The Planck Dive Part 1

The Planck Dive.

by Greg Egan.

Gisela was contemplating the advantages of being crushed - almost certainly to death, albeit as slowly as possible - when the messenger appeared in her homescape. She noted its presence but instructed it to wait, a sleek golden courier with winged sandals stretching out a hand impatiently, frozen in mid-stride twenty delta away.

The scape was currently an expanse of yellow dunes beneath a pale blue sky, neither too stark nor too distracting. Gisela, reclining on the cool sand, was intent on a giant, scruffy triangle hovering at an incline over the dunes, each edge resembling a loose bundle of straw. The triangle was a collection of Feynman diagrams, showing just a few of the many ways a particle could move between three events in s.p.a.cetime. A quantum particle could not be pinned down to any one path, but it could be treated as a sum of localised components, each following a different trajectory and taking part in a different set of interactions along the way.

In "empty" s.p.a.cetime, interactions with virtual particles caused each component's phase to rotate constantly, like the hand of a clock. But the time measured by any kind of clock travelling between two events in flat s.p.a.cetime was greatest when the route taken was a straight line - any detours caused time dilation, shortening the trip - and so a plot of phase s.h.i.+ft versus detour size also reached its peak for a straight line. Since this peak was smooth and flat, a group of nearly straight paths cl.u.s.tered around it all had similar phase s.h.i.+fts, and these paths allowed many more components to arrive in phase with each other, reinforcing each other, than any equivalent group on the slopes. Three straight lines, glowing red through the centre of each "bundle of straw", ill.u.s.trated the result: the cla.s.sical paths, the paths of highest probability, were straight lines.

In the presence of matter, all the same processes became slightly skewed. Gisela added a couple of nanograms of lead to the model - a few trillion atoms, their world lines running vertically through the centre of the triangle, sprouting their own thicket of virtual particles. Atoms were neutral in charge and colour, but their individual electrons and quarks still scattered virtual photons and gluons. Every kind of matter interfered with some part of the virtual swarm, and the initial disturbance spread out through s.p.a.cetime by scattering virtual particles itself, rapidly obliterating any difference between the effect of a tonne of rock or a tonne of neutrinos, growing weaker with distance according to a roughly inverse square law. With the rain of virtual particles - and the phase s.h.i.+fts they created - varying from place to place, the paths of highest probability ceased obeying the geometry of flat s.p.a.cetime. The luminous red triangle of most-probable trajectories was now visibly curved.

The key idea dated back to Sakharov: gravity was nothing but the residue of the imperfect cancellation of other forces; squeeze the quantum vacuum hard enough and Einstein's equations fell out. But since Einstein, every theory of gravity was also a theory of time. Relativity demanded that a free-falling particle's rotating phase agree with every other clock that travelled the same path, and once gravitational time dilation was linked to changes in virtual particle density, every measure of time - from the half-life of a radioisotope's decay (stimulated by vacuum fluctuations) to the vibrational modes of a sliver of quartz (ultimately due to the same phase effects as those giving rise to cla.s.sical paths) - could be reinterpreted as a count of interactions with virtual particles.

It was this line of reasoning that had led k.u.mar - a century after Sakharov, building on work by Penrose, Smolin and Rovelli - to devise a model of s.p.a.cetime as a quantum sum of every possible network of particle world lines, with cla.s.sical "time" arising from the number of intersections along a given strand of the net. This model had been an unqualified success, surviving theoretical scrutiny and experimental tests for centuries. But it had never been validated at the smallest length scales, accessible only at absurdly high energies, and it made no attempt to explain the basic structure of the nets, or the rules that governed them. Gisela wanted to know where those details came from. She wanted to understand the universe at its deepest level, to touch the beauty and simplicity that lay beneath it all.

That was why she was taking the Planck Dive.

