a"513; Mark K. Updegrove, Second Acts: Presidential Lives and Legacies after the White House. Guilford, CT: The Lyons Press, 2006, 29.

Kennedy was struck by Eisenhoweras: JFKL, POF, JFK Memo, Special Correspondence, Greenstein and Immerman, January 19, 1961, Box 29a, 573, 577; POF, Clark Clifford to JFK, Special correspondence, January 24, 1961, Box 29a; Robert S. McNamara, In Retrospect: The Tragedy and Lessons of Vietnam. New York: Vintage Books, 1996, 35a"36; Time, 01/27/1961, 10; Perret, Eisenhower, 599a"600; DDEL, Memcon, January 19, 1961; Harry S. Truman Library. Memo, Clark Clifford to LBJ, November 29, 1967; DDEL, Major General Wilton B. Persons OH (Columbia Oral History Project); Dallek, An Unfinished Life, 302a"305; Hugh Sidey, John F. Kennedy, President. New York: Atheneum, 1964, 37; Parmet, JFK, 80.

Eisenhower made no reference to: Freedman, Kennedyas Wars, 47a"48; Fursenko and Naftali, Khrushchevas Cold War, 258.

aYou have an invaluable a.s.seta: Perret, Jack: A Life Like No Other, 278.

Eisenhower picked up a special phone: Perret, Jack: A Life Like No Other, 278. aKennedy Given Example of Fast Helicopter Service,a Was.h.i.+ngton Post, 01/20/1961; Times Herald, aThe Unusual and the Routine Fill Eisenhoweras Final Day at the White House,a New York Times, 01/20/1961.

Two-thirds of the sold-out crowd: Christian Science Monitor, 01/21/1961.

The skies opened: Beschloss, Crisis Years, 48; Charles C. Kenney, John F. Kennedy: The Presidential Portfolio: History as told through the collection of the John F. Kennedy Library and Museum. New York: Public Affairs, 2000; Richard M. Nixon, RN: The Memoirs of Richard Nixon. New York: Warner Books, 1979, 23; Theodore C. Sorensen, Kennedy. New York: HarperCollins, 1965, 240a"242.

Dean Acheson, who had been President Trumanas: Beschloss, Crisis Years, 19.

On December 1, 1960, Kennedy: Aleksandr Fursenko and Timothy Naftali, One h.e.l.l of a Gamble: Khrushchev, Castro, and Kennedy, 1958a"1964. New York: W. W. Norton, 1997, 81a"82; JFKL, RFK Pre-Administration Political Files, 1960 telephone log, Box 54; Harrison, Driving the Soviets up the Wall, 166a"167; Fursenko and Naftali, Khrushchevas Cold War, 349a"351.

Less encouraging to Khrushchev: Fursenko and Naftali, One h.e.l.l of a Gamble, 81a"82, quoting Archive of the Foreign Intelligence Service. Shelepin to N. S. Khrushchev, December 3, 1960.

A few days later, on December 12: Sidey, JFK, 39; Beschloss, Crisis Years, 32.

The amba.s.sador, whom U.S. officials: Beschloss, Crisis Years, 32; Adlai E. Stevenson Papers, Stevenson memo: Tucker conversation, January 16, 1960.

Mens.h.i.+kov argued to Bobby: JFKL, Memo, Robert F. Kennedy to Rusk, Robert F. Kennedy Papers, December 12, 1960.

Two days after meeting with: Beschloss, Crisis Years, 42; JFKL, Harriman Memcon, Harriman Papers, November 21 and December 14, 1960.

aI think itas important to find outa: Martin, Adlai Stevenson, 571.

Beyond that, West German Chancellor: Baltimore Sun, 10/20/1960.

After much eating and drinking: David K. E. Bruce diary entry, January 5, 1961, Department of State, Bruce Diaries, Lot 64, D 327, Secret; FRUS, 1961a"1963, vol. V, Soviet Union, Doc. 10.

Just nine days before his inauguration: George F. Kennan and T. Christopher Jespersen, eds., Interviews with George F. Kennan. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2002, 56a"57.

Yet Kennan now opposed: JFKL, George Kennan OH.

During the campaign, Kennan told Kennedy: David Mayers, George Kennan and the Dilemmas of US Foreign Policy. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988, 208.

Asked by Kennedy why Khrushchev was so eager: Kennan and Jespersen, Interviews with Kennan, 59.

A first version read: Sorensen, Kennedy, 242.

Just as important as his words: Dallek, An Unfinished Life, 176, 317, 322, 342; Lincoln Papers, Evelyn Lincoln Diary, January 2, 4, 11, 16, 20, 1961; JFKL, Janet Travell OH.

It quoted his physicians: New York Times, 01/17/1961.

The article listed adult health issues: New York Times, 01/21/1961.

