A Treatise on Anatomy, Physiology, and Hygiene Part 27

2d. When we have been visiting or attending on a sick person, it is judicious to change the apparel worn in the sick-room, and also give the skin a thorough bathing. The outside garments, also, should be aired, as poisonous matter may have penetrated the meshes of the clothing.

404-413. _Give the hygiene of the lymphatic vessels._ 404. What is said respecting the action of the lymphatic vessels? 405. What influences the function of these vessels? What does observation show?

406. Why should the air of the sick-room be dry? What suggestion when we have been visiting or attending on the sick?

407. _The stomach should be supplied with food of a nutrient and digestible character, in proper quant.i.ties, and at stated periods._ The chyle formed from the food stimulates the lacteals to activity, which activity is attended with an inactive state of the lymphatics of the skin and lungs. Thus due attention should be given to the food of the attendants on the sick, and the members of the family. Before visiting a sick person it is judicious to take a moderate amount of nutritious food.

_Observation._ Many individuals, to prevent contracting disease that may be communicated from one person to another, use tobacco, either chewed or smoked; and sometimes alcohol, with decoctions of bitter herbs. These substances do not diminish, but tend to increase, the activity of the lymphatics. Thus they make use of the means by which the poisonous matter formed in the system of the diseased person, may be more readily conveyed into their own.

408. _The skin and clothing, as well as the bed-linen, should be frequently cleansed._ This will remove the poisonous matter that may be deposited upon the skin and garments, which, if suffered to remain, might be conveyed into the system by the action of the lymphatics.

This points also to a frequent change of the wearing apparel, as well as the coverings of the bed. In visiting the unhealthy districts of the South and West, the liability of contracting disease is much lessened by taking a supply of food at proper periods, keeping the skin and clothing in a clean state, the room well ventilated, and avoiding the damp chills of evening.

409. _Absorption by the skin is most vigorous when the cuticle is removed by vesication, or blistering._ Then external applications are brought into immediate contact with the orifices of the lymphatics of the skin, and by them rapidly imbibed and circulated through the system. Thus a.r.s.enic applied to the cutaneous vessels, and strong solutions of opium to extensive burns, have been absorbed in quant.i.ties sufficient to poison the patient.

407. Why should the stomach be supplied with food of a nutrient and digestible character? What is said of the use of alcohol, or tobacco, in preventing the introduction of the poisonous matter of contagious diseases? 408. Why should the clothing and bed-linen be frequently washed? What suggestion to persons in visiting the unhealthy districts of the South and West? 409. When is cutaneous absorption most vigorous? Why?

410. _When the cuticle is only punctured or abraded, poisonous matter may be introduced into the system._ The highly respected Dr. W., of Boston, lost his life by poisonous matter from the body of a patient subjected to a post mortem examination. He had removed from his finger, previous to the examination, a "hang-nail," and the poison from the dead body was brought in contact with the denuded part, and through the agency of the lymphatics it was conveyed into the system.

411. Puncture any part of the cuticle with the finest instrument that has upon its point the smallest conceivable quant.i.ty of the _vaccine virus_, or small-pox matter, and it will be brought into contact with the lymphatic vessels, and through their agency conveyed into the system. The result is, that persons thus operated upon have the small-pox, or the vaccine disease.

412. When we expose ourselves to any poisonous vapors, or handle diseased animals or sick persons, safety and health require that the cuticle be not broken or otherwise injured. In many instances, the poisonous animal matter upon hides has been introduced into the systems of tanners, through small ulcers upon their fingers or hands.

From these sores there would be seen small red lines extending up the arm. These swelled tracts indicate an inflammation of the large lymphatic trunks, that have been irritated and diseased by the pa.s.sage of poisonous matter through them into the system.

410. Do the same results follow, if the cuticle is only punctured?

Relate an instance of death by the absorption of poisonous matter.

411. By what means is the vaccine matter introduced into the system?

412. What caution is necessary when we expose ourselves to poisonous vapors?

_Observation._ A distressing ill.u.s.tration of the absorption of deleterious substances from the surface of a sore, is seen in the favorite experiments of that cla.s.s of "quacks," who style themselves "cancer doctors." With them, every trifling and temporary enlargement, or tumor, is a cancer. Their general remedy is a.r.s.enic; and happy is the unfortunate sufferer who escapes destruction in their hands, for too frequently their speedy cure is death.

413. In case of an accidental wound, it is best immediately to bathe the part thoroughly in pure water, and to avoid all irritating applications. In some instances, it would be well to apply _lunar caustic_ immediately. When handling or shrouding dead bodies, or removing the skin from animals that have died of disease, it would be well to lubricate the hands with olive-oil or lard. This affords protection to the minute portions of the skin, from which the cuticle may be removed. In all cases where there is an ulcer or sore, the part should be covered with something impervious to fluids, as court-plaster, before exposing the system to any animal, vegetable, or mineral poison.

413. What direction is given when the cuticle is broken? What suggestion is given when shrouding dead bodies?

CHAPTER XXI.

SECRETION.

414. In the human body are found many fluids and solids of dissimilar appearance and character. These are produced by the action of organs, some of which are of simple structure, while others are very complicated in their arrangement. These organs are called _Se-creto-ry_.

ANATOMY OF THE SECRETORY ORGANS.

415. The SECRETORY ORGANS are the _Ex-halants_, _Folli-cles_, and the _Glands_.

416. The EXHALANTS were supposed to be terminations of arteries or capillaries. The external exhalants terminate on the skin and mucous membranes; the internal in the cellular and medullary tissues.

(Appendix I.)

[Ill.u.s.tration: Fig. 86. A secretory follicle. An artery is seen, which supplies the material for its secretion. Follicles are also supplied with veins and organic nerves.]

417. The FOLLICLES are small bags, or sacs, situated in the true skin, and mucous membrane. The pores seen on the skin are the outlets of these bodies.

414. How are the fluids and solids of the body produced? 415-419.

_Give the anatomy of the secretory organs._ 415. Name the secretory organs. 416. Describe the exhalants. What is represented by fig. 86?

417. Define follicles.

418. The GLANDS are soft, fleshy organs, and as various in their structure, as the secretions which it is their function to produce.

Each gland is composed of many small lobules united in a compact ma.s.s, and each lobule communicates by a small duct with the princ.i.p.al outlet, or duct of the organ. Every gland is supplied with arteries, veins, lymphatics, and nerves. These, with the ducts, are arranged in a peculiar manner, and connected by cellular membrane.

419. There are two cla.s.ses of glands, one for the modification of the fluids which pa.s.s through them, as the mesenteric and lymphatic glands; and the other for the secretion of fluids which are either useful in the animal economy, or require to be rejected from the body.

[Ill.u.s.tration: Fig. 87. 1, 1, A secretory gland. 2, 2, Minute ducts that are spread through the glands. These coalesce to form the main duct, 3.]

PHYSIOLOGY OF THE SECRETORY ORGANS.

420. SECRETION is one of the most obscure and mysterious functions of the animal economy. "It is that process by which various substances are separated from the blood, either with or without experiencing any change during their separation." Not only is the process by which substances are separated from the blood, called secretion, but the same term is also applied to substances thus separated. Thus physiologists say, that by the process of secretion, bile is formed by the liver; and also, that bile is the secretion of this organ.

418. Give the structure of the glands. 419. How are the glands arranged? 420-431. _Give the physiology of the secretory organs._ 420.

What is secretion?