The messenger caught her eye again. It was radiating tags indicating that it represented Cartan's mayor: non-sentient software that dealt with the maintenance of good relations with other polises, observing formal niceties and smoothing away minor points of conflict in those cases where no real citizen-to-citizen connections existed. Since Cartan had been in orbit around Chandrasekhar, ninety-seven light years from Earth, for almost three centuries - and was currently even further from all the other s.p.a.cefaring polises - Gisela was at a loss to imagine what urgent diplomatic tasks the mayor could be engaged in, let alone why it would want to consult her.

She sent the messenger an activation tag. Deferring to the scape's aesthetic of continuity, it sprinted across the dunes, coming to a halt in front of her in a cloud of fine dust. "We're in the process of receiving two visitors from Earth."

Gisela was astonished. "Earth? Which polis?"

"Athena. The first one has just arrived; the second will be in transit for another ninety minutes."

Gisela had never heard of Athena, but ninety minutes per person sounded ominous. Everything meaningful about an individual citizen could be packed into less than an exabyte, and sent as a gamma-ray burst a few milliseconds long. If you wanted to simulate an entire flesher body - cell by cell, redundant viscera and all - that was a harmless enough eccentricity, but lugging the microscopic details of your "very own" small intestine ninety-seven light years was just being precious.

"What do you know about Athena? In brief."

"It was founded in 2312, with a charter expressing the goal of 'regaining the lost flesher virtues.' In public fora, its citizens have shown little interest in exopolitan reality - other than flesher history and artforms - but they do partic.i.p.ate in some contemporary interpolis cultural activities."

"So why have these two come here?" Gisela laughed. "If they're refugees from boredom, surely they could have sought asylum a little closer to home?"

The mayor took her literally. "They haven't adopted Cartan citizens.h.i.+p; they've entered the polis with only visitor privileges. In their transmission preamble they stated that their purpose in coming was to witness the Planck Dive."

"Witness - not take part in?"

"That's what they said."

They could have witnessed as much from home as any non-partic.i.p.ant here in Cartan. The Dive team had been broadcasting everything - studies, schematics, simulations, technical arguments, metaphysical debates - from the moment the idea had coalesced out of little more than jokes and thought experiments, a few years after they'd gone into orbit around the black hole. But at least Gisela now knew why the mayor had picked on her; she'd volunteered to respond to any requests for information about the Dive that couldn't be answered automatically from public sources. No one seemed to have found their reports to be lacking a single worthwhile detail, though, until now.

"So the first one's suspended?"

"No. She woke as soon as she arrived."

That seemed even stranger than their excess baggage. If you were travelling with someone, why not delay activation until your companion caught up? Or better yet, package yourselves as interleaved bits?

"But she's still in the arrival lounge?"

"Yes."

Gisela hesitated. "Shouldn't I wait until the other one's all here? So I can greet them together?"

"No." The mayor seemed confident on this point. Gisela wished interpolis protocol allowed non-sentient software to play host; she felt woefully ill-prepared for the role, herself. But if she started consulting people, seeking advice, and looking into Athena's culture in depth, the visitors would probably have toured Cartan and gone home before she was ready for them.

She steeled herself, and jumped.

The last person who'd whimsically redesigned the arrival lounge had made it a wooden pier surrounded by grey, windswept ocean. The first of the two visitors was still standing patiently at the end of the pier, which was just as well; it was unbounded in the other direction, and walking a few kilodelta to no avail might have been a bit dispiriting. Her fellow traveller, still in transit, was represented by a motionless placeholder. Both icons were highly anatomical-realist, clothed but clearly male and female, the unfrozen female much younger-looking. Gisela's own icon was more stylised, and her surface, whether "skin" or "clothing" - either could gain a tactile sense if she wished - was textured with diffuse reflection rules not quite matching the optical properties of any real substance.

"Welcome to Cartan. I'm Gisela." She stretched out her hand, and the visitor stepped forward and shook it - though it was possible that she perceived and executed an entirely different act, cross-translated through gestural interlingua.