David Murphy: David E. Murphy, Sergei A. Kondrashev, and George Bailey, Battleground Berlin: CIA vs. KGB in the Cold War. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1997, 343a"349, 359; Cable, Berlin, January 4, 1961, in Dispatch, Berlin, February 15, 1961, CIA-HRP (Historical Review Program); aGoleniewskias Work with the Soviets,a Memo, January 4, 1964, CIA-HRP.

Murphy had warned the CIA: David C. Martin, Wilderness of Mirrors: Intrigue, Deception, and the Secrets That Destroyed Two of the Cold Waras Most Important Agents. Guilford, CT: Lyons Press, 2003, 97a"98.

The CIA also needed: Martin, Wilderness of Mirrors, 91.

4. KENNEDY: A FIRST MISTAKE.

aThe United States Governmenta: FRUS, 1961a"1963, vol. V, Soviet Union, Doc. 12.

aEach day, the crisesa: Brian R. Dirck, The Executive Branch of Federal Government: People, Process, and Politics. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2007, 457a"459 (457).

Nikita Khrushchev summoned the U.S. amba.s.sador: Beschloss, Crisis Years, 54a"55; JFKL, Thompson to Rusk, January 21 and January 24, 1961.

Khrushchev then nodded: FRUS, 1961a"1963, vol. V, Soviet Union, Doc. 9a"10, Telegram from the Emba.s.sy in the Soviet Union to the Department of State, Moscow, January 21, 1961, 4 p.m. and 7 p.m.

Khrushchev had carefully calculated: Beschloss, Crisis Years, 149; Fursenko and Naftali, Khrushchevas Cold War, 290, 338; David Knight, The Spy Who Never Was and Other True Spy Stories. New York: Doubleday, 1978.

Back in November: JFKL, National Security Files NSF, Harriman to JFK, November 12 and November 15, 1960, Box 176; also see FRUS, 1961a"1963, vol. V, Soviet Union, Doc. 10a"11.

The aide-mmoire said: JFKL, POF, Telegram, Thompson to JFK, January 21, 1961, Box 125a.

When Khrushchevas offer to release: JFKL, Rusk to Thompson, January 23, 1961; Beschloss, Crisis Years, 55, 56; Philip A. G.o.duti Jr., Kennedyas Kitchen Cabinet and the Pursuit of Peace: The Shaping of American Foreign Policy, 1961a"1963. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2009, 20a"21.

Secretary of State Dean Rusk: FRUS, 1961a"1963, vol. V, Soviet Union, Doc. 11, Telegram from the Department of State to the Emba.s.sy in the Soviet Union, January 23, 1961, 5:57 p.m.

In the meantime, Khrushchev: Zubok and Pleshakov, Inside the Kremlinas Cold War.

Eager to be useful to Kennedy: JFKL, POF, Telegram, Thompson to JFK, January 19, 1961, Box 125a.

The president had initially responded: Taubman, Khrushchev: The Man and His Era, 487; JFKL, Memo, Bundy to JFK, February 27, 1961.

Kennedy radiated calm self-satisfaction: FRUS, 1961a"1963, vol. V, Soviet Union, Doc. 12.

But among friends and advisers: JFKL, JFK to Bundy, February 6, 1961; JFKL, McNamara to Bundy, February 23, 1961, Box 328 NSF/NSWTB; Schlesinger, A Thousand Days, 303a"306, 344, 346a"347. Richard Reeves, President Kennedy: Profile of Power. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993, 40a"41.

aYouave got to understanda: JFKL, Robert F. Kennedy OH; Beschloss, Crisis Years, 61; Ralph G. Martin, A Hero of Our Time: An Intimate Story of the Kennedy Years. New York: Macmillan, 1983, 351; Sat.u.r.day Evening Post, 03/31/1962.

The text: For text of Khrushchevas January 6 speech, see Pravda, January 24, 1961; extracts printed also in American Foreign Policy, Current Doc.u.ments, 1961, 555a"558; CIA, Current Intelligence Weekly Review, January 26, 1961, Job 79-S01060A; FRUS, 1961a"1963, vol. V, Soviet Union, Doc. 15.

The text spoke of Kremlin support: JFKL, NSF, Box 176; aKhrushchev Report on Moscow Conference of Representatives of Communist and Working Parties,a Papers of President Kennedy: NSF, Countries, Box 189.

With its timing just ahead of: JFKL and DDEL, Thompsona"Herter, January 19, 1961; Beschloss, Crisis Years, 61.

Then Secretary of State Christian A. Herter had told: Digital National Security Archive (DNSA). Memo for the President, Christian A. Herter, December 9, 1960, Subject: a.n.a.lysis of the Moscow Statement of Communist Parties.

He began by listing: JFKL, John F. Kennedy, January 30, 1961.

Four days after that, McNamara: Beschloss, Crisis Years, 65a"66. Andrew Bacevich, aField Marshal McNamara,a The National Interest online, May 1, 2007.

On February 11, Khrushchev returned: Beschloss, Crisis Years, 78a"79; Alexander Rabinowitch, ed., Revolution and Politics in Russia: Essays in Memory of B. I. Nicolaevsky. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1972, 281a"292.