"I'm Cordelia. This is my father, Prospero. We've come all the way from Earth." She seemed slightly dazed, a response Gisela found entirely reasonable. Back in Athena, whatever elaborate metaphoric action they'd used to instruct the communications software to halt them, append suitable explanatory headers and checksums, then turn the whole package bit-by-bit into a stream of modulated gamma rays, it could never have fully prepared them for the fact that in a subjective instant they'd be stepping ninety-seven years into the future, and ninety-seven light years from home.

"You're here to observe the Planck Dive?" Gisela chose to betray no hint of puzzlement; it would have been pointlessly cruel to drive home the fact that they could have seen everything from Athena. Even if you fetis.h.i.+sed realtime data over lightspeed transmissions, it could hardly be worth slipping one-hundred-and-ninety-four years out of synch with your fellow citizens.

Cordelia nodded shyly, and glanced at the statue beside her. "My father, really ... "

Meaning what? It was all his idea? Gisela smiled encouragingly, hoping for clarification, but none was forthcoming. She'd been wondering why a Prospero had named his daughter Cordelia, but now it struck her as only prudent - if you had to succ.u.mb to a Shakespearean names fad at all - not to put anyone from the same play together in one family.

"Would you like to look around? While you're waiting for him?"

Cordelia stared at her feet, as if the question was profoundly embarra.s.sing.

"It's up to you." Gisela laughed. "I have no idea what const.i.tutes the polite treatment of half-delivered relatives." It was unlikely that Cordelia did, either; citizens of Athena clearly didn't make a habit of crossing interstellar distances, and the connections on Earth all had so much bandwidth that the issue would never arise. "But if it was me in transit, I wouldn't mind at all."

Cordelia hesitated. "Could I see the black hole, please?"

"Of course." Chandrasekhar possessed no blazing accretion disk - it was six billion years old, and had long ago swept the region clean of gas and dust - but it certainly left the imprint of its presence on the ordinary starlight around it. "I'll give you the short tour, and we'll be back long before your father's awake." Gisela examined the bearded icon; with his gaze fixed on the horizon and his arms at his sides, he appeared to be on the verge of bursting into song. "a.s.suming he's not running on partial data already. I could have sworn I saw those eyes move."

Cordelia smiled slightly, then looked up and said solemnly, "That's not how we were packaged."

Gisela sent her an address tag. "Then he'll be none the wiser. Follow me."

They stood on a circular platform in empty s.p.a.ce. Gisela had inflected the scape's address to give the platform "artificial gravity" - a uniform one gee, regardless of their motion - and a transparent dome full of air at standard temperature and pressure. Presumably all Athena citizens were set up to ignore any scape parameters that might cause them discomfort, but it still seemed like a good idea to err on the side of caution. The platform itself was a compromise, five delta wide - offering some protection from vertigo, but small enough to let its occupants see some forty degrees below "horizontal."

Gisela pointed. "There it is: Chandrasekhar. Twelve solar ma.s.ses. Seventeen thousand kilometres away. It might take you a moment to spot it; it looks about the same as the new moon from Earth." She'd chosen their coordinates and velocity carefully; as she spoke, a bright star split in two, then flared for a moment into a small, perfect ring as it pa.s.sed directly behind the hole. "Apart from gravitational lensing, of course."

Cordelia smiled, obviously delighted. "Is this a real view?"

"Partly. It's based on all the images we've received so far from a whole swarm of probes - but there are still viewpoints that have never been covered, and need to be interpolated. That includes the fact that we're almost certainly moving with a different velocity than any probe that pa.s.sed through the same location - so we're seeing things differently, with different Doppler s.h.i.+fts and aberration."

Cordelia absorbed this with no sign of disappointment. "Can we go closer?"

"As close as you like."

Gisela sent control tags to the platform, and they spiralled in. For a while it looked as if there'd be nothing more to see; the featureless black disk ahead of them grew steadily larger, but it clearly wasn't going to blossom with any kind of detail. Gradually though, a congested halo of lensed images began to form around it, and you didn't need the flash of an Einstein ring to see that light was behaving strangely.

"How far away are we now?"